Abstract Due to the development and proliferation of information and communication technologies, people¡¦s daily lives are indispensably relied on these tools. Based on concepts of safety, energy conservation, convenience, and comfort, intelligent buildings¡¦ designs have gradually become the main stream of the present and future architectures. Taiwan introduced the idea of the intelligent building since 1989. With the push of the automatic idea of the building, the security and surveillance systems integrators had become the new popular industry and the competition of the industry is more and more fierce. Understanding the key successful factors objectively is important of making administrative decision to security and surveillance systems integrator managers. In view of this, this research adopts the expert focus group interview and analytic hierarchy process theory. The author interview 10 high-level experts of the security and surveillance systems integrators and 10 customer experts of intelligence building traders to develop a set of the key success factors appraisal procedure to the security and surveillance systems integrators for intelligent buildings. Based on enterprise factor, staffs factor, and products factor, the author calculate the ranks and weights of the criterion and sub-criterion of the key successful factors. This can offer the security and surveillance systems integrator managers for intelligent buildings to make administrative decision. The study chooses three companies as an example to do empirical study, and compares their advantage and performance of the key successful factors. The result of study finds as follows. In criterion, the most important is produce factor, the less is staffs factor, and the end is enterprise factor. In sub-criterion, the most important is staff's professional ability technology, the less are price, products diversification, and customize degree. In ranks and weights, the last are productions separately, organized scale, and popularity and impressions. The conclusion can offer the security and surveillance systems integrator managers for intelligent buildings to make administrative decision.

According to Joshua Greene’s dual-process theory, our moral judgments are processed in one of two systems in the brain referred to as the emotional (quick, unconscious) and rational (slow, conscious) system. The reason for why people tend to answer differently in the footbridge dilemma compared to the trolley dilemma is because the emotional system is dominating over the rational system. Research has demonstrated that patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make more utilitarian judgments in moral dilemmas in relation to harmful situations. According to the dual-process theory, this is because the emotional system has been impaired which results in that the only working system is the rational system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the dual-process theory tries to explain why our moral judgments tend to differ in some moral dilemmas. This thesis will also look at how the dual-process theory tries to explain why patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make utilitarian judgments in relation to harmful situations. This thesis will sustain that the dual-process theory have gained strong empirical support, especially from the research that has been made on patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage. This thesis will also argue that some modifications needs to be made on the dual-process theory in order to make it stronger.

The goal of this proposal is to design a neurobiologically-based model that describes the switching mechanism in category learning based on existing category learning theory and model. COVIS is a neurobiologically-detailed theory of multiple systems in category learning. COVIS postulates two systems that compete throughout learning—a frontal-based declarative hypothesis-testing system that uses logical reasoning and depends on working memory and executive attention, and a basal ganglia-mediated system that uses procedural learning. However, no biological mechanism has been proposed to account for the interaction between the COVIS systems. We propose a model that employs a neurobiological-based circuit that describes the interaction and switching between the hypothesis-testing system and the procedural learning systems in COVIS. With the hypothesis-testing system and procedural learning system modeled as black boxes, the model focuses on the network that facilitates switching. In COVIS, both learning systems generate a response signal in each trial based on the stimuli given. Our model incorporates the Izhikevich firing model that represents the activity of the neuronal cells from the hyperdirect pathway of the cortico-basal ganglia network. The hyperdirect pathway acts as a gate for the response signal of the procedural learning system to reach the premotor units for action selection. We propose that the procedural learning system’s response is inhibited from approaching the premotor units when the hypothesis-testing system is in control of the response. However, if rule-based strategies fail, inhibition to the procedural system’s response is reduced. The reduction in inhibition results in the acceptance of responses from both learning systems in the premotor units. To validate the proposed model, we fit the model to two groups of participants in a perceptual category-learning task. One group of participants used the optimal procedural strategy in the task and the other used a suboptimal rule-based strategy. The categorization task was an information-integration task, whereby participants had to switch away from rule-based strategies and learn to integrate the stimulus dimensions to be able to perform optimally. We were able to differentiate the switchers from the non-switchers by adjusting the parameters in the model. In addition, we fitted another task to the model in which participants from different age groups with or without Parkinson’s disease were asked to switch between rule-based and procedural strategies on a trial-by-trial basis. We were able to match the learning curve, accuracy switch cost, and proportion of switchers of the different groups of participants.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Sjuksköterskor möter regelbundet patienter som befinner sig i akuta krissituationer, vilket är ett naturligt tillstånd i svåra lägen. För att identifiera och ge möjlighet att lindra patienters lidande i dessa situationer samt stödja patienter i en konstruktiv återhämtning, har sjuksköterskor ett betydelsefullt ansvar. Insikt i krisprocesser, sorgbearbetning, Dual-Process Theory samt klinisk definition av lidande kan då vara ett viktigt stöd. Detta då lindring av lidande är ett av sjuksköterskors fundamentala ansvarsområden. Syfte Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att möta patienter i akuta kristillstånd. Metod Studien utfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen utgick från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycINFO. Totalt inkluderades 16 vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 13 med kvalitativa och tre med kvantitativa ansatser. Dessa redovisades i en matris och i löpande text med en efterföljande integrerad analys. Resultat Efter analys av resultaten identifierades tre kategorier. ”Kunskaper och erfarenheter” skildrade sjuksköterskors brist på kunskap inom krishantering samt värdet av erfarenheter. ”Utmanande omvårdnadsarbete” beskrev sjuksköterskors utmanande yrkesroll i krissituationer. ”Sjuksköterskors hanteringsstrategier” belyste självinsikt, självreflektion, stöd samt hanteringsförmåga. Slutsats Kunskapsbrist i krishantering och behov av mer utbildning upplevdes hos sjuksköterskor. Med rätt kunskap kan patienters behov mötas i akuta kriser och onödigt lidande undvikas, vilket kan resultera i lägre vårdkostnader. Sjuksköterskerollen ansågs betydelsefull för krisens utveckling och bör präglas av närvaro, lyhördhet, empati och existentiell reflektion. Omvårdnadsarbetet upplevdes utmanande utifrån patienter och anhörigas krav, samt ett integrerat teamarbete, vilket blir avgörande i krissituationer. Behovet av emotionell vård var omfattande och vårdlidande uppstod genom olika livsvärldsperspektiv hos sjuksköterska och patient.

Determining the locations of devices in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and cellular networks has many important applications. In MANETs, which are useful in disaster recovery, rescue operations, and military communications, location information is used to enable location-aided routing and geodesic packet forwarding. In WSNs, whose applications include environmental monitoring (e.g., for precision agriculture) and asset tracking in warehouses, not only is location information useful for the self-organization of the network, but in addition, tying locations to the sensor observations is crucial for adding meaning to the sensed data. In cellular networks, location information is used to provide subscribers with location-based services in addition to providing public service answering points with potentially life-saving location information during emergency calls. These applications are largely not new, which is evidenced by the fact that the literature is quite rich with localization studies presented over the span of many years. Because of this, it may be surprising to learn that there is a lack of analyses concerning the fundamental factors impacting localization performance. Fundamentally, localization performance depends upon three factors: (i) the number of devices participating in the localization procedure, (ii) the locations of the participating devices, and (iii) the quality of the positioning observations gathered from the participating devices. For the most part, these factors cannot reasonably be considered deterministic. Instead, at any point in time, random effects within a network and its surroundings will determine these factors for individual positioning scenarios. Unfortunately, there are currently no analytical approaches for characterizing localization performance over these random factors. Instead, researchers either provide analytical results for a deterministic set of factors or use complex system-level simulations to obtain general performance insights. While the latter certainly averages over the random factors, the validity of the results is limited by the simulation assumptions. Any change in a network parameter requires running a new time-consuming simulation. In this dissertation, we address current deficiencies in several ways. We present a new model for tractably analyzing network localization fundamentals. This is demonstrated through fundamental analyses of hearability and geometry. Further, collaboration among non-reference devices has recently garnered increasing interest from the research community as a means to (i) improve positioning accuracy and (ii) improve positioning availability. We present fundamental analyses of both of these potential benefits. As a result of our work, we not only characterize several key performance metrics, we also demonstrate that there exist new tractable ways to analyze localization performance. / Ph. D.

The reason for the study is that IT-enabled organizational change processes such as information system implementations have high costs and disappointing results. Studies to identify causes of the mentioned failures are mainly based on a variance approach. This study applies another approach which is not yet performed in this field of research and affects several themes. Based on a process approach data is compared with ideal-process theories to identify the generative mechanisms causing the unfolding of the process. Thus, the study identifies a recipe and not the ingredients.

Internetbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi (IKBT) för olika former av psykisk ohälsa har presenterats som ett alternativ till traditionell samtalsbehandling baserat på forskning från det senaste decenniet. Trots klinisk relevans och flera fördelar för patienter och behandlare går implementeringen långsamt i flera europeiska länder. Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka behandlares erfarenheter av att implementera IKBT i sina verksamheter. Intervjuer genomfördes med åtta behandlare hos en svensk offentlig vårdgivare, varefter en tematisk analys gjordes. Fyra huvudteman arbetades fram: En ny metod, En ny roll, Premisser och Lärande. Behandlarna har en övergripande samstämmighet och förståelse kring IKBT och dess användning, vilket är en viktig aspekt av implementeringen. Behandlarna beskriver dock också att kollegor som inte arbetar med behandling, men har en roll i implementeringen, ibland har bristande kunskap och negativa fördomar som förhindrar arbetet. Vidare berättar behandlarna att organiserat samarbete mellan aktiva behandlare bortprioriteras i den kliniska vardagen. Resultaten från analysen diskuteras med utgångspunkt i Normalization Process Theory. Vidare forskning kan utforska upplevelsen hos IKBT-utbildade behandlare som inte börjat arbeta med IKBT och hos icke-behandlande kollegor på arbetsplatser där metoden implementeras. / Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) for different kinds of mental health issues has been presented as an alternative to traditional face-to-face treatment based on research from the last decade. Despite clinical relevance and several advantages for both patients and therapists the implementation of the method is progressing slowly in many European countries. The purpose of this study was to examine therapists’ experiences of implementing ICBT in their everyday work. Interviews were conducted with eight therapists in a Swedish public health care setting, after which a thematic analysis was made. Four main themes were defined: A new method, A new role, Premises and Learning. The therapists have an overarching mutual comprehension of ICBT and its use, which is an important aspect of the implementation. The therapists explained that colleagues that don't work with ICBT, but still have a role in the implementation, sometimes lack knowledge and have negative preconceptions which obstruct the work. Furthermore, therapists talked about organized collaboration between active therapists not being prioritized in the everyday clinical work. Results from the analysis are discussed by applying Normalization Process Theory to the findings. Further research could examine the experiences of ICBT-trained therapists who have not yet started working with ICBT and of colleagues who do not work with treatment in workplaces where ICBT is being implemented.

Många människor har påträngande tankar och uppfattar dessa som jobbiga. En vanligt förekommande copingstrategi är att tränga bort dessa upplevelser. Detta kallas suppression eller bortträngning och har kopplingar till psykiatriska besvär. Tidigare studier visar att bortträngning har en ironisk effekt som gör att de tankar en person önskar undvika studsar tillbaka in i medvetandet. I denna experimentella studie används en inomgruppsdesign för att undersöka huruvida denna ironiska effekt går att återfinna hos externa stimuli i form av sinustoner. Testdeltagare (n=40) instruerades att tränga undan eller fokusera på en av två toner. Den första hypotesen var att deltagarna under en tone-in-noise uppgift skulle indikera fler falska positiva på den bortträngda tonen, jämfört med den ton de fokuserade på eller vid ingen ton alls. Detta skulle då indikera på en ironisk effekt. Ytterligare hypoteser var att deltagare kommer ha fler sanna positiva på den bortträngda tonen jämfört med en kontrollton, även detta under brus. Sista hypotesen var att deltagarnas upplevelse av den bortträngda tonen skulle förändras och skattas som mer aversiv efter experimentet. Resultaten stödde ej någon av hypoteserna. Explorativa analyser visade att deltagarna upplevde båda tonerna som mer irriterande, uppjagande och att de lät högre efter en minnesuppgift. Studiens begränsningar diskuteras och förändringar i studiedesign föreslås. / Many people have intrusive thoughts that they experience as aversive. A common coping strategy is to suppress these thoughts. This practice has connections to psychiatric problems. Previous studies have shown that suppression has an ironic process, where the suppressed material has a rebound effect and re-enters consciousness. Furthermore, suppression can have an effect on the emotional perception of the suppressed material. In this experimental study a within-subjects design was used to examine if this ironic effect can be found when suppression is used on external stimuli such as sine tones. Participants (n=40) were instructed to either suppress or focus on two different tones. The hypothesis was that they would indicate more false positives on the suppressed tone during a tone-in-noise task, which would be a sign of a rebound effect. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that participants would have more correct identifications when the suppressed tone was present during the tone-in-noise task. Lastly it was hypothesized that participants would rate the suppressed tone as more aversive. The results did not support any of the hypotheses. Explorative analyses showed that participants rated both tones as more arousing, annoying, and loud after a recall task. Limitations of the study are discussed and changes to the study for further research design are proposed.

Den globala pandemin har förändrat hela världssituationen och lämnar troligen ingen oberörd. Den största förändringen för både organisationer och dess involverade aktörer är den förändrade arbetssituationen till följd av kraven på social distansering. Distansarbete uppmanas i största möjliga mån vilket har resulterat i drastiska förändringar av människors livssituationer och företags styrning och arbetssätt. Nyckeln till att lyckas med det distansbaserade arbetet anses vara utökandet av digitala verktyg och teknologiska arbetssätt, som enligt flertalet forskare behöver implementeras på ett hållbart sätt och dess effekter analyseras. Det sociala samarbetet är viktigt inom revision och påverkas av fysisk distans och rätt digitala lösningar krävs för att bibehålla effektivitet och kvalitet i arbetet. Genom denna studie syftade därför författarna till att undersöka hur en plötslig kris påverkat en organisation i revisionsbranschen, med fokus på styrningen mot ett distansbaserat arbetssätt och introducering av nya digitala lösningar. Syftet var att skapa en djupare förståelse för vilka organisatoriska effekter detta kan medföra genom att med hjälp av Normalisation Process Theory identifiera och analysera organisationens specifika förutsättningar för implementering av det nya arbetssättet. Detta gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer och resulterade i synliggörande av de mest påtagliga komponenterna i organisationens omställningsprocess men gav också ljus till potentiella problem relevanta att undersöka vidare inom organisationen. Drabbandet av denna kris bedöms ha resulterat i mestadels positiva eller neutrala effekter medförbättring av digitala arbetssätt och effektivare rutiner. Den mest påtagliga negativa effekten gäller den psykosociala arbetsmiljön, medarbetarnas samarbete och styrningens effektivitet. Studien ger ett bidrag som kunskapsunderlag för omställningsarbete på grund av kris och en avspegling till vad som anses bli det nya normala i en organisation av denna typ. Vidare forskning krävs för att skapa en större förståelse för de långvariga effekterna av en global arbetssituation med distansarbete och digitala arbetsprocesser. / The global pandemic has changed the whole world situation and probably leaves no one unaffected. The biggest change for both organizations and the involved actors is the changed work situation as a result of the requirements for social distancing. Teleworking is encouraged to the extent possible, which has resulted in drastic changes in people's life situations and companies' governance and working methods. The key to success with distance-based work is considered to be the expansion of digital tools and technological working methods, which according to most researchers needs to be implemented sustainably and its effects analyzed. Social cooperation is important in auditing and is affected by physical distance, the right digital solutions are required to maintain efficiency and quality of the work. Through this study, the authors therefore aimed to investigate how a sudden unexpected crisis has affected an organization in the auditing industry, with focus on the management towards a distance-based approach and the introduction of new digital solutions. The purpose was to create a deeper understanding of what organizational effects this can entail by using Normalization Process Theory to identify and analyze the organization's specific conditions for implementing the new way of working. This was done through qualitative interviews and resulted in the visibility of the most obvious components in the organization's change process, but also shed light on potential problems relevant to investigate further within the organization. The impact of this crisis is judged to have resulted in mostly positive or neutral effects with the improvement of digital working methods and more efficient routines. The most obvious negative effect concerns the psychosocial work environment, the employees' cooperation and the effectiveness of management. The study contributes to the knowledge base for adjustment work due to crisis and a contribution to what is considered to be the new normal. Further research is needed to create a greater understanding of the long-term effects of a global work situation with distance-based work and digital work processes.

[pt] Em um contexto de profundas transformações nas relações de trabalho causadas pela tecnologia, milhares de entregadores se movimentam pelas ruas brasileiras entregando comida e outros itens sob o comando de plataformas digitais. Essa modalidade de trabalho, em ascensão nos últimos anos, tem sido alvo do interesse de pesquisadores em função das peculiaridades que a caracterizam. Um aspecto relevante a ser estudado diz respeito ao controle sobre esse tipo de trabalho. Nesta direção, a presente dissertação buscou entender de que forma o controle exercido pelos aplicativos é percebido pelos trabalhadores de entrega por aplicativos em suas relações de trabalho e quais as suas formas de resistência. Para isso foi feita uma netnografia em redes sociais que analisou 21 grupos no Facebook com 136 postagens de entregadores, e foi criado um grupo, Conversas sobre o trabalho por aplicativos, para complementar a coleta de dados. Todo o material coletado foi analisado com base em análise temática. A teoria do processo de trabalho de Harry Braverman foi utilizada para entender como o controle se manifesta nessas relações trabalho, desde o controle técnico e burocrático até o controle normativo e neo-normativo, bem como nas transformações que a tecnologia tem criado nas relações de trabalho e no controle algorítmico sobre os trabalhadores, exercido pelas plataformas digitais de entrega de comida, operando no Brasil. Os principais achados da pesquisa indicam que, embora o trabalho de entregador tenha características claras de precarização e intensificação do trabalho, sua inserção no contexto brasileiro, marcado por desemprego sistêmico e estrutural, faz com que essa atividade seja considerada como uma opção melhor do que o trabalho formal, sendo considerada mais garantida e, até mesmo, pertencente a uma elite entre os precarizados. Além disso, a construção identitária dos entregadores, marcada por discursos de reforço de estereótipos de masculinidade, como o do homem provedor e pai de família, bem como discursos de empreendedorismo, de liberdade ressignificada, ao depender somente do esforço pessoal do indivíduo, mascaram os aspectos deletérios desse tipo de trabalho. Argumenta-se que esses fatores contribuem para a produção do consentimento e enfraquecimento das possibilidades de resistência, da representação sindical e da transformação da realidade dos entregadores frente aos aplicativos. / [en] In a context of deep changes in labor relations caused by technology, thousands of food-delivery worker move through Brazilian streets delivering food and other stuffs by digital platforms. This kinda of work, which has been increase in recent years, has been the target of interest by researchers due to the peculiarities that characterize it. A relevant aspect to be studied concerns the control over this type of work. In this direction, the present dissertation get to understand how the control by applications is perceive by food-delivery worker through applications in their work relationships and what are their forms of resistance. For this, a netnography was carried out on social networks that had analyzed 21 groups on Facebook with 136 posts from food-delivery worker, and a group was created, conversations about work through applications. All material collected was analyzed based on thematic analysis. Harry Braverman s labor process theory was used to understand how control manifests itself in these labor relationships, from technical and bureaucratic control to normative and neonormative control, as well as the transformations that technology has created in labor relationships. and in the algorithmic control over workers, exercised by digital food delivery platforms, operating in Brazil. The main findings of the research indicate that, although the delivery job has clear characteristics of precariousness and work intensification, its insertion in the Brazilian context, marked by systemic and structural unemployment, makes this activity to be considered a better option than the formal work, being considered more guaranteed and even belonging to an elite in the middle of the precariat. In addition, the identity construction of the food-delivery worker, marked by discourses that reinforce masculinity stereotypes, such as the provider and family man, as well as discourses of entrepreneurship, of resignified and guaranteed freedom, depending only on the individual s personal effort, mask the deleterious aspects of this type of work. It is argued that these factors contribute to the production of consent and weakening of the possibilities of resistance, union representation and the transformation of the delivery people s reality in front of the applications.