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This thesis describes a new approach to achieving high quality distributed garbage collection using the Train Algorithm. This algorithm has been investigated for its ability to provide high quality collection in a variety of contexts, including persistent object systems and distributed object systems. Prior literature on the distributed Train Algorithm suggests that safe, complete, asynchronous, and scalable collection can be attained, however an approach that achieves this combination of behaviour has yet to emerge. The mechanisms and policies described in this thesis are unique in their ability to exploit the distributed Train Algorithm in a manner that displays all four desirable qualities. Further the mechanisms allow any number of mutator and collector threads to operate concurrently within a site; this is also a unique property amongst train-based mechanisms (distributed or otherwise). Confidence in the quality of the approach promoted in this thesis is obtained via a top-down approach. Firstly a concise behavioural model is introduced to capture fundamental requirements for safe and complete behaviour from train-based collection mechanisms. The model abstracts over the techniques previously introduced under the banner of the Train Algorithm. It serves as a self- contained template for correct train-based collection that is independent of a target object system for deployment of the algorithm. Secondly a means to instantiate the model in a distributed object system is described. The instantiation includes well-established techniques from prior literature, and via the model these are correctly refined and reorganised with new techniques to achieve asynchrony, scalability, and support for concurrency. The result is a flexible approach that allows a distributed system to exhibit a variety of local collection mechanisms and policies, while ensuring their interaction is safe, complete, asynchronous, and scalable regardless of the local choices made by each site. Additional confidence in the properties of the new approach is obtained from implementation within a distributed object system simulation. The implementation provides some insight into the practical issues that arise through the combination of distribution, concurrent execution within sites, and train-based collection. Executions of the simulation system are used to verify that safe collection is observed at all times, and obtain evidence that asynchrony, scalability, and concurrency can be observed in practice. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Computer Science, 2004.

This thesis describes a new approach to achieving high quality distributed garbage collection using the Train Algorithm. This algorithm has been investigated for its ability to provide high quality collection in a variety of contexts, including persistent object systems and distributed object systems. Prior literature on the distributed Train Algorithm suggests that safe, complete, asynchronous, and scalable collection can be attained, however an approach that achieves this combination of behaviour has yet to emerge. The mechanisms and policies described in this thesis are unique in their ability to exploit the distributed Train Algorithm in a manner that displays all four desirable qualities. Further the mechanisms allow any number of mutator and collector threads to operate concurrently within a site; this is also a unique property amongst train-based mechanisms (distributed or otherwise). Confidence in the quality of the approach promoted in this thesis is obtained via a top-down approach. Firstly a concise behavioural model is introduced to capture fundamental requirements for safe and complete behaviour from train-based collection mechanisms. The model abstracts over the techniques previously introduced under the banner of the Train Algorithm. It serves as a self- contained template for correct train-based collection that is independent of a target object system for deployment of the algorithm. Secondly a means to instantiate the model in a distributed object system is described. The instantiation includes well-established techniques from prior literature, and via the model these are correctly refined and reorganised with new techniques to achieve asynchrony, scalability, and support for concurrency. The result is a flexible approach that allows a distributed system to exhibit a variety of local collection mechanisms and policies, while ensuring their interaction is safe, complete, asynchronous, and scalable regardless of the local choices made by each site. Additional confidence in the properties of the new approach is obtained from implementation within a distributed object system simulation. The implementation provides some insight into the practical issues that arise through the combination of distribution, concurrent execution within sites, and train-based collection. Executions of the simulation system are used to verify that safe collection is observed at all times, and obtain evidence that asynchrony, scalability, and concurrency can be observed in practice. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Computer Science, 2004.

Thesis (M.E.-Res.)--University of Wollongong, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: p. 164-179.

Avstyckning är en fastighetsbildningsåtgärd där en fastighet nybildas. Det innebär att en bit mark avskiljs från en fastighet och på så sätt bildar en ny egen fastighet. Fastigheten som avstyckningen sker från heter stamfastighet, och den som nybildas heter styckningslott (Julstad, 2018). Syftet med detta arbete är att se om fastighetsbildningsprocessen för avstyckning kan göras effektivare genom att jämföra den med Norges process för avstyckning. Aspekterna som jämförs är processens genomförande, tidsåtgång och kostnader samt nyttande av teknik och digitalisering. Kvalitativa metoder har använts genom litteraturstudier, intervjustudier och fallstudie. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs med förrättningslantmätare och en som jobbar med utvecklingsfrågor inom fastighetsbildning på Lantmäteriet. Från Norge har fyra personer intervjuats från olika kommuner som jobbar med matrikkelföring och oppmåling. Fallstudien utförs genom att granska förrättningsakter, en från Östersund, Sverige och en från Bodø, Norge. Jämförelsen visar mer skillnader än likheter. De största skillnaderna är att i Sverige är staten myndighetsutövare, men i Norge är det kommunen. Tillvägagångssätten för en avstyckning ser olika ut på grund av de privaträttsliga förhållandena som fortfarande styr mycket av den norska fastighetsbildningen. En iakttagelse är att juridiken är en faktor som gör att fastighetsbildningsprocessen går långsamt eftersom ärendet ska gå igenom flera rättsled. Juridiken har också en påverkan i utvecklingen av digitalisering. En annan stor skillnad är att Norge inte har någon lämplighetsprövning, vilket gör att processen går snabbare. Utifrån jämförelsen har idéer uppstått om hur avstyckningsprocessen i Sverige skulle kunna effektiviseras. Några av idéerna är kortare överklagandetid, bättre kommunikation mellan parter och utveckling av digitalisering. / Subdivide is a property formation measure where a new property unit is created. A bit of land separates from the main property unit and a new property is created. The main property who the new unit is subdivided from is called residual property unit, and the new property is called a lot (Julstad, 2018). The main purpose of the paper is too having a look if Sweden’s cadastral procedure can in one way or another become more efficient in the area of subdividing by compare it with Norway’s subdividing process. The goal is to see what the similarities and differences are, and from that view somehow benefit and use it to streamline the time of the process. The main focus of the study’s is to go deeper in the areas of the process, expenditure of time, procedure costs, the use of technique and digitalization. Qualitative methods have been used by literature reviews, an interview study and a case study. Semi-structured interviews have been made, one interview with a cadastral surveyor and one with a person who is working with development issues about property formation at the executory authorly. Four people from Norway have been interviewed from different counties who is working with property formation. The case study was executed by reviewing two cadastral dossiers, one from Östersund, Sweden and one from Bodø, Norway. From the comparison of the subdividing process a few main things are clear. One conclusion of the comparison is that there’re more differences than similarities between the two countries. In Sweden it is the state who is performing the exercise of authority, in Norway it is the municipality. The course of action for a subdividing looks different because of the private legal matter that is conducted in Norway’s property formation. A factor that slows down the subdividing process in Sweden is the legal matter. When subdividing a property, the case must follow the laws who governs. This process can in some cases take time. The development of digitizing is also affected of the legal matter, it must go hand in hand. In Norway they don’t perform the adjudicate of suitability, and that reduces the subdividing process a lot. Ideas on how to effectivity Sweden’s subdividing process have arisen from the comparison of the two countries. Some of the ideas that have been brought up are shorter appeal time, better communication between the persons involved and the development of digitalization.

The ongoing trend for data gathering not only produces larger volumes of data, but also increases the variety of recorded data types. Out of these, especially time series, e.g. various sensor readings, have attracted attention in the domains of business intelligence and decision making. As OLAP queries play a major role in these domains, it is desirable to also execute them on time series data. While this is not a problem on the conceptual level, it can become a bottleneck with regards to query run-time. In general, processing OLAP queries gets more computationally intensive as the volume of data grows. This is a particular problem when querying time series data, which generally contains multiple measures recorded at fine time granularities. Usually, this issue is addressed either by scaling up hardware or by employing workload based query optimization techniques. However, these solutions are either costly or require continuous maintenance. In this paper we propose an approach for approximate OLAP querying of time series that offers constant latency and is maintenance-free. To achieve this, we identify similarities between aggregation cuboids and propose algorithms that eliminate the redundancy these similarities present. In doing so, we can achieve compression rates of up to 80% while maintaining low average errors in the query results.

Under årens lopp har handläggningstiderna för bygglov tagits upp i flera propositioner och utredningar. Den senaste stora förändringen av plan- och bygglagen kom 2011 och innebar en tidsfrist för bygglov på tio veckor, med möjlighet till en förlängning på ytterligare tio veckor. Något sanktionssystem om kommunerna inte höll tidsfristen ansågs inte behövas vid tidpunkten, det var först efter två tillkännagivanden av riksdagen som regeringen har tagit fram ett lagförslag baserat på en utredning från Boverket. Detta går ut på att bygglovsavgiften ska reduceras mer en femtedel för varje påbörjad vecka när tio veckors fristen har löpt ut. Tanken med förslaget är att korta ner handläggningstiderna och få en effektivare byggprocess. Syftet med arbetet är att se om långa handläggningstider är ett problem, vilka orsakerna är till att tidsfristerna inte hålls. Syftet är även att se vilka lösningar som finns för att korta ner handläggningstiderna och få en effektivare bygglovsprocess. Undersökning görs likaså för att se vilka effekter det nya lagförslaget med avgiftsreduktion kommer att ha, om avsikten kommer att uppnås och vilka andra sätt det kommer att påverka. Undersökningen har gjorts med hjälp av intervjuer. De kommuner som har intervjuats är Stockholm stad, Sollentuna kommun, Tyresö kommun och Huddinge kommun. Frågor har ställts om deras handläggningstider, personal, bygglovsprocesser samt digitalisering och datasystem. Problemet med långa handläggningstider är inte så stort. De flesta kommunerna klarar av att hålla majoriteten av sina ärenden inom tidsfristen. Det är några få kommuner som handlägger under 50 % av ärendena inom tidsfristen. De vanligaste orsakerna till att handläggningen tar lång tid är att det är komplicerade ärenden och att det tar tid när ärendet behöver remitteras. Det tar lång tid att kommunicera, få ett remissvar och för att sedan utreda ytterligare i de fall det krävs. Ett bättre system för att kommunicera skulle behövas då det ofta drar ut på tiden när externa parter behöver vara med i ett ärende. Om kommunerna skulle anställa mer personal hade troligtvis handläggningstiderna kortats ner, men det krävs ekonomi för att göra det möjligt samt ska det finnas personer att anställa. Många kommuner upplever idag att det är svårt att hitta kompetent personal, med mycket erfarenhet, fler personer som utbildas till bygglovshandläggare skulle behövas. Ingen av de intervjuade kommunerna trodde att handläggningstiderna kommer att påverkas av lagförslaget, dock kan handläggningsrutinerna behövas ses över och ett större fokus kommer troligen att läggas på granskningen för att se om ärendet är komplett. Digitalisering är en viktig aspekt för att bli effektivare, flera kommuner uppger att det är en åtgärd de vidtagit och att det har påverkat handläggningsrutinerna. Rutinerna för nämndärenden behöver effektiviseras och fler ärenden kan möjligtvis beslutas på delegation. För att korta ner handläggningstiderna bör kommuner digitalisera sig och se över hela sin process för att se vilka skeden som tar tid, då alla kommuner står inför olika utmaningar. / During the years the processing times for building permits have been discussed several times. The last big change of the law was in 2011 with a time limit of ten weeks, with an option of an additional ten weeks. When the municipalities exceed ten weeks there are no sanctions because they thought there was no need, but now the government made a bill after Boverkets investigation. The building permit fee will be reduced by one fifth for every new week after ten weeks. The purpose of the bill is to shorten the processing times and make the construction process more efficient. The purpose of this essay is to see if long processing times are a problem and what causes the long processing times. Another purpose is to examine the solutions to shorten the times and make the process more efficient. The essay will also investigate how the new bill will affect processing times and what other affects it will have. The examination is made by interviews with the following municipalities Stockholm stad, Sollentuna kommun, Tyresö kommun and Huddinge kommun. The questions are about processing times, staff, building permits processes and digitizing. The problem with long processing times is not that big. Most of the municipalities keep their errands in the time frame of ten weeks. There are a few municipalities that process their errands inside of the timeframe in less than 50 %. The most common causes for long processing times are complicated errands and when the errand has to be referred to another unit. It takes a long time communicating, to get an answer and to continue to investigate when needed. There is a need for a better way to communicate because when other external units are needed in an errand it often takes a long time. If the municipalities would hire more people the processing times would probably be shorter, but to be able to hire more people the municipalities need the economic basis and there must be people to hire. Many municipalities experiencing that it is hard to find competent people with a lot of experience, more people are needed to be educated. No one of the municipalities that were interviewed thought the new bill will have a big effect, but their routines maybe need to be reviewed and a bigger focus will be at the examination in each errand to see if it is complete. Digitizing is very important to be more efficient, and many municipalities sais it has a big effect on the processing times. To shorten the processing times, the municipalities has to digitize and review their whole building permit process to see where it takes the longest time because all municipalities have different challenges.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-06-05T17:45:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Pereira de Oliveira.pdf: 1909242 bytes, checksum: cda63a272cdefa19e24209a329cca7f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T17:45:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Pereira de Oliveira.pdf: 1909242 bytes, checksum: cda63a272cdefa19e24209a329cca7f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / The subject to be treated in this dissertation concerns the reasonable length of the process, judicial delays and jurimetrics as a subsidy for the management of judicial processes, and is part of the Justice research line and the efficiency paradigm. We have as general objective the attempt to verify if jurimetrics, as applied statistics to the Law can contribute to the composition of a system of management of judicial processes that allows to reduce the slowness judicial and to cooperate to reach the reasonable length of the process. We will discuss the main aspects of the crisis of the Judiciary and the rampant accumulation of processes that process for years on end without making it possible for the judiciary to deliver the good of life and analyze the use of statistics as subsidiary elements to the management of judicial processes, without dispensing with the Judge as a component capable of humanizing the solution of disputes. A methodological cut will be carried out sequentially using the hypothetical-deductive method to approach the reasonable duration of the process as a fundamental right, judicial delinquency and its problematic, the management of legal proceedings and their characteristics, and, finally, the application of the Statistical tools to the Law as a subsidy for the conduct of the guidelines of the management of judicial processes. In summary, the hypothetical-deductive method seeks to examine the problematic that involves the reasonable duration of the process in the face of judicial delays, investigating the contribution that jurimetrics can offer to improve the management of legal proceedings. / O tema a ser tratado nesta dissertação diz respeito à razoável duração do processo, à morosidade judicial e à jurimetria como subsídio para o gerenciamento de processos judiciais, e insere-se na linha de pesquisa Justiça e o Paradigma da eficiência. Temos como objetivo geral o intento de verificar se a jurimetria, enquanto estatística aplicada ao Direito pode contribuir para a composição de um sistema de gerenciamento de processos judiciais que possibilite reduzir a morosidade judicial e cooperar para o atingimento da razoável duração do processo. Discorreremos sobre os principais aspectos da crise do Poder Judiciário e o acúmulo desenfreado de processos que tramitam por anos a fio sem possibilitar ao jurisdicionado a entrega do bem da vida e analisaremos o emprego das estatísticas como elementos subsidiários ao gerenciamento dos processos judiciais, sem prescindir do olhar do julgador como componente capaz de humanizar a solução dos litígios. Sequencialmente será realizado um recorte metodológico a partir da utilização do método hipotético-dedutivo para a abordagem da razoável duração do processo enquanto direito fundamental, da morosidade judicial e sua problemática, do gerenciamento de processos judiciais e suas características e, por fim, da aplicação das ferramentas estatísticas ao Direito como subsídio para a condução das diretrizes do gerenciamento dos processos judiciais. Em suma, intenta-se perscrutar, a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo a problemática que envolve a razoável duração do processo em face da morosidade judicial, investigando-se a contribuição que a jurimetria pode oferecer para aprimoramento do gerenciamento de processos judiciais.

There are rules in urban development and the construction industry, which encourages organizations to work according to standards and approved codes. For example: it is required by law for all property owners to apply and obtain a permit in order to carry out an action in construction building. Often, the permit process takes a great deal of time to process.   Currently, there is a lack of constructional project for residential buildings in Stockholm region, and there is critique toward the municipalities for having a long processing time for reviewing building permits. This study is about ways to optimize the processing time for building permits. As a first step, it was important to study parameters, which maximizes the quality and efficiency. Since, time is often one of the restricted factors in urban development, optimizing the processing time issuing a construction permit can be one of the quality elements in service oriented business organizations like a municipality.   This study aims to analyze the building permit processing time, and investigate different factors that have influence on it. The case for this was Tyresö municipality, a municipality with approximately 45 000 inhabitants in the south east of the Stockholm region. Required information has been developed based on interviews with the municipality's personnel and professional construction developer who have applied for building permit in Tyresö region. In addition, previous reports, statistics, and cases from the municipality archive have been used to identify important concepts as empirical material.   Long processing time is a current existing problem in many municipalities. A service oriented organization like a municipality should try to increase clients’ satisfaction by a continual and proper communication with public. The municipality can identify the costumer needs and expectations and improve the quality efficiency by communication. Optimizing of processing time in the building permit cases is one of the issues of process optimization that can increase customer satisfaction. Using Total Quality Management strategy in the organization, help the municipality to optimize the processing time continuously. It means quality improvement and leads to long term costumer satisfaction. Since functional team develops solutions to problems in TQM style it often shortens the time taken to produce services. The focus of this management style is on importance of the relationship between costumer and organization and it is directly linked to their communication.   By service guarantee as a tool, municipality which is a politically governed organization makes assurance for public as its costumer to provide community services with proper quality. A well defined service Guarantee has been contributed the improving quality of the services. It helps the planning and building department of municipality to increase the costumer satisfaction and attract more building developer to invest in the municipality region. / Lagar och regler är till för att ha ett väl fungerande samhälle. Samma sak gäller inom samhälls- och stadsutveckling, då regelverk och normer styr utvecklingen. Ett exempel är att bygglov behövs för den som vill bygga. Handläggningstiden för bygglov ingår allt som oftast i planeringstiden för byggnation, och handläggningstiden kan ibland dra ut på tiden.   För närvarande har kommunernas handläggningstid av bygglovsärenden fått massiv kritik. För att komma till rätta med problemet, och korta handläggningstiderna, måste kommunerna identifiera de kritiska parametrarna som kan bidra till effektivare processer. Då tid är oftast en viktig faktor, kan tidsoptimering vara ett sätt att få höja kvaliteten och effektiviteten, speciellt i en serviceorienterad organisation, liksom kommun.   Denna studie syftar till att undersöka, identifiera och analysera de faktorer som påverkar handläggningstiden för bygglov. Undersökningen har utförts på Tyresökommun, en kommun med omkring 45 000 innevånare som ligger i sydöstra Stockholmsregionen. Studien är baserad på intervjuer av de anställda på bygglovsenheten samt de ansökande. Även äldre ärenden i kommunens arkiv har analyserats, för att få ett bättre underlag i den här studien.    De långa handläggningstiderna är ett av större problem kommunerna dras med, något som även gäller Tyresö kommun. Med en kontinuerlig och bättre kommunikation med de bygglovssökande identifieras behov och förväntningar vilket leder till mer effektiviserad handläggningstid. Denna handläggningstidsoptimering är en åtgärd för att sträva efter en optimerad process. Genom att identifiera problemen och använda sig av en Total Quality Management-strategi kan kommunen optimera handläggningstiden kontinuerligt som utmynnar till kvalitetsförbättringar och större kundnöjdhet. Enligt TQM är handläggarnas utveckling av problemlösningar en orsak till kortare handläggningstid. Relationen mellan kunden och organisationen är av stort betydelse i det här ledarskapet och är kopplad till en direkt kommunikation dessa emellan. Vilket betyder sökande som kund samt kommunen som en organisation skall föra en kontinuerlig kommunikation enl. TQM.   Med servicegaranti som ett verktyg kan kommunen utlova tjänster med anständiga kvaliteter. Välutvecklad servicegaranti bidrar till en förbättrad tjänstekvalitet och kortare handläggningstid. Detta medför en förhöjd kundnöjdhet och lockar fler bygginvesterare till regionen.