Sub-Saharan Africa entered the 1980s faced with a crisis of unprecedented proportions. The economies of the region which were already in decline by the late 1970s, were in danger of collapse. The severity of the crisis was also reflected in rising indebtedness, social decay and political instability. To tackle it, African leaders met at an extraordinary economic summit in Lagos in 1980 and adopted a common strategy which became known as the Lagos Plan of Action. The crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa is part of a general world-wide economic recession stemming from a period of economic decline in the leading industrial economies. As a result, the leading industrialised countries and international institutions designed strategies to tackle the crisis both at the global level and in the developing countries such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa. For Africa, the strategy adopted by the World Bank and the IMF was that of structural adjustment. The orthodox approach of the World Bank generated controversy as to its suitability to the African situation. This disagreement was a reflection of conflicting political interests as well as power relations both internationally, and within African states. This thesis analyses the impact of the politics of structural adjustment programmes in Africa, with special reference to Ghana and Nigeria between 1983-1990. The arguement is that orthodox structural adjustment has failed to reverse the decline in Africa largely because of continuing disagreement between African governments and international institutions over the content and direction of adjustment. The study is presented over eight chapters. The introductory chapter sets the agenda. Chapter one covers the international dimension of the African crisis, while chapter two looks at the internal dimension. Chapter three contains a detailed analysis of the international politics of structural adjustment. Chapters four and five discuss the adjustment programme in Ghana and its impact on the country's political economy. The Nigerian experience is similarly examined in chapters six and seven. The conclusion, chapter eight, addresses the issues behind the failure of orthodox adjustment in Africa and makes recommendations.

No description available.

<p>This study deals with an important and challenging issue that each school is facing today, that is the prevention work of bullying. The purpose is to investigate how two elementary schools define bullying and how the work of prevention looks like today. The study highlights two models, Farsta and Friends, that many schools follows in their work and struggle against bullying. We conducted this study by looking at how bullying looks at two elementary schools. How these schools developed working method in order to secure a safe environment for all children in the school.</p><p>The findings in this study highlighted the involvement of these two schools in the work of prevention against bullying, which methods they used and how these schools worked intensively with organisations such as Friends. As a conclusion we want to say that there is an excellent work that is going on in these schools but the struggle is not over.</p>

This study deals with an important and challenging issue that each school is facing today, that is the prevention work of bullying. The purpose is to investigate how two elementary schools define bullying and how the work of prevention looks like today. The study highlights two models, Farsta and Friends, that many schools follows in their work and struggle against bullying. We conducted this study by looking at how bullying looks at two elementary schools. How these schools developed working method in order to secure a safe environment for all children in the school. The findings in this study highlighted the involvement of these two schools in the work of prevention against bullying, which methods they used and how these schools worked intensively with organisations such as Friends. As a conclusion we want to say that there is an excellent work that is going on in these schools but the struggle is not over.

No description available.

Federação Luterana Mundial / O presente trabalho pretende apresentar a trajetória do Plano de Ação Missionária da IECLB (PAMI). O PAMI oferece impulsos para a reflexão teológica sobre a atuação missionária da Igreja, bem como, apresenta uma proposta metodológica para a realização de um planejamento estratégico. O PAMI surgiu como um elemento de unidade, num período de transição entre uma estrutura organizacional centralizada, para uma estrutura descentralizada. A sua trajetória é marcada por duas etapas que apresentaram diferentes ênfases e abordagens, no entanto, mantiveram o foco na ação missionária. Para orientar a reflexão e o processo de implementação do PAMI nas diferentes instâncias, foram elaborados subsídios teóricos. Mesmo com várias iniciativas, os relatos de alguns sínodos apontam para dificuldades na apropriação da metodologia proposta para a realização do planejamento estratégico e, consequentemente, sua efetivação. No entanto, há também relatos bastante positivos em relação aos resultados do processo de concretização do planejamento. O planejamento estratégico não é algo dissociado da gestão comunitária, mas precisa ser incorporado ao processo de gestão. O PAMI propiciou o despertar da Igreja para uma ação missionária mais articulada, bem como, pode ter aberto caminhos para reflexão sobre o modelo de gestão na Igreja. / The current work intends to present the trajectory of the IECLB Missionary Plan of Action (IMPA) The IMPA offers impulses for theological reflection on the Church's missionary action, as well as presents a methodological proposal for the realization of strategic planning. The IMPA came out as an element of unity, in a transition period between a centralized organizational structure, to a decentralized structure. Its trajectory has been set by two steps that presented different emphases and approaches, however, kept the focus on missionary action. To guide the reflection and implementation process of the IMPA in different instances, theorics subsidies were elaborated. Even with several initiatives, reports of few Synods point to difficulties in the appropriation of the methodology proposed for the realization of strategic planning and consequently, its effectuation. However, there are also reports quite positive in relation to the results of the process of realizing the planning. The strategic planning is not something dissociated of Community management, but needs to be incorporated to the management process. The IMPA propitiated the awakening of the Church for a missionary action more articulated, as well as may have opened paths for reflection about the management model in the Church.

Denna studie omfattar mobbning inom föreningsidrotten, vi har valt att undersöka om Malmös idrottsföreningar har någon nedskriven antimobbningspolicy och/eller – handlingsplan och därutöver har vi intervjuat tio föreningar om hur de konkret arbetar med mobbningsfrågor. Vi har också valt att titta på samverkan mellan skolan och idrottsförening vid mobbnings incidenter. Studien bygger på kvalitativ forskningsmetodik, totalt 14 intervjuer. Anledningen till varför studien grundar sig i kvalitativ metod är för att vi vill se orsaken bakom fenomenet, ej generalisera svaren samt att den är mindre resurskrävande. De teorier som studien brukar är Pierre Bourdieu och Tomas Peterson samt teorier som definierar mobbning, stadgar, policy och handlingsplan. Den konklusion vi kommit fram till är att selektion inom idrott och skola är bidragande faktorer gällande mobbning. Även att det finns ett dilemma mellan de olika fälten om vem som skall lösa problematiken, då problemet är vems ansvar det är att lösa problematiken. Den tredje konklusionen är behovet av att idrottsföreningar skall ha en antimobbningspolicy och/eller – handlingsplan.Syftet med denna studie är att problematisera samt diskutera ämnet mobbning inom föreningsidrotten i Malmö. Hur problemet hanteras inom samhällets två viktiga uppfostringsfält, idrott – skola. Problematiseringen utvecklar sig med hjälp av textanalyser, intervjuer och en kartläggning av respektive antimobbningsdokument i idrottsföreningar.Frågeställningar Har Malmös idrottsföreningar en nedskriven antimobbningspolicy och/eller – handlingsplan? Har föreningen någon gång aktivt under de tre senaste år agerat vid en mobbningssituation? Hur samarbetar idrottsföreningar med skolan vid mobbnings incedenter? Hur gick föreningen tillväga?NyckelordMobbning, Antimobbningspolicy, Antimobbningshandlingsplan, Selektion och Fält / This study is about bullying in sports, we decided to examine whether Malmo’s athletic associations have any anti-bullying documents, such as a policy and/or a plan of action and in excess of that we have also interviewed ten athletic associations about how they substantially work with anti-bullying questions. We have also chosen to take a look at the co-operation between the school and the athletic association when bullying incidents occur. The fundamental ground of this study is based on qualitative method, a total of 14 interviewees. The reason why the study is based on this method is because we wanted to see the reason that lies behind the phenomenon. We didn’t want to generalize the replies, and it is less time taking. This study consists of theories such as Pierre Bourdieu and Tomas Peterson and theories which define bullying, regulations, policy and plan of action. The conclusion that we came to is that selection in sports and school is a primary factor when it comes to bullying. There is a dilemma between the different fields which cause the issue and the subject gets caught between different fields. The third conclusion is the need of athletic associations to have an anti-bullying document. The purpose of this study is to make an issue and also discuss about the subject bullying within the athletic associations in Malmo. How the issue is handled in the society’s two most important educational fields, sport – school. The issue is developed through text analyses, interviews and a mapping of respective anti-bullying document in the athletic associations.QuestionsDo Malmo’s athletic associations have a written anti-bullying policy and/or plan of action? Have the athletic association had to react to a bullying situation during the last three years? How does the athletic associations co-operate with the school regarding bullying incidents? How did they perform their actions?KeywordBullying, Anti-bullying policy, Anti-bullying plan of action, Selection and Field

La dynamique démographique ayant cours au sein de la région des Caraïbes est très particulière, notamment par la rapidité avec laquelle la population vieillit, un rythme des plus élevés par rapport aux autres régions du monde. Les enjeux cruciaux que sont ceux d’assurer la qualité de vie des aînés d’aujourd’hui et de demain ainsi qu’une gestion efficace de ces sociétés vieillissantes se doivent d’être abordés et pris en compte. Le présent mémoire diffuse les résultats d'une analyse ciblée des caractéristiques sociodémographiques des personnes âgées de quatre États des Caraïbes (Antigua-et-Barbuda, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines et Trinité-et-Tobago) à partir des données de leur plus récent recensement. Ce portrait met une emphase particulière sur les conditions de vie, la santé et la participation sur le marché du travail des personnes âgées, soit sur les grands thèmes des trois objectifs du Plan d’action international sur le vieillissement de Madrid. Par ailleurs, un regard est posé sur les effets des cinq premières années en vigueur du Plan de Madrid sur les populations caribéennes. Les informations obtenues à la suite d’interviews effectués auprès de personnes contacts de quelques pays caribéens sont synthétisées et identifient les efforts déployés principalement par les gouvernements pour inclure les objectifs du Plan de Madrid et autres enjeux du vieillissement démographique dans les mécanismes et les politiques de développement social et économique ainsi que ceux de respect des droits humains. / This study presents the major findings of a statistical analysis of population census data sets (2000 census round) for four countries in the Caribbean region: Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. It analyses national census data with a specific focus on the elderly population: their health and well-being, including a discussion of their living arrangements and economic security. A basic descriptive analysis of the variables and synthetic indicators is presented and discussed. Furthermore, in the context of the review and appraisal of the implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging, information collected through the Survey on Programs for Older Persons in the Caribbean is presented and synthesized. An attempt is made to describe in detail the aging national programs and actions that have been implemented in the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean since the adoption of the Madrid Plan in 2002. The main changes and challenges to the quality of life of older persons in the countries that were reported are listed, compared and discussed. Population dynamics in the Caribbean are characterized by the rapid pace at which the demographic aging process is occurring. Despite significant ongoing changes in this area, very few studies have examined the Caribbean region. Nevertheless, Caribbean governments would clearly benefit from being made aware of such changes in their finest detail; among other things, a thorough comprehension of population dynamics would aid these governments in adequately planning the financing of their social security and health programs. / La dinámica demográfica actual de la región del Caribe es muy particular, especialmente por la rapidez con la que la población envejece, ya que es uno de los ritmos más acelerados con respecto a otras regiones del mundo. Asuntos cruciales, tales como asegurar la calidad de vida de los ancianos del presente y del futuro, así como una gestión eficaz de esas sociedades deben ser considerados. El presente estudio difunde los resultados de un análisis específico de las características sociodemográficas de los adultos mayores de cuatro Estados del Caribe (Antigua y Barbuda, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas y Trinidad y Tobago) a partir de datos de su censo mas reciente. Este retrato enfatiza los grandes temas de los tres objetivos del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento: las condiciones de vida, la salud y la participación en el mercado laboral de los adultos mayores. Por otro lado son examinados los efectos de los cinco primeros años de vigencia del Plan de Madrid sobre las poblaciones caribeñas. La información, obtenida por medio de entrevistas efectuadas con contactos de algunos países caribeños, es sintetizada e identifica los esfuerzos desplegados principalmente por los gobiernos para incluir los objetivos del Plan de Madrid y de otros asuntos del envejecimiento demográfico en los mecanismos y las políticas de desarrollo social y económico, así como el respeto de los derechos humanos.

Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse ethnographique et sociologique du mode d’usage de l’agriculture « dans le social ». Deux actions communales japonaise et belge sont ainsi mises en parallèle : le Centre pour la Création de la Vie agri-rurale (Nô-Life Sôsei Center en japonais) lancé en 2004 à Toyota au Japon, qui vise à la fois la revalorisation de friches agricoles et la promotion d’activités à but d’ « Ikigai (sens de la vie) » auprès de la population locale vieillissante ; l’Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme lancée en 2002 à La Louvière en Belgique, qui vise l’insertion socioprofessionnelle des personnes en difficulté par le maraîchage biologique. À partir de l’analyse des formes d’engagement des opérateurs et des usagers dans leurs espaces d’activités concrets, cette thèse propose l’idée de régimes d’action « éthiques » qui consistent en un certain nombre de principes minimaux de réflexion et de pratique disponibles à l’usage des personnes. Cette thèse a dégagé en particulier l’importance de deux formes caractéristiques de ces régimes : la compassion (prise d’une responsabilité infinie face à la détresse d’autrui) chez les opérateurs, et l’autonomie sociale (conciliation entre l’autonomie individuelle et la dépendance relationnelle sur la base d’une reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité et de la fragilité des personnes) chez les usagers. L’activité agricole se définit là comme espace intermédiaire et concret servant de « support » entre ces deux régimes peu visibles et formulés, et difficilement objectivables et justifiables. / This thesis deals with the ethnographical and sociological analyses of the modes of use of agriculture “in the social sphere”. Two Japanese and Belgian municipal actions are treated in parallel: The Centre for the Creation of Agri-rural Life (Nô-Life Sôsei Center in Japanese) launched in 2004 in Toyota City, which aims at the reinvigoration of fallow land and the promotion of the ikigai (“Life worth living”) for an aging population of permanent residents. In Belgium, the Work Training Initiative at Ferme Delsamme (Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme in French) launched in 2002 in La Louvière City, which aims at the socio-professional integration of at-risk adults through organic agriculture. Based on the analysis of forms of engagement of operators and users in their relationships of interaction and their efforts at adjustment, this thesis proposes the idea of “ethical” regimes of action that consist of a minimum number of principles for reflection and practice available to be used by actors. This thesis identified in particular the importance of two characteristic forms of these regimes: compassion (taking an infinite responsibility to address individuals in distress) amongst operators; social autonomy (the balance between individual autonomy and relational dependency based on the recognition of vulnerability and fragility) amongst users. Agricultural activity is defined here as the intermediate space supporting the combination and the performance of these regimes that are not very visible and formalized, and difficult to objectify and justify.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Cristina da Costa.pdf: 19701752 bytes, checksum: 78b14d4515209bfff125dbed323b8e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The focus of this research is conduct a study regarding housing policy applied in São Paulo city, from 2005-2012, through its principal instrument, the Municipal Housing Plan. Aiming to analyze the innovative methodological principles in planning in São Paulo, of the establishment of perimeter of Integrated Action, that is based on Sub basin as a unit for planning and management as well as the criteria used for prioritization of housing assistance. Performing a record of a process that can technically assist in decision making by public authorities in an indication of their priority demand. The analysis lies in the field of studies in public policy and contemporary urbanism, and is made based on environmental assumptions. The methodology applied is based on proposal analysis of the Municipal Housing Plan for the North Zone of São Paulo, through study of the Regional North Action Plan, using as case study two perimeters of Integrated Action, considered as priority in planning and indicated to the concourse Project Renova SP (2011). It is intended to check in these two perimeters (Cabuçu de Baixo 05 e Cabuçu de Cima 08), the existence of criteria set out in the Municipal Housing Plan, both in defining the perimeters of Integrated Action, as the criteria used in selecting of them for the indication of project as a priority. This checking will be accomplished through the construction of maps that will cross different information, resulting in the construction of summaries reports and sheets, that show the existence of the criteria provided in the Plan. / política habitacional; plano municipal de habitação; ação integrada; São Paulo