Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti nemorfologinio evidencialumo raišką ir turinį, realizuojamus bevardės giminės (nederinamaisiais) būdvardžiais ir prieveiksmiais grožinės literatūros tekstuose ir lietuvių mokslo kalboje. Tyrimo objektą sudaro nederinamieji būdvardžiai ir prieveiksmiai, kurių leksinės reikšmės atspindi semantinius laukus, turinčius potencialą žymėti žinių šaltinį. Darbe analizuojami šių vienetų morfosintaksiniai bruožai (komplementiniai predikatai ir adverbialai), tiriami jų kiekybiniai rodikliai ir atskleidžiama semantinė funkcinė distribucija. Šioje disertacijoje atliekamas tyrimas naudojant tekstynų metodologiją. Tyrimo medžiaga yra surinkta iš grožinės literatūros patekstynio, esančio Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne ir Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno. Nederinamųjų būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių morfosintaksinių bruožų ir semantinių funkcinių ypatybių analizė suponuoja, kad lietuvių kalboje nederinamieji būdvardžiai dažniau perteikia žinių šaltinio reikšmes negu prieveiksmiai, nes šie vartojami kaip predikato modifikatoriai. Pagrindinė evidencinė reikšmė, būdinga nagrinėjamiems žymikliams, yra numanymas, pagrįstas percepciniu arba konceptualiuoju žinių šaltiniu. Nagrinėjami vienetai gali būti vartojami ir kaip episteminiai, vertinimo arba pragmatiniai žymikliai. / The aim of the research is to analyse the expression and contents of non-morphological evidentiality in Lithuanian realized by neuter (non-agreeing) adjectives and adverbs. The thesis focuses on the non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs that derive from the semantic domains of perception, comparison and knowledge and thus have the potential to acquire evidential meanings. The study explores the morphosyntactic properties (Complement-Taking-Predicates and adverbials) of the markers under consideration, their quantitative parameters and semantic functional distribution in fiction and academic discourse. The study is corpus-driven and the data have been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of the markers and their semantic functional distribution suggests that in Lithuanian the non-agreeing adjectives convey evidential meanings more frequently than the adverbs because the adverbs mainly function as predicate modifiers. The main evidential value is inference based on perceptual or conceptual sources of evidence. The non-agreeing adjectives and the adverbs under consideration can also express the meanings of epistemic modality, expectation or function as pragmatic markers.

Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The term "schizophrenia" refers to a psychiatric condition which affects an individual's thought and speech (Eaton and Chen 2006). The verbal expression of schizophrenics can therefore be used as a tool for insight into the nature of schizophrenia as well as the cognitive processes of schizophrenics (Wróbel 1990:1). This thesis reports on a comparative evaluation of three pragmatic assessment tools, namely the Pragmatic Protocol (Prutting and Kirchner 1987), the Profile of Communicative Appropriateness (Penn 1985), and the Framework for Assessing (Children's) Conversational Skills (Rumble 1988), in order to establish which of these tools is most suitable for assessing the first language (L1) and second language (L2) pragmatic abilities of late bilingual schizophrenics. Four late bilingual schizophrenic patients participated in this study. A thirty minute informal interview was conducted with each of the participants in both their L1 and L2 and the speech samples were transcribed and then analysed by means of each of the pragmatic assessment tools. A careful examination of the results yielded by the three assessment tools, showed, firstly, that when presenting the results of a pragmatic assessment of schizophrenic speech, it is crucial that both quantitative and qualitative information be included: if the latter is excluded, a significant amount of information is hidden from the clinicians and/or linguists doing the assessment, as well as the people to whom they report their findings. Secondly, with respect to the characteristics of schizophrenic speech, the three instruments used in this study show that whereas most of the aspects of schizophrenics' linguistic abilities seem intact, their pragmatic skills are definitely impaired. Thirdly, regarding differential symptomatology in bilingual schizophrenics, this study concludes that none of the three assessment tools contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon, and that, in fact, it is highly unlikely that any pragmatic assessment tool would be able to capture this phenomenon. Finally, it is recommended that clinicians assess bilingual patients in both languages, whenever possible, in order to determine the full range of symptoms experienced by the patient, to gain a better indication of the severity of the illness and to track the progress of the illness. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die term "skisofrenie" verwys na 'n psigiatriese toestand wat 'n individu se denkprosesse en spraak beïnvloed (Eaton en Chen 2006). Die verbale uitinge van skisofrene kan dus gebruik word om insig oor die aard van skisofrenie, sowel as die kognitiewe prosesse van skisofrene, te verkry (Wróbel 1990:1). Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor 'n vergelykende evaluering van drie pragmatiese assesseringsinstrumente, naamlik die "Pragmatic Protocol" (Prutting en Kirchner 1987), die "Profile of Communicative Appropriateness" (Penn 1985), en die "Framework for Assessing (Children's) Conversational Skills" (Rumble 1988), om sodoende vas te stel watter een van hierdie drie die mees gepaste instrument is vir die assessering van tweetalige skisofrene se pragmatiese vaardighede in hul eerstetaal (T1) en tweedetaal (T2), spesifiek in gevalle waar die T2 later (d.w.s. nie binne die eerste sewe lewensjare nie) verwerf is. Vier sulke tweetalige skisofrene het deelgeneem aan die studie. Daar is met elkeen van die deelnemers 'n informele onderhoud gevoer vir 30 minute in hul T1, gevolg deur 30 minute in hul T2. Die onderhoude is getranskribeer en daarna geanaliseer deur middel van elk van die drie assesseringsinstrumente. 'n Noukeurige ondersoek en vergelyking van die resultate van die drie instrumente het eerstens getoon dat dit belangrik is om die resultate van 'n pragmatiese analise van skisofreniese spraak op beide 'n kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe wyse aan te bied: wanneer kwalitatiewe inligting weggelaat word, bly 'n betekenisvolle hoeveelheid van die informasie verborge vir die klinici en/of taalwetenskaplikes wat die assessering doen, asook die mense aan wie hulle hulle bevindinge rapporteer. Tweedens, met betrekking tot die eienskappe van skisofreniese spraak, wys die drie instrumente wat in hierdie studie gebruik is dat alhoewel meeste aspekte van skisofrene se taalvaardighede ongeskonde is, hulle pragmatiese vaardighede ooglopend aangetas is. Derdens, rakende differensiële simptomatologie in tweetalige skisofrene kom hierdie studie tot die gevolgtrekking dat geen van die drie instrumente bydra tot 'n beter begrip van hierdie verskynsel nie, en dat dit selfs hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat enige pragmatiese assesseringsinstrument hierdie verskynsel sou kon vaslê. Uiteindelik word daar aanbeveel dat klinici, wanneer dit ookal moontlik is, tweetalige pasiënte in beide tale behoort te assesseer om sodoende die volledige reeks van simptome wat 'n pasiënt ervaar vas te stel, om 'n beter aanduiding te bekom oor die erns van die siekte, en om die progressie van die siekte te volg.

Consumer experience plays an increasingly significant role in influencing the success of most businesses. The concept of ‘consumer experience’ has become an important area of study within the disciplines of marketing and consumer behavior. Regardless of its positive attention, this phenomenon has received in recent years; the clarification of consumer experience quality in online communities has remained unclear and needs a detailed theoretical base. In addition, it has been assumed that there is a relation between consumer experience quality and brand loyalty, nevertheless, there is limited research to confirm this theoretical proposition. The purpose of this study is to gain an in-depth perspective on the concept of consumer experience quality and its dimensions in the online community. The Internet has changed the behavior of consumers significantly where individuals have used online communities to interact with one another. These online communities enable individuals to connect globally in order to communicate effectively since inappropriate communication activities can affect the image consumers have formed with a particular organization from online social networks. As a result, the traditional way of communication is changed using interactive platforms. Data was collected through qualitative and quantitative research using an online blog where consumers shared ideas, experiences and interacted with each other about their experiences of Weightwatchers and Slimming World in the United Kingdom. The qualitative research was done by applying Netnography technique that uses content analysis of consumer reviews of their experiences in the Health and Diet online communities. Using the PLS-SEM, the structural model proposed in this study revealed a significant positive relationship between pragmatic experience and overall quality experience. Thus, the current study maintains the notion that pragmatic experience is a key determinant of overall quality experience. In addition, finding of this study suggests that consumers assess their online experience when participating in “health and diet online communities”. These pragmatic components are reflected in the consumers’ benefits gained during interacting with the online community. Furthermore, it was evident that consumers view the online community as important in relation to their feelings and enjoyment because the forum provides them with the opportunities and preferences to share health and diet information with other community members. Consequently, the participants in the “health and diet online communities” will eventually generate moods, feelings and emotional experiences after interacting with each other in order to develop an affective relationship with a company’s brand and products.

Ce travail de recherche consiste à démontrer que la place de l’adjectif dépend de contraintes syntaxiques, mais également de contraintes sémantiques et pragmatiques.L’analyse comparative entre un roman romantique et un roman naturaliste vise à montrer l’importance de la place de l’adjectif épithète au sein du texte, car ce phénomène permet à chaque écrivain de produire certains effets sur les lecteurs qui dépendent des intentions recherchées et par conséquent de l’œuvre étudiée.L'objectif de notre thèse consiste avant tout à montrer que l’adjectif, selon la place qu’il occupe, va permettre non seulement d’apporter différents types de précisions sur le référent désigné par le substantif, mais aussi de transmettre le point de vue du locuteur et de persuader le récepteur.Si bien que ce phénomène permet de montrer que chaque discours littéraire est unique et d’en expliquer le pourquoi. / This research project consisted of showing that the place of the adjective depends not only on syntax but also on semantic and pragmatic constraints.A comparative analysis between a romance novel and a naturalist novel aims to show the importance of the place of the attributive adjective within a text, as this phenomenon allows each writer to produce certain effects on their readers which depend on the intention sought and, consequently, on the work studied.The objective of this thesis consists above all in showing that the adjective, depending on the place that it has, will not only allow for different types of precisions to be brought to the referent as designated by the substantive, but moreover to fulfil a macro-speech-act which constitutes a discourse act and also to transmit the speaker’s point of view and to convince the receiver. This phenomenon allows us to show that each literary discourse is unique and to explain the reasons for this.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-05-19T17:12:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by ROQUE PIRES VERCESI null (rpvercesi@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-20T12:52:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roque_Dissetação -final.pdf: 1290554 bytes, checksum: f4ed86c7ef444aa9fde6621e3e82bc57 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-20T20:21:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vercesi_rp_me_mar.pdf: 1290554 bytes, checksum: f4ed86c7ef444aa9fde6621e3e82bc57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T20:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vercesi_rp_me_mar.pdf: 1290554 bytes, checksum: f4ed86c7ef444aa9fde6621e3e82bc57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho está inserido no contexto da Filosofia da Lógica e no tópi-co teorias da verdade. As reflexões das teorias da verdade colocam em evi-dência a seguinte questão de interesse no ambiente filosófico, científico e ló-gico: “O que é a verdade?”. Esta tradição é bem longa, com reflexões que remontam à Antiguidade e ainda hoje são bastante pertinentes no mundo acadêmico, como podemos observar pela recente literatura sobre o assunto. Aristóteles foi um precursor desta busca ao propor que a verdade pode-ria ser caracterizada segundo sua máxima: “Dizer do que é, que ele não é, ou do que não é, que ele é, é falso; enquanto dizer do que é, que ele é, ou do que não é, que ele não é, é verdadeiro”. Posteriormente, essa questão referente à verdade foi minuciosamente tratada por muitos autores, que elaboraram teorias e/ou buscaram princípios para determinar o que é verdade ou o que torna algo verdadeiro (critério de verdade). Entre as teorias da verdade usualmente discu-tidas encontramos as teorias correspondencial, coerencial, pragmática, da re-dundância e a concepção semântica de Tarski. Dedicaremos um capítulo inicial a estas teorias da verdade, quando elencamos as suas características essenciais. Recentemente, a teoria da qua-se verdade tem conquistado importância nas reflexões sobre a verdade, que tem como um precursor o professor Newton da Costa, expoente brasileiro no âmbito da Lógica. Em 1986, Mikenberg, da Costa e Chuaqui introduziram a teoria da quase verdade no artigo Pragmatic truth and approximation to truth, publicado no “The Journal of Symbolic Logic”. Uma segunda meta desta Dissertação é o entendimento desta concep-ção de verdade, a quase verdade, e seu respectivo formalismo. Como este de-senvolvimento teórico da quase-verdade foi motivada pela concepção semân-tica de Tarski, a qual é entendida como uma das muitas teorias da quase ver-dade, então antes do nosso desenvolvimento sobre a quase-verdade, faremos um capítulo sobre a verdade segundo Alfred Tarski. A seguir, apresentamos o nosso entendimento da quase-verdade. Revi-sitamos os textos iniciais e outros que trouxeram novas contribuições para a quase-verdade, como a quase-satisfação de Bueno e de Souza de 1996. Tam-bém tratamos da recente versão de Silvestrini, de 2011, que traz inovações so-bre a formalização da quase-verdade. No Capítulo seguinte, apresentamos outra concepção filosófica relevan-te para esta Dissertação, o pragmatismo. Como está no título do artigo inicial da quase-verdade de 1986: “Verdade pragmática e aproximação à verdade”, a quase-verdade foi vinculada com aspectos do pragmatismo. O pragmatismo é um tema filosófico muito amplo e, certamente, não da-ríamos conta de retratá-lo no texto. Mesmo a versão da concepção pragmática da verdade é bastante extensa. Assim, consideraremos uma apresentação de três pioneiros do pragmatismo: Charles Pierce, Willian James e John Dewey. Procuramos destacar aspectos que destacam suas visões sobre a teoria da verdade. No capítulo final, faremos uma análise de quanto há de pragmatismo na teria da quase-verdade que buscamos entender no desenvolvimento desta Dissertação. / This work is inserted in the context of the Philosophy of Logic and in the topic theories of truth. Reflections of theories of truth put in evidence questions of interest in the philosophical, scientific and logical environment: "What is the truth?". This tradition is very long, with reflections that go back to antiquity and are still very relevant in the academic world, as can be seen by the recent litera-ture about this issue. Aristotle was a precursor of this search by proposing that the truth could be characterized according to their maximum: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true”. Posteriorly, this question of the truth was carefully treated by many authors who have developed theories and/or principles to de-termine what is true or what makes something true (criteria of truth). Among the theories of truth usually discussed, we find the theories: correspondence, co-herence, pragmatic, redundancy and semantic conception of Tarski. We dedicate an initial chapter to these theories of truth, when we list their essential characteristics. Recently, the theory of quasi-truth has gained importance in the reflections about the truth, which has as a precursor Profes-sor Newton da Costa, Brazilian exponent in the context of Logic. In 1986, Mikenberg, Costa and Chuaqui introduced the theory of quasi-truth in the arti-cle Pragmatic truth and approximation to truth, published in "The Journal of Symbolic Logic". A second goal of this Dissertation is the understanding of this concep-tion of true, the quasi-truth, and their respective formalism. As the theoretical development of quasi-truth was motivated by the semantic conception of Tar-ski, which is understood as one of many theories about quasi-truth, then be-fore our development on the quasi-truth, we will present a chapter about truth, according to Alfred Tarski. Next, we presented our understanding about the quasi-truth. We visited the original texts and others who brought new contributions to the quasi-truth, as the quasi-satisfaction of Bueno and Souza (1996). We also discussed about the recent version developed by Silvestrini (2011) that brings innovations on the formalization of quasi-truth. In the next chapter, we present another philosophical relevant concep-tion to this thesis, the pragmatism. As described in the title of the first article of quasi-truth of 1986: "Pragmatic truth and approach to the truth," the quasi-truth was linked with aspects of pragmatism. Pragmatism is a very broad philosophical theme and for this reason, we will discuss just a part of this theory in the text. Even the version of the prag-matic conception of truth is quite extensive. Thereby, we consider a presenta-tion of three pioneers of pragmatism: Charles Pierce, William James and John Dewey. We emphasize the aspects that highlight their views about the theory of truth. In the final chapter, we will analyze how much exist of the pragmatism in the quasi-truth theory, which we sought to understand during the thesis devel-opment.

Submitted by Helen Gomes da Silva (helen-277@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-19T16:16:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Helen.pdf: 519297 bytes, checksum: 5cb7a2e4a99a88a45d87901f4e7476cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-04-19T17:33:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hg_me_mar.pdf: 519297 bytes, checksum: 5cb7a2e4a99a88a45d87901f4e7476cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T17:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hg_me_mar.pdf: 519297 bytes, checksum: 5cb7a2e4a99a88a45d87901f4e7476cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O professor Newton C. A. da Costa, notável lógico brasileiro, e colaboradores introduziram a noção de quase-verdade no contexto das ciências empíricas, onde há incompletude do conhecimento. Tal abordagem é considerada uma generalização para contextos parciais da proposta de formalização da verdade introduzida por Alfred Tarski. Inspirado nessa noção de quase-verdade, Silvestrini (2011) introduziu uma de nição de quase-verdade através da satisfação pragmática e, no mesmo trabalho apresentou, num sistema axiomático, uma lógica paraconsistente e trivalente, subjacente a essa noção, a qual denominou por Lógica da Verdade Pragmática (LPT- Logic of Pragmatic Truth ). Posteriormente, Feitosa e Silvestrini (2016) apresentaram algumas alterações no conjunto de axiomas de LPT e deram uma demonstração de adequação segundo a semântica matricial da lógica da verdade pragmática. Hoje, sistemas dedutivos alternativos ao axiomático têm sido de grande interesse para a área da teoria da prova e computabilidade, pois esses, em sua maioria, são métodos mais intuitivos. Alguns são caracterizados como algorítmicos, o que possibilita uma fácil implementação do método em computadores. Dentre esses sistemas de provas, destacamos o método dedutivo dos tableaux analíticos, que foi introduzido de uma forma bastante elegante por Smullyan (1968). Neste trabalho, introduzimos um sistema de tableaux analíticos para a Lógica da Verdade Pragmática e veri camos que todos os resultados dedutivos do sistema axiomático da LPT coincidem com os resultados de consequência analítica do sistema de tableaux que aqui introduzimos. / Professor Newton C. A. da Costa, notable Brazilian logician, and collaborators introduced the notion of quasi-truth in the context of the empirical sciences, where there is incompleteness of knowledge. Such an approach is considered a generalization of Tarski's proposal for partial contexts. Inspired by this notion of quasi-truth, Silvestrini (2011) introduced a de nition of quasi-truth through pragmatic satisfaction and, in the same work, presented, in an axiomatic system, a paraconsistent and trivalent logic, underlying this notion, which he called 'Logic of Pragmatic Truth (LPT)'. Later, Feitosa and Silvestrini (2016) presented some changes in the set of axioms of LPT and gave a proof of adequacy according to the trivalent matrix semantics of LPT. Nowadays, alternative axiomatic deductive systems have been of great interest to proof theory and computability, because these are in general intuitive methods. Some of them are characterized as algorithmic, which allows an easy implementation in computers. Among these systems of proof, we highlight the deductive method of analytic tableaux, which was introduced in an elegant way by Smullyan (1968). In this work, we introduce an analytic tableau system for the Logic of Pragmatic Truth and we verify that the results we can develop in the axiomatic system of the LPT coincide with the deductions in this analytic system of tableaux.

Cette thèse est centrée sur les pratiques de réception de textes en classe de FLE dans le cadre des ISCED en Angola, étant donné l’importance accordée au support écrit dans la vie quotidienne. Ces pratiques sont fortement marquées par la méthode interactive qui conditionne l’activité de l’apprenant, c’est-à-dire que la lecture est exclusivement orientée vers les besoins institutionnels. Bien évidemment, le processus de réception des textes en classe est régi par la démarche de lecture adoptée par l’enseignant.La vision innovatrice dans laquelle s’inscrit cette thèse met l’accent sur le rapport pragmatique entre les tâches de lecture en classe et celles de la vie quotidienne. Le contexte social de l’apprenant, qui doit être pris en compte dans le processus d’enseignement/apprentissage, est mis en relief dans cette recherche comme le postule la perspective actionnelle : l’apprenant devient un acteur social par l’intermédiaire de sa formation. Il est donc censé accomplir des tâches de lecture en classe proches de situations authentiques eu égard aux conditions d’adaptabilité. Ainsi, le profil de sortie des apprenants s’adaptera aux exigences de la société.Cette étude fait appel à des tâches de lecture permettant de décentraliser ce processus en classe. / This thesis is focused on the practice of receiving texts in French foreign language classes under the ISCEDs of Angola, taking into account the importance of writing in everyday life. These practices are strongly marked by interactive method that determines the learner's activity, that is, reading is exclusively geared to the institutional needs. Of course, the process of receiving the texts in the classroom is governed by the reading mode adopted by the teacher. The innovative vision in which this thesis is part emphasizes the pragmatic relationship between the reading tasks in the classroom and in everyday life. The social context of the learner, which must be taken into account in the teaching / learning process is highlighted in this research as postulated by the approach oriented to action: the learner becomes a social actor through tasks. Therefore, he/she must perform reading tasks in the classroom close to authentic situations taking into account the conditions of adaptability . Thus, the output profile of the subjects they learn will adapt to the demands of society. This study calls on reading tasks that enable the decentralization of this process in the classroom.

Pragmatic Encroachment and Epistemic Value”. Some philosopherswho defend pragmatic encroachment” and sensitive invariantism” argue thatchanges in the importance of being right and signiicant increases of the costsof error in given contexts can alter the standards of knowledge. If this view werecorrect, it could explain to some extent the practical value of knowledge. Thispaper argues that the pragmatic encroachment thesis is wrong. It discusses threepossible sources of encroachment on epistemic notions: on belief, on justiication,and on knowledge, and rejects the idea that the epistemic standards change withpractical stakes. Pragmatic factors can be relevant to the formation of belief andto the context of inquiry, although they are not relevant to epistemic evaluation.Epistemic value cannot depend upon such factors. / Algunos filósofos que defienden la intrusión pragmática y el invariantismo sensible sostienen que, en ciertos contextos, los cambios en la importancia de estar en lo cierto y los aumentos significativos de los costos del error pueden alterar los estándares del conocimiento. Si esta postura fuese correcta, podría explicar, hasta cierto punto, el valor práctico del conocimiento. El presente artículo sostiene que la tesis de la intrusión pragmática es incorrecta. Discute tres fuentes posibles de intrusión en nociones epistémicas: en la creencia, en la justificación y en el conocimiento, y rechaza la idea de que los estándares epistémicos cambian según lo que se ponga en juego a nivel práctico. Los factores pragmáticos pueden ser relevantes para la formación de creencias y para el contexto de indagación, pese a que no son relevantes para la evaluación epistémica. El valor epistémico no puede depender de tales factores.

Notre thèse a pour objet les temps du passé de l’indicatif en français (en particulier le passé simple, l’imparfait et le passé composé). Les approches sur le temps sont multiples et elles utilisent des concepts variés qui tentent d’expliquer le fonctionnement de ces formes à travers de nombreux paradigmes. Ainsi, la grammaire scolaire se contente de stipuler que les temps du passé de l’indicatif ont pour rôle de situer les événements dans l’époque passée. Mais, si l’on confronte les théories traditionnelles avec les approches linguistiques plus récentes sur la sémantique des temps verbaux, on observe que l’emploi de ces temps implique à la fois une référence temporelle, une visée illocutoire et discursive ainsi qu’une attitude psychologique et pragmatique. Nous étudions donc dans ce travail les usages en discours des temps du passé à partir de leurs valeurs en langue en essayant de montrer de quelle manière les contenus temporel, aspectuel et modal interfèrent et se complètent dans l’expression verbale du passé. Nous mettons en évidence le fait que le choix des temps du passé est motivé également par la manière de se représenter les événements et par le type d’information que veut faire passer le locuteur à son interlocuteur. L’emploi des temps du passé caractérise également des types particuliers de discours et participe à la cohérence informationnelle du texte. Enfin, le traitement d’approches aspectuo-temporelles, textuelles et pragmatiques nous conduira à adopter le modèle essentiellement praxématique pour une étude du fonctionnement des temps du passé en langue et en discours dans un texte littéraire, Thérèse Desqueyroux de François Mauriac. / Our work has for object the times of the past in French (in particular the simple past, the imperfect and the present perfect). The approaches at the time are multiple and they use varied concepts which try to explain the functioning of these forms through of many paradigms. So, the grammar contents with stipulating that the times of the past have for role to place the events in the past time. But, if we confront the traditional theories with the more recent linguistic approaches on semantics of the tenses of the verb, we observe that the use of these times implies at the same time a temporal reference, an aim illocutoire and discursive as well as a psychological and pragmatic attitude. We study in this work the uses in speech of the past time from their values in language by trying to show, first of all, how temporal, aspectual and modal contents interfere and complement each other in the verbal expression of past. We highlight the fact that the choice of the past times is motivated by the way of representing itself the events and by the type of information that the speaker wants to introduce to his interlocutor. The employment of the past times also characterizes particular types of speech and participates in the informative coherence of the text. The treatment of aspectuo-temporal, textual and pragmatic approcaches leads us to adopt the model primarily praxematic for a study of the use of the past times in language and speech in a literary text, Thérèse Desqueyroux of François Mauriac.

Este estudo evidencia o modo como se organizam as estratégias de cortesia que se manifestam na ocorrência dos marcadores discursivos pues, ya e claro em intervenções orais de adolescentes de duas capitais, Madri e Santiago do Chile, presentes no Corpus de Lenguaje Adolescente (COLA). Considerando a diversidade sociocultural (Bravo, 2004) e que os marcadores discursivos sinalizam a direção em que se deve buscar a relevância dos enunciados (Escandell-Vidal, 1998), esta pesquisa também analisa se adolescentes brasileiros, estudantes de língua espanhola, da região de São Paulo, constroem uma interpretação adequada quanto à presença ou ausência da cortesia, ao entrar em contato com as conversações do material de análise. Como resultado, foram descritos os contrastes entre as amostras das variedades - a santiaguina e a madrilena - de língua espanhola quanto ao uso das partículas pues, ya e claro. Observou-se que essas diferenças se relacionam ao contexto de enunciação e ao processamento discursivo, semântico e pragmático desses marcadores, comprovando que a cortesia apresenta particularidades e possui um valor relativo de acordo com a interação verbal, os traços culturais e o tipo de relação social entre os interlocutores. Através da escuta de alguns diálogos extraídos do corpus e guiados por um questionário, a maioria dos estudantes brasileiros construiu interpretações equivocadas das formações discursivas. Verificou-se que estas construções de sentido concerniram ao desconhecimento da forma ou do uso dos marcadores, que impediu que estes orientassem o processo de interpretação, e à desconsideração das diferenças interculturais e dos modelos de cortesia em diferentes interações verbais. / This study shows how strategies of politeness occurring when discourse markers are used in oral interventions of teenagers from the two capital cities of Madrid and Santiago de Chile contained in the Corpus de Lenguaje Adolescente (COLA) are organized. Considering the socio-cultural diversity (Bravo, 2004) and discourse markers indicate in which direction we should look for the relevance of utterances (Escandell-Vidal, 1998), this research also analyzes if Brazilian teenagers, students of Spanish language in São Paulo region, have a proper interpretation regarding the presence or the absence of politeness when they are exposed to the conversations of the material analyzed. As a result, the differences between samples of Spanish language varieties from Santiago and from Madrid regarding the use of the particles pues, ya and claro were described. Such differences were seen to be related to the context of enunciation and the discursive, semantic, and pragmatic processing of the markers, which confirms that the politeness shows particularities and has a relative value according to the verbal interaction, cultural traits, and the type of social relationship between interlocutors. By hearing some of the dialogs extracted from the corpus and guided by a questionnaire, most Brazilian students had wrong interpretations of discursive formations. Such constructions of meaning were seen to be related to the lack of knowledge of the markers form or usage, which prevented the markers to guide the interpretation process, and the disregard of intercultural differences and models of politeness in various verbal interactions.