In late nineteenth and early twentieth century Argentina underwent large-scale immigration and fast-paced urban changes commonly associated with the coming of modernity. These changes led to elite fears of potential social instability. They turned to the French philosophy of Positivism, which advocated the view that all social problems could be systematically solved through scientific observation in order to "civilize" the Argentine nation. As a result, the government implemented numerous policies that catered to upholding traditional family structures. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the ways in which these policies affected women of different social classes. In developing my arguments, I use secondary literature from prominent scholars in Argentine history, gender studies, and intellectual history, as well as primary sources, including essays written by prominent officials and elite women, government reports, laws and penal codes. This thesis examines the impact of scientific motherhood on Argentine society. Elite men and women viewed their role in society as that of fathers and mothers to the poor and the working classes. This study permits a broader understanding of the impact of Positivism and European influence on Argentine society and policymaking.

No / The overall aim of this paper is to explore the nature of the methodology employed in research published in some of the top business and management journals, with a view to understanding aspects of the creation of management knowledge. The article commences with a review of earlier research and commentary on the nature and appropriateness of competing research methodologies and designs. It reports the early bias in favour of positivism and quantitative methodologies, and explores the evolving recognition of the potential contribution of phenomenological research design and qualitative methodologies. An analysis was conducted of the research methodologies adopted by 120 articles drawn from twenty leading management journals published between 1991 and 2000. The findings section discusses key characteristics of authorship, and aspects of the research methodologies adopted. The conclusion notes the wide range of different methodological approaches adopted in pursuit of the development of management knowledge, and different research agendas. Further research needs to characterize and profile the relationship between these agendas and specific methodological approaches, and to develop understanding of the specific contributions of quantitative and qualitative approaches and their associated paradigms.

I tidigare forskning har beskrivits vad motivation kan innebära, hur motivation kan kännetecknas och beskrivas samt att det finns olika typer av motivation, såsom inre och yttre motivation. Bakgrunden till den här studien är ett intresse för hur motivation fungerar och påverkar oss människor. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka två motivationer hos musiklärare, motivationen att undervisa och motivationen att arbeta som musiker. Studien har en kvantitativ forskningsdesign och har genomförts med enkäter som datainsamlingsmetod. Populationen i undersökningen består av musiklärare på estetiska programmet på gymnasiet i hela Sverige. 30 respondenter svarade på frågor gällande motivation att undervisa och motivation att arbeta som musiker. Utifrån enkätsvaren analyseras sambandet mellan dessa två motivationer samt sambandet mellan motivationerna och andra utvalda variabler såsom ålder, kön och nuvarande familjesituation. Studien visar ett obefintligt samband mellan motivationen att undervisa och motivationen att arbeta som musiker. Vidare har även studien visat ett obefintligt samband mellan motivationerna och andra utvalda variabler. / Previous research has described what motivation can mean, how motivation can be characterized and described, and that there are different types of motivation, such as internal and external motivation. The background to this study is an interest in how motivation works and affects us people. The purpose of this study is to investigate two motivations of music teachers, the motivation to teach and the motivation to work as a musician. The study has a qualitative research design and has been conducted with surveys as a data collection method. The population in the survey consists of music teachers in the aesthetic program at high school in Sweden. 30 respondents answered questions about motivation to teach and motivation to work as a musician. Based on the questionnaire, the relationship between these two motivations is analyzed, as well as the relationship between the motivations and other selected variables such as age, gender and current family situation. The study shows an unrelated relationship between motivation to teach and motivation to work as a musician. Furthermore, the study also showed an unrelated relationship between the motivations and other selected variables.

Flera av de pianostuderande jag mött, inklusive mig själv, spelade aldrig kammarmusik innan gymnasiet eller musikhögskolan. Det har fått mig fundera över i vilken omfattning klaverstu-derande elever vid kultur- respektive musikskolor deltar i musikaliska samspel. Studien har som syfte att kartlägga i vilken utsträckning lärare i klaverinstrument på kultur- respektive musikskolor i Stockholms län arbetar med musikaliskt samspel med sina elever och vilka faktorer som påverkar vilka elever som samspelar med andra elever. Datainsamling gjordes med hjälp av e-postade enkäter till klaverlärare på kultur- respektive musikskolor. Sedan analyserades svaren univariat, bivariat, tematiskt och samband prövades på sin statistiska signifikans. Resultatet visar dels på att de flesta hade tillfällen då deras elever spelade med någon under deras lektioner, dels att det skilde sig mellan hur lärare arbetade med samspel beroende på om de undervisade individuellt eller som gruppundervisning. Det framgick också att det fanns fyra olika områden som respondenterna menade påverkade vilka elever som fick spela med andra. Dessa var logistiska faktorer, intressen och kompisar hos såväl elev som lärare, elevernas kunskap och ambitioner samt speciella behov hos eleven. I diskussionen problematiseras konsekvenser av individuell undervisning och gruppundervisning samt vad elever lär sig av musikaliskt samspel. / Many piano students I´ve meet, including myself, never played chamber music until they went to gymnasium or university. This made me wonder how many opportunities piano students studying at culture and music schools had to play with others. The purpose of the study is to find out to what extent pianoteachers in these schools in the Stockholm Province work with interaction in music with their students and which factors affects which students interact with others. Data was collected by e-mailing questionnaires to which pianoteachers at the music and cultur schools had to answer. The answers were analyzed univariate, bivariate, tematic and correlations were tested on their statistical significance. The result showes that most teachers occasionally let their students play with someone, during their lessons. The results also showes that it differed between how teachers worked with interaction depending on whether they taught individually or in groups. It also is found that four different types of factors affected the respondents choices of which students who would get the opportunity to play with others. These were logistical factors, interests and friends of both pupil and teacher, the students' knowledge and ambitions, and special needs of the student. In the discussion the consequences of individuell lessons and group lessons are problematized. What the student learn from musical interaction is also discussed.

This thesis addresses the historic debate between natural law theorists and positivists. After providing a foundation for the debate by discussing the thirteenth century natural law theory of St. Thomas Aquinas and the criticisms of it by positivist philosopher John Austin, this thesis turns to the theory of H.L.A. Hart. My primary aim is to outline a defense of the soft positivism of H.L.A. Hart in face of the criticisms of Ronald Dworkin by appealing to two nonexclusive roots of moral principles in the law: justice and criminal law.

This article considers the nature of interpretation as important question in constitutional interpretation from a theonomic epistemological perspective. Theonomic epistemology is summarily described. The modem language philosophy's view of the nature of interpretation is then investigated, after which a theonomic definition of interpretation and hermeneutics is suggested. Different approaches to interpretation commonly found in legal practice are evaluated on the basis of the suggested definition. The theonomic approach is then applied to another issue in constitutional interpretation, the nature of the judicial function, and broad guidelines are given for the practical application of theonomic epistemological considerations. / Hierdie artikel ondersoek die wese van interpretasie as belangrike vraagstuk by grondwetuitleg vanuit die perspektief van die teonome epistemologie. Die teonome epistemologie word oorsigtelik beskryf. Die modeme taalfilosofie se beskouing van interpretasie word dan behandel, waama 'n teonome definisie van interpretasie en hermeneutiek voorgestel word. Die verskillende uitlegbenaderings wat algemeen in die praktyk voorkom, word aan die hand van die voorgestelde definisie geevalueer. Vervolgens word die teonome benadering op 'n ander vraagstuk van grondwetuitleg - die aard van die regterlike funksie - toegepas, en word bree riglyne vir toepassing van teonome epistemologiese oorwegings in die praktyk van regspraak gegee. / Department of Constitutional International & Indigenous Law / LL.M.

This study sets out to report on the reflections of a therapist-in-[post-graduate] training on his experiences when endeavouring to shift from [between] a positivistic to [and] a constructivistic paradigm. Reflections on some experiences associated with the positivistic epistemology that were relinquished were described; reflections on experiences associated with the constructivistic epistemology that were gained were described as well as reflections on experiences of both paradigms, that were added. These reflections were based on research data acquired during the researcher's first year of post-graduate training and exposure to the "new" constructivistic paradigm. Transcriptions from audio-taped sessions with a client from the researchers private practice, during this period served as the research data for this study. A literature study attempting to distinguish between the positivistic and constructivistic paradigms is presented. Arising out of this, the implications of a paradigm shift of this nature, is outlined. / Health Studies / M.A. (Mental Health)

This article considers the nature of interpretation as important question in constitutional interpretation from a theonomic epistemological perspective. Theonomic epistemology is summarily described. The modem language philosophy's view of the nature of interpretation is then investigated, after which a theonomic definition of interpretation and hermeneutics is suggested. Different approaches to interpretation commonly found in legal practice are evaluated on the basis of the suggested definition. The theonomic approach is then applied to another issue in constitutional interpretation, the nature of the judicial function, and broad guidelines are given for the practical application of theonomic epistemological considerations. / Hierdie artikel ondersoek die wese van interpretasie as belangrike vraagstuk by grondwetuitleg vanuit die perspektief van die teonome epistemologie. Die teonome epistemologie word oorsigtelik beskryf. Die modeme taalfilosofie se beskouing van interpretasie word dan behandel, waama 'n teonome definisie van interpretasie en hermeneutiek voorgestel word. Die verskillende uitlegbenaderings wat algemeen in die praktyk voorkom, word aan die hand van die voorgestelde definisie geevalueer. Vervolgens word die teonome benadering op 'n ander vraagstuk van grondwetuitleg - die aard van die regterlike funksie - toegepas, en word bree riglyne vir toepassing van teonome epistemologiese oorwegings in die praktyk van regspraak gegee. / Department of Constitutional International and Indigenous Law / LL.M.

This study sets out to report on the reflections of a therapist-in-[post-graduate] training on his experiences when endeavouring to shift from [between] a positivistic to [and] a constructivistic paradigm. Reflections on some experiences associated with the positivistic epistemology that were relinquished were described; reflections on experiences associated with the constructivistic epistemology that were gained were described as well as reflections on experiences of both paradigms, that were added. These reflections were based on research data acquired during the researcher's first year of post-graduate training and exposure to the "new" constructivistic paradigm. Transcriptions from audio-taped sessions with a client from the researchers private practice, during this period served as the research data for this study. A literature study attempting to distinguish between the positivistic and constructivistic paradigms is presented. Arising out of this, the implications of a paradigm shift of this nature, is outlined. / Health Studies / M.A. (Mental Health)

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