Orientador: Clélia Aparecida Martins / Banca: Pedro Ângelo Pagni / Banca: Aylton Barbieri Durão / Resumo: A presente pesquisa trata da relação sujeito-objeto na construção do conhecimento. O problema da relação sujeito-objeto constitui o histórico conflito de racionalidades que buscam a validação de suas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas e a produção de seus respectivos saberes. Apresenta-se, no primeiro capítulo, a relação entre sujeito-objeto segundo o Idealismo Transcendental de Kant. A "Dedução Transcendental", motivada pela possibilidade de se produzir conhecimentos por meio de juízos válidos universalmente, recorre às funções formais da consciência para afirmar, a partir de uma auto-objetivação do "eu penso" (apercepção transcendental), um saber reconhecidamente válido. Mas tal esquematismo de um "tribunal da razão" expressa um conhecimento que é válido subjetivamente, e, por isso, levanta suspeita quanto à representação da verdade e ao progresso da ciência. Por isso, no segundo capítulo, expõe-se a crítica à teoria do conhecimento de Kant sustentada por Jürgen Habermas. Pela pragmática universal, Habermas oferece uma outra configuração da relação sujeito-objeto, inserindo a linguagem como uma instância de validação objetiva de saberes os quais provêm da práxis da vida, e inserem os sujeitos para (re)construírem o entendimento mútuo por meio do discurso. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se a configuração dos conceitos de subjetividade e objetividade sob o paradigma da compreensão comunicativa, resultando na construção de um conhecimento falível e perfectível. Finalmente, pelo quarto capítulo, se estabelece uma relação das posturas gnosiológicas de Kant e Habermas com a práxis pedagógica. Uma educação que se insere numa perspectiva crítica e emancipatória requer uma expressão de racionalidade que contemple saberes e ações razoáveis e equilibradas. / Abstract: The present research deals with the relation subject-object in the construction of the knowledge. The problem of the relation subject-object constitutes the historical conflict of rationalities that search the validation of its perspectives theoretician-methodological and the production of its respective knowledge. It is presented in the first chapter, the relation between subject-object according to Transcendental Idealism of Kant. The "Transcendental Deduction", motivated by the possibility of producing knowledge by means of universally valid judgments, appeals to the formal functions of the conscience to affirm, from an auto-objetivation of "I think" (transcendental aperception), one admittedly to know valid. But such esquematism of a "reason court" expresses a subjectively valid knowledge, and therefore, raises suspicion about the the truth representation and the science progress. Therefore, in as the chapter, they expose critical it to the theory of the knowledge of Kant pledged for Jürgen Habermas For universal pragmatic, Habermas, offers another configuration of the relation subject-object, inserting the language as an instance of knowledge objective validation that come from life praxis, and insert the subjects for (re)constructing loan agreement using the speech. In the third chapter it is presented concepts configuration of the subjectivity and objectivity under the paradigm of the communicativ understanding, resulting in the construction of falibility and perfect knowledge. Finally, for the fourth chapter, if it establishes a relation of the gnosiologicals positions of Kant and Habermas with the praxis pedagogical. An education that if inserts in a critical and emancipatória perspective requires a reasonable and balanced expression of rationality that it contemplates to know and actions. / Mestre

Estudos voltados para as alterações da linguagem, em indivíduos com quadros autísticos, têm demonstrado que a alteração central está no uso funcional da linguagem. Dessa forma, as teorias pragmáticas parecem apresentar os melhores subsídios para a identificação das alterações da linguagem, bem como possibilitam a elaboração de propostas de intervenção, permitindo a compreensão mais aprofundada dos aspectos alterados. Essa perspectiva prioriza os aspectos lingüísticos e não lingüísticos, o contexto em que o interlocutor está inserido e o uso funcional da linguagem, favorecendo a correlação entre linguagem e o desenvolvimento cognitivo e social, ou seja, a competência comunicativa. A determinação de contextos e estratégias terapêuticas mais eficientes para o atendimento de crianças com transtornos do espectro autístico ainda representa uma importante lacuna da literatura internacional. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar e comparar a interferência do contexto ambiental, no desempenho funcional da comunicação, em dois ambientes diferentes de terapia de linguagem: uma sala comum de terapia e outra com ambientação específica, denominada \"sala NIC\", no recorte do processo terapêutico fonoaudiológico. Participaram desta pesquisa 10 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico incluído nos Transtornos do Espectro Autístico, 6 do sexo masculino e 4 do sexo feminino, com idades variando entre 4 a 13 anos de idade. Na coleta de dados, foi utilizada filmadora, para gravar as sessões de terapia de linguagem individual, durante 30 minutos, e os protocolos de pragmática e do desempenho sócio-cognitivo para análise dos dados. As sessões de gravações foram realizadas num período de um mês de terapia de linguagem, totalizando 8 momentos de gravações. Cada sujeito foi filmado quatro vezes, na sala comum, e quatro vezes, na sala NIC, intercaladamente. Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, quanto ao perfil funcional da comunicação e os aspectos sócio-cognitivos, nos 10 sujeitos estudados tanto na sala comum como na sala NIC. Contudo, é possível identificar um número maior de correlações estatisticamente significativas, na sala NIC, quanto ao desempenho sóciocognitivo, sugerindo que o contexto ambiental dessa sala interfere positivamente nesse aspecto. Os dados obtidos permitem constatar também semelhanças e diferenças entre os sujeitos, confirmando a existência de grandes variações individuais, característica desta população. Assim, pode-se concluir que o contexto ambiental não interfere significativamente no desempenho funcional da comunicação de indivíduos do espectro autístico, ainda que se possa hipotetizar que a diferença no desempenho estaria relacionada ao interlocutor e às variações individuais. A partir da presente pesquisa, fica evidente a necessidade de novos estudos, na área, a fim de que se possa estabelecer quais são as diferentes variáveis que interferem ignificativamente, no contexto comunicativo de crianças com Transtornos do Espectro Autístico / Studies about language disorders, in individuals with autistic manifestations, have shown that the central alteration is in the language functional use. In that way, the pragmatic theories seem to present the best subsidies for the identification of language alterations, as well as they facilitate the elaboration of intervention proposals, allowing the comprehensive understanding of the impaired aspects. That perspective prioritizes the linguistic and non-linguistic aspects, the context in that the speaker is inserted and the language functional use, favoring the correlation between language and the cognitive and social development, the communicative competence. The determination of more efficient contexts and therapeutic strategies of language therapy with children with disorders of the autistic spectrum still represent an important gap of the international literature. The present research has as objective to analyze and to compare the interference of the environmental context, in the functional communication performance, in two different language therapy environments: a common therapy room and another room with specific material and furniture (denominated \"NIC\") on the speech therapy process pattern. Ten children and adolescents with diagnosis included in the autistic spectrum participated in this research, six of male and four of feminine gender, with ages varying between 4 and 13 years of age. In the data collection, we used a video camera, to record 30 minutes of the individual language therapy sessions, the pragmatic protocols and the social-cognitive acting for the data analysis. The recording sessions were accomplished in a month period, 8 recordings moments. Each subject was recorded four times, in the common room, and four times, in NIC, interspersed. The results show that there was not a significant statistical difference between the functional communication profile and the socialcognitive aspects, in the 10 subjects studied either in the common room or in NIC. However, it is possible to identify a larger number of significant statistical correlations, in NIC, related to the social-cognitive performance, suggesting that the environmental context of that room interferes positively in that aspect. The obtained data allow us to verify also similarities and differences among the subjects, confirming the existence of great individual variations, a characteristic of this population. Thus, it can be concluded that the environmental context doesn\'t interferes significantly in the functional communication performance of the individuals with disorders of the autistic spectrum, although we can propose the hypothesis that the difference in the performance would be related to the speaker and to the individual variations. From this research, it is evident the need of new studies in the area. So that we can determine which are the different variables that interfere significantly, on communicative context of children with disorders of the autistic spectrum.

Estudos voltados para as alterações da linguagem, em indivíduos com quadros autísticos, têm demonstrado que a alteração central está no uso funcional da linguagem. Dessa forma, as teorias pragmáticas parecem apresentar os melhores subsídios para a identificação das alterações da linguagem, bem como possibilitam a elaboração de propostas de intervenção, permitindo a compreensão mais aprofundada dos aspectos alterados. Essa perspectiva prioriza os aspectos lingüísticos e não lingüísticos, o contexto em que o interlocutor está inserido e o uso funcional da linguagem, favorecendo a correlação entre linguagem e o desenvolvimento cognitivo e social, ou seja, a competência comunicativa. A determinação de contextos e estratégias terapêuticas mais eficientes para o atendimento de crianças com transtornos do espectro autístico ainda representa uma importante lacuna da literatura internacional. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar e comparar a interferência do contexto ambiental, no desempenho funcional da comunicação, em dois ambientes diferentes de terapia de linguagem: uma sala comum de terapia e outra com ambientação específica, denominada \"sala NIC\", no recorte do processo terapêutico fonoaudiológico. Participaram desta pesquisa 10 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico incluído nos Transtornos do Espectro Autístico, 6 do sexo masculino e 4 do sexo feminino, com idades variando entre 4 a 13 anos de idade. Na coleta de dados, foi utilizada filmadora, para gravar as sessões de terapia de linguagem individual, durante 30 minutos, e os protocolos de pragmática e do desempenho sócio-cognitivo para análise dos dados. As sessões de gravações foram realizadas num período de um mês de terapia de linguagem, totalizando 8 momentos de gravações. Cada sujeito foi filmado quatro vezes, na sala comum, e quatro vezes, na sala NIC, intercaladamente. Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, quanto ao perfil funcional da comunicação e os aspectos sócio-cognitivos, nos 10 sujeitos estudados tanto na sala comum como na sala NIC. Contudo, é possível identificar um número maior de correlações estatisticamente significativas, na sala NIC, quanto ao desempenho sóciocognitivo, sugerindo que o contexto ambiental dessa sala interfere positivamente nesse aspecto. Os dados obtidos permitem constatar também semelhanças e diferenças entre os sujeitos, confirmando a existência de grandes variações individuais, característica desta população. Assim, pode-se concluir que o contexto ambiental não interfere significativamente no desempenho funcional da comunicação de indivíduos do espectro autístico, ainda que se possa hipotetizar que a diferença no desempenho estaria relacionada ao interlocutor e às variações individuais. A partir da presente pesquisa, fica evidente a necessidade de novos estudos, na área, a fim de que se possa estabelecer quais são as diferentes variáveis que interferem ignificativamente, no contexto comunicativo de crianças com Transtornos do Espectro Autístico / Studies about language disorders, in individuals with autistic manifestations, have shown that the central alteration is in the language functional use. In that way, the pragmatic theories seem to present the best subsidies for the identification of language alterations, as well as they facilitate the elaboration of intervention proposals, allowing the comprehensive understanding of the impaired aspects. That perspective prioritizes the linguistic and non-linguistic aspects, the context in that the speaker is inserted and the language functional use, favoring the correlation between language and the cognitive and social development, the communicative competence. The determination of more efficient contexts and therapeutic strategies of language therapy with children with disorders of the autistic spectrum still represent an important gap of the international literature. The present research has as objective to analyze and to compare the interference of the environmental context, in the functional communication performance, in two different language therapy environments: a common therapy room and another room with specific material and furniture (denominated \"NIC\") on the speech therapy process pattern. Ten children and adolescents with diagnosis included in the autistic spectrum participated in this research, six of male and four of feminine gender, with ages varying between 4 and 13 years of age. In the data collection, we used a video camera, to record 30 minutes of the individual language therapy sessions, the pragmatic protocols and the social-cognitive acting for the data analysis. The recording sessions were accomplished in a month period, 8 recordings moments. Each subject was recorded four times, in the common room, and four times, in NIC, interspersed. The results show that there was not a significant statistical difference between the functional communication profile and the socialcognitive aspects, in the 10 subjects studied either in the common room or in NIC. However, it is possible to identify a larger number of significant statistical correlations, in NIC, related to the social-cognitive performance, suggesting that the environmental context of that room interferes positively in that aspect. The obtained data allow us to verify also similarities and differences among the subjects, confirming the existence of great individual variations, a characteristic of this population. Thus, it can be concluded that the environmental context doesn\'t interferes significantly in the functional communication performance of the individuals with disorders of the autistic spectrum, although we can propose the hypothesis that the difference in the performance would be related to the speaker and to the individual variations. From this research, it is evident the need of new studies in the area. So that we can determine which are the different variables that interfere significantly, on communicative context of children with disorders of the autistic spectrum.

This study is about the significance of dual citizenship and the feeling of belonging people experience. Descriptions about the problems with being a citizen in a state, but not being accepted as one, is also discussed in the thesis. The juristic aspects, what it means to be possessed of dual citizenship and the consequences when the negative aspects of dual citizenship arise, is also discribed. The reasons for having dual citizenship is very analogous but at the same time different. The common denominator is however pragmatics. The informants are very well aware of the merits and demerits the dual citizenship bring about. The thesis demonstrate further that people experience a feeling of belonging to more than one state and the apprehension of identity doesn’t necessarily derive from national citizenship. The significanse of national citizenship appears to be of reducible community when people become more spacepolygamous in a globalising world.

This study investigates the refusal realizations of native speakers of American English (AE), Turkish (TUR) and Turkish learners of English with advanced level of proficiency (TRE). It aims to uncover the refusal strategies of young AE, TUR and TRE in conversations between equals and also to uncover if the learners display pragmatic transfer in their refusal strategies. In addition to this, the extent to which the social variables of level of closeness and refusal eliciting acts affect the refusal productions of each group is pursued. The thesis also aimed to provide an explanation for the rapport management orientations of the three examined groups when refusing equal-status interlocutors. To this end, the data are collected from three different groups using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT), which is developed out of the situations in a TV Serial. The analysis of data is done manually and each refusal is coded. CLAN CHILDES is utilized in order to see the typical combinations of refusal semantic formulae used by three groups. Later, PASW is used to run descriptive statistics and calculate the frequency and percentages of refusal strategies/semantic formulae. The results of the study show that refusals and rapport management orientations while refusing status equal interlocutors are culture and situation specific and they differ both cross-culturally and intra-culturally. Research findings also reveal that TRE often produce pragmatically appropriate refusals because refusal strategies they use correspond to those of AE. However, there are some cases in which the evidence of pragmatic transfer are observed with respect to the frequency of certain semantic formula usages.

<p>This study is about the significance of dual citizenship and the feeling of belonging people experience. Descriptions about the problems with being a citizen in a state, but not being accepted as one, is also discussed in the thesis. The juristic aspects, what it means to be possessed of dual citizenship and the consequences when the negative aspects of dual citizenship arise, is also discribed. The reasons for having dual citizenship is very analogous but at the same time different. The common denominator is however pragmatics. The informants are very well aware of the merits and demerits the dual citizenship bring about. The thesis demonstrate further that people experience a feeling of belonging to more than one state and the apprehension of identity doesn’t necessarily derive from national citizenship. The significanse of national citizenship appears to be of reducible community when people become more spacepolygamous in a globalising world.</p>

This thesis consists of four empirical studies on ethnic integration in the Swedish labor market. Studies I-III draw on a field experiment testing ethnic discrimination in the hiring process. Study I documents the existence of employer discrimination in response to equally merited applications with Arabic/African or Swedish names, and shows that foreign-named applicants have to send twice as many applications to receive a callback compared to Swedish-named applicants. Results also suggest that employers in female-dense occupations practice ethnic and gender compensation while employers in male-dense occupations practice only gender compensation. Study II reveals gendered differences in the intensity of employer stereotypes by testing how much more work experience is needed to eliminate the disadvantage of having an Arabic name on a job application. Results indicate a reverse gender gap, as initial differences in call-backs disappear for female applicants when CVs for Arabic-named applications are enhanced but remain strong and significant for male applicants. Study III evaluates criticism directed at residual analysis and field experiments that claims that they tell us nothing about real world discrimination and its long-term effects. By combining experimental and register data, Study III responds to this criticism by showing that the results of Study I correspond closely with real world labor market inequality of identical ‘twins’ (identified through propensity score matching) to the fictive individuals of Study I. Study IV explores the strategies underlying surname change from a Middle Eastern name to a more Swedish sounding one, drawing on 45 interviews with surname changers with a Middle Eastern background. The results indicate that immigrant name change is a pragmatic assimilation strategy. The study also illustrates how the institutional enabling of name change both creates and enables pragmatic assimilation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Dans Literal Meaning, François Recanati cherche à montrer que ce qui est dit lorsqu’une phrase est prononcée correspond à un contenu fondamentalement pragmatique. À cet effet, il propose deux arguments généraux qui consistent à faire valoir que ce qui est dit est indéterminé si l'on s'en tient aux règles de la sémantique. Le premier de ces deux arguments tente d’établir que dans bien des cas, le contenu sémantique supposément associé à une phrase ne correspond pas à ce qui est dit. Le second est plutôt une élaboration de la thèse wittgensteinienne suivant laquelle la signification des types linguistiques est indéterminée. Pour ma part, je soutiens que si nous adoptons effectivement une conception wittgensteinienne de la signification, certains des exemples supposés illustrer le premier de ces deux arguments peuvent et doivent être critiqués. / In Literal Meaning, François Recanati argues that what is said when a sentence is uttered corresponds to a content that is fundamentally pragmatic. To this end, he proposes two general arguments according to which what is said will be indeterminate if we stick to the rules of semantics. The first of these two arguments tries to establish that in many cases, the semantic content supposedly associated with a sentence does not correspond to what is said. The second one is rather an elaboration of Wittgenstein’s thesis to the effect that the meaning of linguistic types is indeterminate. As for me, I claim that if we indeed adopt a wittgensteinian conception of meaning, some of the examples that are supposed to illustrate the first of these two arguments can and should be criticized.

The object of the thesis – the communicates of TV commercials. The objective of the research – based on the speech act theory, to analyze micro acts (linguistic act sub-units of smaller scale) involved in TV commercials broadcast in Lithuania, their intentions (functions), and to reveal specifics of linguistic structure expression, and its interaction with image and sound. TV commercials have never been analyzed based on the speech act theory before. Moreover, linguistic act classification has been applied to TV commercials for the first time ever. There is examined the structure of advertising macro act, developed typology of micro acts. Detailed classification of micro acts highlights intentions of sayings of broadcast television commercials. The intentions convey the intents of message sender (addresser). It’s noticed that image and / or sound can convey particular intentions, which consist with intentions of linguistic acts or complement them. Expression of the linguistic relation between addresser and addressee is actual for analysis of linguistic acts of broadcast TV commercials. It depends on the objective group of the consumers. The research of micro acts of broadcast TV commercials realizing that speech act theory encompassed by pragmatic linguistics can be purposefully used for analysis of TV commercials. / Disertacijos tiriamasis objektas – transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų komunikatai. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis kalbinių aktų teorija, išanalizuoti Lietuvoje transliuotų televizijos reklamų komunikatų mikroaktus (smulkesnes kalbinių aktų atmainas), jų intencijas (funkcijas), atskleisti kalbinės struktūros raiškos specifiką bei sąveiką su vaizdu ir garsu. Iki šiol transliuojamosios televizijos reklamos nebuvo analizuotos remiantis kalbinių aktų teorija, be to, pirmą kartą joms tirti pritaikyta kalbinių aktų klasifikacija. Disertacijoje nagrinėjama transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamos makroakto struktūra, sukuriama atitinkama mikroaktų tipologija. Smulkus mikroaktų skirstymas išryškina transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų pasakymų intencijas, kuriomis perteikiami reklaminio pranešimo siuntėjo (adresanto) ketinimai. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad reklamos vaizdu ir / ar garsu taip pat galima perteikti tam tikras intencijas, kurios sutampa su kalbinių aktų intencijomis ar jas papildo. Transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų kalbinių aktų analizei aktuali adresanto ir adresato kalbinė raiška, kuri priklauso nuo to, į kurią tikslinę vartotojų grupę kreipiamasi. Atliktas transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų mikroaktų tyrimas atskleidžia, kad pragmatinės lingvistikos kalbinių aktų teorija gali būti tikslingai taikoma analizuojant televizijos reklamas.

The aim of the research is to analyse the expression and contents of non-morphological evidentiality in Lithuanian realized by neuter (non-agreeing) adjectives and adverbs. The thesis focuses on the non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs that derive from the semantic domains of perception, comparison and knowledge and thus have the potential to acquire evidential meanings. The study explores the morphosyntactic properties (Complement-Taking-Predicates and adverbials) of the markers under consideration, their quantitative parameters and semantic functional distribution in fiction and academic discourse. The study is corpus-driven and the data have been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of the markers and their semantic functional distribution suggests that in Lithuanian the non-agreeing adjectives convey evidential meanings more frequently than the adverbs because the adverbs mainly function as predicate modifiers. The main evidential value is inference based on perceptual or conceptual sources of evidence. The non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs under consideration can also express the meanings of epistemic modality, expectation or function as pragmatic markers. / Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti nemorfologinio evidencialumo raišką ir turinį, realizuojamus bevardės giminės (nederinamaisiais) būdvardžiais ir prieveiksmiais grožinės literatūros tekstuose ir lietuvių mokslo kalboje. Tyrimo objektą sudaro nederinamieji būdvardžiai ir prieveiksmiai, kurių leksinės reikšmės atspindi semantinius laukus, turinčius potencialą žymėti žinių šaltinį. Darbe analizuojami šių vienetų morfosintaksiniai bruožai (komplementiniai predikatai ir adverbialai), tiriami jų kiekybiniai rodikliai ir atskleidžiama semantinė funkcinė distribucija. Šioje disertacijoje atliekamas tyrimas naudojant tekstynų metodologiją. Tyrimo medžiaga yra surinkta iš grožinės literatūros patekstynio, esančio Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne ir Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno. Nederinamųjų būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių morfosintaksinių bruožų ir semantinių funkcinių ypatybių analizė suponuoja, kad lietuvių kalboje nederinamieji būdvardžiai dažniau perteikia žinių šaltinio reikšmes negu prieveiksmiai, nes šie vartojami kaip predikato modifikatoriai. Pagrindinė evidencinė reikšmė, būdinga nagrinėjamiems žymikliams, yra numanymas, pagrįstas percepciniu arba konceptualiuoju žinių šaltiniu. Nagrinėjami vienetai vartojami ir kaip episteminiai, vertinimo arba pragmatiniai žymikliai.