The Upper Cretaceous Alderson Member is a prolific gas (biogenic) producer in western Canada. In the Hatton Gas Pool area (southwest Saskatchewan), Alderson Member strata from ten drill-cores have been examined and classified based on sedimentological and ichnological character. Core analysis has determined that Alderson Member deposits comprise thick intervals of pervasively bioturbated strata. Using spot-minipermeametry and high-pressure mercury injection porosimetry methods, the influence of pervasively bioturbated intervals on the overall resource potential of Alderson Member strata is evaluated. Results from permeability and porosity testing demonstrate that pervasively bioturbated rock fabrics appear to locally enhance the overall storage and vertical transmission of gas from Alderson Member reservoirs.

在智慧財產權受到高度重視的現代，加上科技的發展日新月異，企業需要投入的研發資源和面臨的風險愈來愈高；因此，過去企業獨立進行技術研發可能不再是一個最佳的策略，取而代之的是越來越多專利聯盟的出現，而專利聯盟又會涉及到法律與管理層面的議題。 過去在專利聯盟的研究中，有關專利聯盟與反托拉斯法之間的關係，一直是法律學者所關注的焦點；而專利聯盟也受到各國主管機關的高度管制，深恐專利聯盟的形成，會對技術市場和產品市場造成限制競爭的情形，給產業競爭帶來負面的影響。然而，無論是法律學者或主管機關，在討論專利聯盟帶來的影響時，主要仍以論理的方式進行，鮮少以實證研究來探討專利聯盟。植基於此，本研究擬以實證的方式討論專利聯盟對於企業研發績效之影響。 而在策略聯盟的相關理論中，企業形成策略聯盟的原因包括為了取得重要資源、分散研發風險等目的。專利聯盟係一種由技術所組成的策略聯盟，專利聯盟若無法帶給企業益處，則該聯盟不可能持續存在。本研究以 MPEG-4 Visual 專利聯盟為探討對象，將企業的研發能力、加入專利聯盟時間的長短與企業的規模做為研究變數，討論其對企業研發績效的影響。 本研究以 MPEG-4 Visual 專利聯盟內的21家企業做為研究樣本，蒐集這些企業在2004年至2011年之間的專利申請數量、企業營收等資料。研究結果發現，企業的研發能力與加入聯盟後的研發績效呈現正向關係，亦即企業加入專利聯盟後，透過關鍵技術的交換，確實能夠提升研發能力，而且本身研發能力愈好的企業，其研發績效也會愈好，至於企業加入專利聯盟後的時間愈久，其研發績效也會有顯著的提升。然而，企業的規模與研發績效之間則呈現負向關係，造成此現象的原因，推論係因為規模越大的企業在研發資源的分配上較為分散，故反而降低企業在該領域的研發績效。

Depuis plus de 30 ans, la Colombie construit sa politique de préservation des espèces faunistiques et de lutte contre le trafic illégal de ces espèces. Ce cadre institutionnel national s’est vu renforcé par la ratification de la convention CITES (Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de la flore et de la faune sauvages menacées d’extinction) en 1981. Pourtant, ce cadre institutionnel ne suffit pas à infléchir sur le trafic illégal des tortues marines en Colombie. L’analyse des failles du mode de régulation de type « commande et contrôle » montre les limites de l’intervention de l’Etat comme seul modèle possible à gérer le trafic illicite de tortues marines. D’où ma proposition de concevoir et mettre en place un mécanisme de quotas négociables de tortues marines décroissants dans le temps, renforcé par arrangements contractuels. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comparer l’efficacité de ces deux modes de gouvernance à réduire le trafic illégal de tortues marines, du point de vue la performance environnementale, de l’efficacité économique et de l’équité sociale. J’ai évalué les coûts de transactions pour démontrer que la variation dans la structure des coûts de transactions et la distribution de ces coûts auprès des acteurs concernés influent sur la performance finale du cadre institutionnel. Une analyse coûts-avantage a été réalisée pour justifier d’un changement institutionnel, en complément de l’analyse des coûts de transactions. Cette étude s’est situe au nord de la Colombie, sur un territoire de 30 km, territoire des indigènes Wayùu, étant le plus concerné par le trafic illégal de tortues vertes (Chelonia mydas) et tortues à écailles (Eretmochelys imbricata). / For over 30 years, Colombia built its national policy to protect wildlife species against the illegal traffic. The national institutional framework was strengthened by the ratification of the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of flora and fauna threatened with extinction) in 1981. However, this institutional framework is not sufficient to curb the illegal trade of marine turtles species. Despite some success to protect and recover some species, what really matters is the effectiveness of the national policy to conserve wildlife species. Hence my proposal to design and implement a cap and trade system based on transferable quotas decreasing in time, reinforced by contractual arrangements. This self-organized system aims at having zero catches level and enhance conformity and cooperation within the environmental regulation. This thesis aims to compare the efficacy of these two modes of governance to reduce the illegal trade of sea turtles based on the following criteria: the environmental performance, economic efficiency and social equity. I pursuit by estimating the corresponding transaction costs to show that the variation in the structure of transaction costs and the distribution of these costs among stakeholders affect the final performance of the institutional framework. Cost-benefit analysis was performed to justify institutional change, in addition to the analysis of transaction costs. This study is located in the north of Colombia, an area of 30 km, indigenous Wayuu territory, being more concerned with the illegal green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata).

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2017-02-07T19:00:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes, Vitória Pessoa de Vilhena Moraes.pdf: 2897725 bytes, checksum: decf245db1adcbc7a97bb7da99473780 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2017-02-15T19:08:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes, Vitória Pessoa de Vilhena Moraes.pdf: 2897725 bytes, checksum: decf245db1adcbc7a97bb7da99473780 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T19:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes, Vitória Pessoa de Vilhena Moraes.pdf: 2897725 bytes, checksum: decf245db1adcbc7a97bb7da99473780 (MD5) / O Vale do Capão, distrito rural do município de Palmeiras - BA, vem passando na última década por um processo acelerado de crescimento, em que os impactos negativos da falta de saneamento vêm sendo sentidos tanto pela população quanto pelo meio ambiente, do qual a principal atividade econômica da localidade, o ecoturismo, depende. Buscando contribuir com o problema, desenvolveu-se de forma participativa um Plano de Saneamento Básico, fundamentado nas Diretrizes Nacionais para o Saneamento Básico, e que procurou integrar as diferentes vozes que compõe a diversificada comunidade do Vale, sempre com um enfoque ecológico que é característico do local. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar este processo, em especial no que tange à participação comunitária e suas limitações e desafios, decorrentes da complexidade social que está posta na comunidade. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa com (1) revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, (2) dados gerados dentro do contexto da elaboração do Plano, inclusive observações da autora e (3) entrevistas realizadas com moradores da comunidade. Verificou-se que a forma como se deu o desenvolvimento econômico nos anos recentes alterou profundamente as relações pessoais na localidade, enfraquecendo a participação comunitária. / Vale do Capão, a rural district of Palmeiras - BA, Brazil, has been going through an accelerat-ed growth process in the last decade, in which the negative impacts of poor sanitation are be-ing felt by both the population and the environment, which depends the main economic activi-ty of this region (ecotourism). Seeking to contribute to the problem, a participative Basic San-itation Plan was built, based on the National Sanitation Policy. The participative process sought to integrate the different voices that make up the diverse community of Capão, always with an ecological approach that is characteristic of this site. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze this process, particularly with regard to community participation and its limitations and challenges arising from the community´s social complexity. To this end, we carried out a survey using (1) literature review on the topic, (2) data generated within the con-text of the Plan, including observations of the author and (3) interviews with community resi-dents. It was found that the economic development faced in recent years has profoundly al-tered the form of personal relationships in the locality, weakening community participation.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 68060200611.pdf: 3035067 bytes, checksum: 838a323483eb79feab506a0547dc9b7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25T00:00:00Z / The present dissertation is a case study that aims to map the contribution margin, expenses and profits on the distribution chain of domestic LP Gas in Brazil. The study focus on the mapping ofthe value chain starting at one ofthe 21 distributors ofLP Gas and their retails in a specific sales area. For the fixed costs and expenses mapping ofthe distributor and their retails the Activiy Based Costs -ABC were used. For the profit map the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization -Ebitda were used. After the mapping the maio variables that explain the Ebitda ofthe distributor and their retails were identified. Furthermore, to identify the variables two regressions were made to explain the unitary profit (R$/cylinders) ofthe distributor and their more than 500 retails in a specific sales area. The results show an estimate of how the contribution margin, expenses and profits in the distribution chain of the domestic LP Gas in Brazil were divided between the distributors and retail in the year of 2007. Moreover, the variables that impact in the Ebitda formation were explained for the distributor and the retails in the case study. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses the potential of the profit pool map in the value chain during the text and conclusion. / A dissertação é um estudo de caso que tem como objetivo mapear a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinhas no Brasil. O trabalho focaliza o mapeamento da cadeia de valor a partir de uma das 21 distribuidoras de Gás LP e suas revendas em uma de suas áreas de atuação. Para o mapeamento dos custos e despesas fixos da distribuidora e de seus revendores foi utilizado o custeio baseado em atividade - ABC. Para o mapeamento do lucro foi utilizado o lucro antes dos juros, impostos, depreciação e amortização - Ebitda. Após o mapeamento buscou-se identificar as principais variáveis que explicam a atual configuração Ebitda da distribuidora e de suas revendas. Para isso foram geradas regressões de dados para entender o lucro unitário (reais por botijão de gás) da distribuidora e de suas mais de 500 revendas em uma das áreas de atuação. O resultado mostra uma estimativa de como a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinha no Brasil para o ano de 2007 se dividem entre as distribuidoras e revendedores de Gás LP domiciliar em termos percentual e unitário. Também foram explicadas quais as variáveis que mais impactam no Ebitda da distribuidora e revendas do estudo de caso. Por fim, o trabalho discute o potencial da metodologia de análise de mapeamento através do profit pool na cadeia de valor da indústria ao longo do texto e na conclusão do trabalho.

Dans toutes les espèces, les mutations et les réarrangements chromosomiques constituent des moteurs de l’évolution des génomes. Ils génèrent une diversité génétique à l’origine de la variation phénotypique observée entre les individus d’une même espèce. Cette variation est particulièrement importante chez les levures. Elles constituent donc d’excellents modèles pour déterminer les origines génétiques de la variation intra-spécifique. C’est dans ce contexte que ce travail s’est focalisé sur l’étude de la variation de résistance à l’ammonium et aux antifongiques azolés chez deux espèces de levures : Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Lachancea kluyveri. L’analyse des origines génétiques de la résistance à ces composés à mis en évidence que les variations génétiques pouvaient avoir lieu à plusieurs niveaux : séquence codante pour la résistance à l’ammonium et séquence régulatrice pour la résistance aux antifongiques. De plus, la réalisation d’expériences d’évolution adaptative a permis de mettre en évidence que l’adaptation à un nouvel environnement se faisait par dosage génique via l’acquisition d’un chromosome supplémentaire chez les espèces étudiées. / In all species, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements are drivers of genomes evolution. These processes generate the genetic diversity at the origin of the phenotypic variations observed between the individuals of the same species. This variation is essential for their adaptation to a new environment. The yeasts are isolated from various ecological and geographical niches and show an important phenotypic variation. According to these characteristics, they are excellent modelorganisms to determine the genetic origins of the observed phenotypic variation. In this context, the study focused on the variation of resistance to ammonium and azole antifungals within two yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea kluyveri. The analyses of the genetic origin of the resistance to these compounds show that this genetic variation could occur at several levels: coding sequence for resistance to ammonium and regulatory sequence for resistance to antifungal agents. In addition, evolving experiments have showed that the adaptation to a new environment was done by gene dosage, through the acquisition of extrachromosomes in both species studied.

Large physical memory modules are necessary to meet performance demands of today's ap- plications but can be a major bottleneck in terms of power consumption during idle periods or when systems are running with workloads which do not stress all the plugged memory resources. Contribution of physical memory in overall system power consumption becomes even more signi cant when CPU cores run on low power modes during idle periods with hardware support like Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling. Our experiments show that even 10% of memory allocations can make references to all the banks of physical memory on a long running system primarily due to the randomness in page allocation. We also show that memory hot-remove or memory migration for large blocks is often restricted, in a long running system, due to allocation policies of current Linux VM which mixes movable and unmovable pages. Hence it is crucial to improve page migration for large contiguous blocks for a practical realization of power management support provided by the hardware. Operating systems can play a decisive role in effectively utilizing the power management support of modern DIMMs like PASR(Partial Array Self Refresh) in these situations but have not been using them so far. We propose three different approaches for optimizing memory power consumption by in- ducing bank boundary awareness in the standard buddy allocator of Linux kernel as well as distinguishing user and kernel memory allocations at the same time to improve the movability of memory sections (and hence memory-hotplug) by page migration techniques. Through a set of minimal changes in the standard buddy system of Linux VM, we have been able to reduce the number of active memory banks significantly (upto 80%) as well as to improve performance of memory-hotplug framework (upto 85%).

Este estudo trata da informação que permeia os contratos e de sua aplicação ao contrato de seguro, da perspectiva do Direito e da Economia, ciências sociais que se complementam, porque aplicadas à mesma realidade, que será mais fielmente retratada se analisada sob ângulos diferentes, mas correlatos. Perquirindo a função da informação no contrato, constata que, se concernente a elemento essencial deste, a ele adere, passando a integrá-lo, o que determina sua importância nesse contexto e indica o regime jurídico que lhe deve ser aplicado. A investigação da distribuição da informação entre os contratantes e dos efeitos eventualmente nocivos da assimetria informacional, como o incentivo ao oportunismo, o aumento dos custos de transação e a obtenção de ganhos indevidos do contrato, induz à discussão dos critérios orientadores da disciplina jurídica da informação no âmbito contratual. A despeito da utilidade dos padrões para disciplinar condutas não alcançadas pelas regras, este estudo aponta que a boa-fé, em razão de suas idiossincrasias, não é padrão eficiente para reger a informação nos contratos, devendo ficar relegada à função residual. A aplicação do dever de informar com o objetivo de impor às partes transparência e veracidade conferiria mais objetividade e operacionalidade ao regime da informação nos contratos. Mas, a despeito da questionável eficiência da boa-fé como indutora da troca de informações entre as partes, foi o padrão de conduta escolhido pelo sistema jurídico para balizar a interação dos contratantes. Devido às peculiaridades do contrato de seguro, e à nocividade dos efeitos da assimetria informacional neste contexto, exige-se dos contratantes a máxima boa-fé. Se a regra é a máxima transparência e a absoluta veracidade, deverá ser restritiva a interpretação de eventuais exceções. Como a informação se prende ao cerne da operação econômica subjacente, afetando o cálculo do risco e a fixação do prêmio, e consequentemente, a mutualidade, diz respeito à função e à finalidade do instituto. Por isso, a interpretação condescendente de eventuais omissões ou distorções de informação relevante afrontaria o princípio da máxima boa-fé, que não pode ser mitigado, sob pena de comprometer o equilíbrio do contrato e afetar sua finalidade sócio-econômica. O estudo demonstrou a inadequação do tratamento da informação em relação ao substrato econômico do contrato de seguro, especialmente no que concerne à exigência de comprovação da má-fé nas omissões e distorções da verdade pelo segurado. Criticou também a aplicação dogmática da presunção da boa-fé, que reverte ao segurador o ônus da prova da má-fé do segurado, anulando o efeito sancionador da imposição do dever de informar. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the importance of information in contract law, the disclosure duties and its application to insurance contracts, from legal and economic perspectives. Since Law and Economics are social sciences applied to the same environment and are mutually complementary, this bifocal approach leads to a more accurate portrait of reality seen from different but correlated points of view. The analysis of the role of information reveals that if it concerns the contract essential element, it becomes part of it and determines the legal rules that should be applied to it. The inquiry of information distribution patterns shows that it can eventually bring about detrimental effects which induce the discussion of the criteria underlying the legal regime of information in contract law. Asymmetric information can be harmful if it encourages opportunism, increases transaction costs and grants one party undue gains from the contract. In spite of the usefulness of standards to regulate conducts not reached by rules, this study shows that good faith, due to its idiosyncrasies, is not an efficient standard to govern information in contracts. Thus, it should be assigned a residual function. The application of the duty to inform with the purpose of imposing full disclosure and accuracy to the parties ensures more objectivity to the information regime in contracts. However, good faith was the standard chosen by the legal system to rule the parties interaction, despite its recognized inefficiency to induce information exchange among agents. Due to the particular features of the insurance contract, and to the harmful effects of informational asymmetry in this context, law imposes the parties a higher standard of good faith. If the legal standard is the utmost good faith, eventual exceptions to this pattern should be restrictively interpreted. Since information is connected with the economic mechanism of the insurance contract because it affects risk and premium evaluation, it is strictly related to the function and purpose of the contract. Therefore, condescending interpretation of nondisclosure, misrepresentation and fraud would violate the principle of utmost good faith. Its mitigation will affect the contract balance and its economic and social purposes. This dissertation demonstrates the inadequacy of the information legal regime, especially regarding the requirement of proving bad faith related to nondisclosure, misrepresentation or fraud. It also criticizes the dogmatic application of the presumption of good faith that lays upon the insurer the burden of proving bad faith of the insureds conduct, nullifying the sanctioning effect of the imposition of the duty to inform.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10885.pdf: 6800168 bytes, checksum: 564283882a42941e0a49be623bd8981e (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoelNG.pdf: 2105058 bytes, checksum: 962e04f5bc007f4ee28c0e1f7973dece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-03 / The technical and economic viability of solar heating for swimming pools is unquestionable, besides there it replaces the high costs and environmental impacts of conventional supply of energy, and it improves an optimization in the pool heating uses. This work applies the principles of the greenhouse effect: advanced thermodynamics, heat retention and equalization of temperature, to optimize the solar heating equipment, reducing the area required by collectors as much as 40% (still estimated value) for commercial collectors, with minor architectural and aesthetic impacts on the environment. It features a solar heating alternative in pools, whose main characteristics: low cost, simplicity in manufacturing and assembly and a faster heating. The system consists of two collectors spiral hoses made of polyethylene with a hundred meters each, and working on a forced flow, with only one pass of the working fluid inside the coils, and is used to pump itself treatment of pool water to obtain the desired flow. One of the collectors will be exposed to direct solar radiation, and the other will be covered by a glass slide and closed laterally, so providing the greenhouse effect. The equipment will be installed in parallel and simultaneously exposed to the sun in order to obtain comparative data on their effectiveness. Will be presented results of thermal tests for this the two cases, with and without transparent cover. Will be demonstrated, by comparison, the thermal, economic and material feasibility of these systems for heating swimming pools. / A viabilidade t?cnica e econ?mica do aquecimento solar para piscinas ? inquestion?vel, al?m da substitui??o da energia el?trica convencional, de altos custos e impactos ambientais, gera uma otimiza??o do uso da piscina. Este trabalho aplica os princ?pios do efeito estufa: isola??o termodin?mica, reten??o do calor e equaliza??o da temperatura interna, busca otimizar o equipamento de aquecimento solar, reduzindo a ?rea requerida pelos coletores em at? 40% (valor ainda estimado) em rela??o aos coletores comerciais, com menores impactos est?ticos e arquitet?nicos que s?o negativos no ambiente. Apresenta um sistema solar de aquecimento alternativo em piscinas, que tem como principais caracter?sticas; baixo custo, simplicidade nos processos de fabrica??o e montagem e um aquecimento mais r?pido. O sistema ? constitu?do por dois coletores espirais constru?dos em tubos flex?veis de polietileno, com extens?o de 100 metros cada uma, e trabalha em regime de fluxo for?ado, com apenas uma passagem do fluido de trabalho no interior das espirais, e ? utilizada a pr?pria bomba de tratamento de ?gua da piscina para a obten??o do fluxo pretendido. Um dos coletores ser? exposto diretamente ? radia??o solar, e o outro ser? coberto por um lamina de vidro e fechado lateralmente, de forma propiciar o efeito estufa. Os equipamentos ser?o instalados em paralelo e expostos simultaneamente ao sol, de forma se obter dados comparativos de suas efici?ncias. Ser?o apresentados resultados t?rmicos de ensaios realizados para os dois casos, com e sem cobertura transparente. Ser?o demonstradas comparativamente, as viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais destes sistemas para aquecimento de piscinas.