Se estudió las emisiones de material particulado (PM), vapores y gases de chimenea del incinerador del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas y se registró la micrometeorolo' gía. Los gases de chimenea fueron recolectados con un muestreador isocinético; los sólidos totales suspendidos, por muestreo pasivo. Los análisis muestran elevados niveles de PM 10, que contiene Pb, Al, Zn y Ca, así como altas concentraciones de benceno y naftaleno en el gas de chimenea. Se observó que la dispersión del PM tiene escala local. / Toxic substances in gaseous emissions from hospital incineratorsThe Nationallnstitute for Neoplastic Diseases incinerator was studied: emissions were sampled and analyzed for particulate matter (PM), stack gases and vapors and the micrometeorology was also registered. Gases were collected with an isokinetic sampler, total suspended solids by passive sampling. Results show high levels of PM10, which contains Pb, Al, Zn and Ca; high levels of benzene and naphthalene in the gas fireplace. Local dispersion of PM was observed,

La polyprotéine de structure Gag du VIH-1 est responsable de l’assemblage des particules virales dans les cellules infectées. Au niveau moléculaire, cette protéine s’oligomérise en formant des complexes Gag-Gag autour de deux plates-formes moléculaires, d'une part l'ARN génomique via son domaine NCp7 (NucleoCapsid protein 7) et d'autre part, la membrane plasmique via son domaine MA (Matrice). De plus, lors du trafic de Gag dans la cellule, Gag détourne les protéines ESCRT comme TSG101 et ALIX de la machinerie cellulaire afin de bourgeonner et d’être libérées dans le milieu extracellulaire. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle du domaine NCp7 seul ou au sein de Gag (GagNC) dans les interactions Gag-Gag et Gag-TSG101 en utilisant des approches biochimiques et de la microscopie de fluorescence quantitative. Les résultats ont montré que l'absence du domaine NCp7 affecte l’oligomerisation de Gag qui s’accumule alors dans le cytoplasme sous forme d’agrégats de taille importante. Par ailleurs, le trafic intracellulaire de Gag est affecté par les mutations dans le domaine GagNC avec une augmentation importante de temps nécessaire à Gag pour arriver à la membrane plasmique. Enfin, nous avons montré que GagNC i) renforce l’interaction entre le domaine p6 de Gag et TSG101 et ii) par sa fonction dans le trafic de Gag, est responsable de la localisation de TSG101 à la PM. Sur la base de ces résultats, des études sont maintenant en cours pour développer des tests afin d’identifier des molécules possédant un potentiel anti virale. / The Gag structural polyprotein of HIV-1 orchestrates viral particle assembly in producer cells, in a process that requires two platforms, the genomic RNA on the one hand and a membrane with a lipid bilayer, on the other. During its transportation from translating ribosomes to plasma membrane, Gag hijacks cellular proteins of the cytoskeleton and the ESCRT proteins like TSG101, Alix, etc., to egress viral particles. However, a number of questions remain to be answered before they are clearly apprehended. In this thesis, , we studied the role of the NC domain alone or as part of Gag (GagNC) in Gag-Gag and Gag-TSG101 interactions, which are essential for the assembly and budding of HIV-1 particles using quantitative fluorescent microscopy and biochemical approach. Results, showed that the absence of NC domain lead to (1) an accumulation of Gag as large aggregates that are dispersed in the cytoplasm, (2) a decrease of Gag-Gag condensation and (3) a delay for Gag-Gag complexes in reaching the PM, (4) improved interaction between Gag and TSG101, and (5) by its virtue in Gag trafficking docks TSG101 to the PM. This regulatory effect of NCp7 domain in either TSG101 or Gag or both protein- regulated pathways during virus budding can be exploited to develop inhibitors targeting HIV-1.

In the present study, compounds derived from β-lapachone were electrochemically studied in protic (phosphate and acetate buffer) and aprotic (DMF + TBAP) media, using glassy carbon as working electrode. The electroreducedintermediatesof the quinones reacted with oxygen, indicative of the generation of reactive oxygen species. The interaction of the quinones β-lapachone, α-lapachone and nor-β-lapachone with DNA, was investigated using the technique of quartz crystal microbalance.To increase the solubility of the quinones, in order to allow in vivo studies, the formation of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin was evaluated. Positive results were obtained, leading to a viable formulation alternative for further biological studies with the compounds. β-lapachone was studied spectroelectrochemically through the techniques of Polarization Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy + Cyclic Voltammetry to confirm the formation of the hydrogen bondfrom the electroreduced β-lapachone and the secondary hydroxy group of β-cyclodextrin. The inclusion complex betweenmangiferin, an antioxidant polyphenoland β-cyclodextrin, was confirmed using the techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Polarization Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy. Also, the increase of the antioxidant activity of mangiferin was demonstrated when in presence of β-cyclodextrin, by means of radical scavenging activity toward 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (RSA-DPPH ), with additional analysis of solvent effects, being demonstrated that below 50% of organic solvent, it is impossible to work with this method. The assay of the capacity of oxygen radical absorbance capacity-fluorescein (ORAC-FL) was also used, showing that the complex mangiferin: β-cyclodextrin is fifteenfold more potent than the standard molecule,Trolox. Using Electrophoresis and Differential Pulse Voltammetry, it was possible to emphasize that the method used by our research group for the ssDNA production (treatment acid-base with heating) is useful, simple, cheap and completely reproducible, being this, one of the methods used to show the interaction between DNA and free or complexed thymol with cyclodextrin. This interaction was still evaluated using dsDNA biosensor through Differential Pulse Voltammetry, Electrochemistry Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Scanning Electrochemistry Microscopy. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Neste trabalho, derivados da nor-β-lapachona e nor-α-lapachona, foram estudados eletroquimicamente nos meios prótico (tampão fosfato e acetato) e aprótico (DMF + TBAP), utilizando carbono vítreo como eletrodo de trabalho.Os intermediáriosda eletro-redução das quinonas reagiram com oxigênio, indicativo da geração de Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio. A interação das quinonas β-lapachona, α-lapachona e nor-β-lapachona com DNAfoi investigada,utilizando-sea técnica de microbalança de cristal de quartzo. Com o objetivo de aumentar a solubilidade das quinonas, para posteriores estudos in vivo, foi avaliada a formação de complexos de inclusão com β-ciclodextrina, sendo a β-lapachona estudada espectroeletroquimicamente através das técnicas de Espectroscopia de Reflexão-Absorção no Infravermelho com Polarização Modulada + Voltametria Cíclica para confirmar a formação da ligação hidrogênio entre a hidroquinona gerada a partir da β-lapachonae as hidroxilas secundárias da β-ciclodextrina. A formação do complexo de inclusão entre a mangiferina, um composto antioxidante polifenólico, e a β-ciclodextrina foi confirmado utilizando-se as técnicas de Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio, Calorimetria Diferencial e Espectroscopia de Reflexão-Absorção no Infravermelho com Polarização Modulada. Foi,também, demonstrado o aumento da atividade antioxidante da xantona supracitada quando em presença de β-ciclodextrina através da medida da atividade sequestradora de radicais frente ao radical 2,2’-difenil-1-picrilidrazil (RSA-DPPH ),com análise adicional do efeito do solvente sendo assim demonstrado que abaixo de 50% de solvente orgânico, é impossível trabalhar com este método. O ensaio da capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio-fluoresceína (ORAC-FL) também foi utilizado, mostrando que o complexo mangiferina:β-ciclodextrina é quinze vezes mais potente que a molécula padrão trolox. Com a utilização de ensaios de Eletroforese e Voltametria de Pulso Diferencial, foi possível enfatizar que o método usado por nosso grupo de pesquisa para a produção de ssDNA (tratamento ácido-base com aquecimento) é útil, simples, barato e completamente reprodutível,sendo este um dos métodos utilizados para mostrar a interação entre DNA e timol livre e complexado com ciclodextrina. Esta interação foi ainda avaliada usando biossensor de dsDNA por Voltametria de Pulso Diferencial, Microbalança Eletroquímica de Cristal de Quartzo e Microscopia Eletroquímica de Varredura.

En el pasado, la investigación de los motores de combustión interna se ha centrado en la reducción del combustible y las emisiones, manteniendo constante el rendimiento. Además, en los últimos años la presión está aumentando aún más para los fabricantes de motores. La nueva homologación es un gran desafío, principalmente debido a la introducción de los ciclos de emisiones de conducción reales (RDE), lo que obligará a homologar los coches en condiciones reales de conducción, más dinámicas y con un amplio rango de condiciones ambientales, donde la altitud ambiente puede llevar a los 1300 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Hoy en día, los fabricantes tienen diferentes formas de ensayar los motores y los automóviles en condiciones de altitud. Pruebas en altitud real, donde el automóvil, los ingenieros y los sistemas de medida y ensayo deben desplazarse a un lugar en altitud durante largos períodos de tiempo. La otra solución es ensayar el automóvil en una cámara hipobárica, donde se puede controlar la presión. Sin embargo, estas cámaras son costosas, difíciles de operar e intensivas en espacio y recursos. En la presente tesis, se desarrolla un simulador de altitud, que presentará otra alternativa para el ensayo de motores en altitud. En este simulador de altitud, el motor está a presión ambiente y solo sus conductos de admisión y escape están a la altitud del ensayo. En la tesis, se describe el principio de operación del simulador de altitud, sus diferentes elementos y su efecto sobre el rendimiento del simulador de altitud, así como las estrategias de control aplicadas para controlar las diferentes variables y elementos. Para estudiar el potencial del simulador de altitud, un motor diésel turboalimentado se ha ensayado a diferentes altitudes y su rendimiento y emisiones se han comparado con los obtenidos en una cámara hipobárica. Además, el motor se ha ensayado a diferentes altitudes en ciclos dinámicos y se ha analizado su rendimiento y emisiones, cuyos resultados muestran que la estrategia de control del motor cuando está operando en altitud se centra en la protección de los diferentes elementos sin tener en cuenta las emisiones. Por estas razones, es importante estudiar diferentes estrategias para reducir las emisiones de los motores en altitud. Finalmente, se han realizado diferentes estudios paramétricos cambiando la geometría de las válvulas del motor y colector de escape para analizar su efecto sobre la temperatura de entrada de los sistemas de postratamiendo y el consumo especifico de combustible, como una forma de reducir el tiempo que tardan dichos sistemas en alcanzar la temperatura objetivo con mayor eficiencia de trabajo. / In the last decades, the internal combustion engines research has been focused in the reduction of the fuel consumption and emissions while keeping constant the performance. Besides, in the last years the pressure is increasing even more to the engine manufacturers. The new homologation is a big challenge, mainly because of the introduction of the real driving emissions cycles, which will force to homologate the cars under real driving conditions, more dynamic and with an extended range of ambient conditions. The ambient altitude can reach up to 1300 meters above sea level. Nowadays, the manufacturers have different ways to test the engines and cars in altitude conditions. Real altitude tests, where the car, engineers and testing systems have to be displaced to an altitude place during long periods of time. The other solution is to test the car in a hypobaric chamber, where the pressure can be controlled. However, these chambers are expensive, difficult to operate and intensive in space and resources. In the present thesis, an altitude simulator is developed, which will introduce another alternative to test engines in altitude. In this altitude simulator, the engine or car is at room pressure and only its intake and exhaust pipes are at the tested altitude. In the thesis, it is described the altitude simulator operation principle, its different elements and their effect on the altitude simulator performance, as well as the control strategies applied to control the different variables and elements. In order to proof the potential of the altitude simulator, a turbocharged diesel engine is tested at different altitudes and its performance and emissions results are compared with those obtained in a hypobaric chamber. Also the engine is tested at the different altitudes in dynamic cycles and its performance and emissions are analyzed, showing that the engine control strategy when it is operating in altitude is focused in the protection of the different elements without taking into account the emissions. For these reason, it is important to study different strategies to reduce engine emissions in altitude. Finally, different parametric studies changing different geometries of the engine valves and exhaust manifold in order to analyze its effect on the aftertreatment inlet temperature and the specific fuel consumption, as a way to reduce the time that it takes to the aftertreatment to reach the target conversion efficiency temperature. / En el passat, la investigació dels motors de combustió interna s'ha centrat en la reducció del combustible i les emissions, mantenint constant el rendiment. A més, en els últims anys la pressió està augmentant encara més per als fabricants de motors. La nova homologació és un gran desafiament, principalment a causa de la introducció dels cicles d'emissions de conducció reals (RDE), el que obligarà a homologar els cotxes en condicions reals de conducció, més dinàmiques i amb un ampli rang de condicions ambientals, on l'altitud ambient pot portar els 1300 metres sobre el nivell del mar. Avui dia, els fabricants tenen diferents formes d'assajar els motors i els automòbils en condicions d'altitud. Proves en altitud real, on l'automòbil, els enginyers i els sistemes de mesura i assaig han de desplaçar-se a un lloc en altitud durant llargs períodes de temps. L'altra solució és assajar l'automòbil en una cambra hipobàrica, on es pot controlar la pressió. No obstant això, aquestes càmeres són costoses, difícils d'operar i intensives en espai i recursos. En la present tesi, es desenvolupa un simulador d'altitud, que presentarà una altra alternativa per a l'assaig de motors en altitud. En aquest simulador d'altitud, el motor està a pressió ambient i només els seus conductes d'admissió i escapament estan a l'altitud de l'assaig. A la tesi, es descriu el principi d'operació del simulador d'altitud, els seus diferents elements i el seu efecte sobre el rendiment del simulador d'altitud, així com les estratègies de control aplicades per controlar les diferents variables i elements. Per estudiar el potencial del simulador d'altitud, un motor dièsel turboalimentat s'ha assajat a diferents altituds i el seu rendiment i emissions s'han comparat amb els obtinguts en una cambra hipobàrica. A més, el motor s'ha assajat a diferents altituds en cicles dinàmics i s'ha analitzat el seu rendiment i emissions, els resultats mostren que l'estratègia de control del motor quan està operant en altitud se centra en la protecció dels diferents elements sense tenir en compte les emissions. Per aquestes raons, és important estudiar diferents estratègies per reduir les emissions dels motors en altitud. Finalment, s'han realitzat diferents estudis paramètrics canviant la geometria de les vàlvules del motor i col·lector d'escapament per analitzar el seu efecte sobre la temperatura d'entrada dels sistemes de postratamiendo i el consum especäifico de combustible, com una forma de reduir el temps que triguen aquests sistemes en arribar a la temperatura objectiu amb major eficiència de treball. / Gómez Gil, J. (2018). Development of an altitude simulator and analysis of the performance and emissions of turbocharged Diesel engines at different altitudes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/101284 / TESIS

The master thesis deals with the construction and design of a high-speed synchronous machine with an outer rotor. The thesis is organised into three main chapters. The first chapter deals with machine design theory as well as mechanical limits, which are significant for high speed machines. This chapter also provides examples of applications of these electrical machines. In the second chapter, the initial design of the machine is calculated analytically. This machine design is optimised and the third chapter of this work shows the results of simulations using the finite elements method, including the evaluation of these results.

Táto práca sa zaoberá s modelovaním synchronného stroja s permanentnými magnetmi pomocou metody konečných prvkov. K modelovaniu sme si zvolili 3 fázový synchronný stroj s permanentnými magnetmi na povrchu rotora z firmy VUES. Najprv vypočítame parametre stroja a potom spravíme statický model pomocou programu FEMM a Matlab a budeme hladať možné riešenia na 2D dynamický model. Pomocou programu Ansys Workbench spravíme 3D model tohoto stroja budeme a porovnávať výsledky simulácie.

<div>Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers (PA) are essential components of wireless systems and nonlinear in a permanent way. So, high efficiency and linearity at a time are imperative for power amplifiers. However, it is hard to obtain because high efficiency Power Amplifiers are nonlinear and linear Power Amplifiers have poor efficiency. To meet both linearity and efficiency, the linearization techniques such as Digital Predistortion (DPD) has arrested the most attention in industrial and academic sectors due to provide a compromising data between efficiency and linearity. This thesis proposed on digital predistortion techniques to control nonlinear distortion in radio frequency transmitters. </div><div>By using predistortion technique, both linearity and efficiency can obtain. In this thesis a new generic Saleh model for use in memoryless nonlinear power amplifier (PA) behavioral modelling is used. The results are obtained by simulations through MATLAB and experiments. We explore the baseband 13.56 MHz Power Amplifier input and output relationships and reveal that they apparent differently when the Power Amplifier shows long-term, short-term or memory less effects. We derive a SIMULINK based static DPD design depend on a memory polynomial. A polynomial improves both the non-linearity and memory effects in the Power Amplifier. As PA characteristics differs from time to time and operating conditions, we developed a model to calculate the effectiveness of DPD. We extended our static DPD design model into an adaptive DPD test bench using Indirect Learning Architecture (ILA) to implement adaptive DPD which composed of DPD subsystem and DPD coefficient calculation. By this technique, the output of PA achieves linear, amplitude and phase distortions are eliminated, and spectral regrowth is prevented. </div><div>The advanced linearity performance executed through the strategies and methods evolved on this thesis can allow a higher usage of the capability overall performance of existing and emerging exceptionally performance PAs, and therefore an anticipated to have an effect in future wireless communication systems. </div>

Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) è un insetto eusociale conosciuto in tutto il mondo sia per la produzione di miele sia per il suo ruolo di impollinatore, uno dei servizi ecosistemici fondamentali per la biodiversità del pianeta. Durante la sua attività di foraggiamento, l’ape è esposta agli inquinanti ambientali tra cui il particolato atmosferico aerodisperso (PM). Il particolato atmosferico può depositarsi sul corpo dell’insetto e infine contaminare anche i prodotti apistici come polline e miele. Il PM può avere diverse dimensioni (es. PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), composizione chimica, morfologia e fonti di emissione (naturale o antropica). Nel presente elaborato di tesi, tecniche di microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM-EDX) sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare la contaminazione da PM di origine antropica del corpo dell’ape e dei suoi prodotti (Capitolo 2 e Capitolo 3) e analisi molecolari per studiare gli eventuali effetti sub-letali sul microbiota intestinale di api esposte ai PM per via orale (Capitolo 4). / Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) order Hymenoptera family Apidae, is a eusocial insect widely known for its role in pollination, a fundamental ecosystem service for plant biodiversity and ultimately for the planet. During flight and foraging activity, the honey bee can collect airborne particulate matter (PM) on their own body, especially on the forewings, and can also contaminate bee products as pollen and honey. Particulate matter can originate from natural or anthropic sources, and is characterised by size (e.g., PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), chemical composition, and morphology. In this thesis, honey bee, pollen and honey were used as bioindicator of PM – from coarse to ultrafine – in industrial areas of the Po Valley, Italy (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). The (sub-lethal) effects of Titanium dioxide – a widespread airborne PM1 pollutant – on the honey bee through oral exposure was then investigated (Chapter 4). The technique used to analyse the PM contaminating bees and bee products is the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray spectrometer (EDX). EDX spectra allowed us to obtain chemical information from specimens, while backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging and elemental mapping provided both compositional and topographic information of PM.

På grund av digitala teknologins framväxt står organisationer inför utmaningar där de behövergenomgå digitala transformationer för att möta omgivningens nya krav och behov. För attlyckas i den digitala transformationen behöver organisationer arbeta aktivt med att styraorganisationens digitala resurser och se till att IT och verksamhet samverkar. Rollen somförvaltningsledare återfinns inom ramverket pm³, vilket är en förvaltningsstyrningsmodell somappliceras för att på ett strukturerat sätt kunna prioritera mellan förvaltningens uppdrag, skapaen samverkan mellan IT och verksamhet samt ge en helhetsbild över de digitala resurser somfinns inom organisationen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och skapa förståelse för rollensom förvaltningsledare i praktiken i en kontext som karaktäriseras av förändring, digitaltransformation samt IT-styrning. Vilket görs genom att studera förvaltningsledarrollen i enmyndighet i Sverige vilken genomgår en digital transformation. Den empiri som studiengrundar sig i är interna dokument, observationer och intervjuer för att ge en rättvis bild av denkontext som studerats. Studiens resultat visar att förvaltningsledarna har en central roll inomden digitala transformationen eftersom de både leder och driver den framåt. De förutsättningarsom har visat sig nödvändiga för att förvaltningsledare ska vara framgångsrika i sin roll ärbland annat: att de har förtroende och stöd; att de har en gemensam vision; att de har deninformation som behövs för att kunna utföra sitt arbete; att samarbetet inom förvaltningen samtäven mellan förvaltningen och övriga delar av organisationen fungerar; att de har förståelse förderas roll som ledande i den digitala transformationen; att de har en organisationsstruktur ochorganisationskultur som främjar arbetet med förvaltning och den digitala transformationen.

In order to improve the air quality in Uppsala, a proposition to introduce one of two new emission zones (EZ), starting in the year 2020, has been proposed. In what is called Environment Zone Class 2 (EZ2), only cars that meet emission class Euro 5 and higher are allowed and in Environment Zone Class 3 (EZ3), only electric, fuel cell and gas vehicles are allowed. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how EZ: s would affect the air quality, regarding nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particles (PMx), within the zone of the city of Uppsala. Using the traffic simulation software PTV Vissim and the emissions modeling software EnViver, four scenarios have been created, two representing today's fleet of vehicles and two examining a modified fleet. Scenario 1 examines an exclusion of all non EZ2 vehicles (Euro 4 and lower) within the zone and scenario 2 examines an EZ2 solely on the road Kungsgatan. Scenario 3 and 4 examine an EZ2 and EZ3 where all cars that do not currently meet the requirements for each EZ are replaced with ones that do. The results indicate that all proposals, except scenario 2, lead to a reduction of NOx and PM2 within the zone. Scenario 1 shows a decrease by 51% for NOx and 57% for PM10, scenario 3 shows a decrease by 17% and 24% respectively and scenario 4 shows a decrease by 66% and 43% respectively. For scenario 2 the emissions show an increase by 10% and 7% each within the zone.