Definitionen av ett projekt är att det måste gå att mäta om ett projekt nått sitt mål eller inte. Ett projekt skall också ha en klar och tydligt fastställd slutpunkt, där projektgruppen upplöses och projektet avslutas. De metoder som valts att användas för datainsamling är intervjuer med projektledarna och kunderna. Även litteraturstudier har använts för att kartlägga redan existerande kunskap inom området samt för att bygga upp en teoretisk referensram. I denna studie beskrivs arbetsgången hos två projekt. Vid jämförande och analys av arbetsgången vid de båda projekten visade det sig att det fanns både likheter och skillnader. I resultatet redovisas de båda projektens arbetsgång, samt vad projektledarna och kunderna har för åsikter om respektive projekts genomförande och slutresultat. Slutsatsen som man kan dra av jämförandet av Projekt A och B med den teoretiska projektgången är att i många fall oberoende på storleken på ett projekt så genomförs kundorderprojekt på samma sätt. / The definition of a project is that the goal must be able to be measured after the project is finished. A project must have a clear ending point where the project group is dissolved. The methods that have been chosen for collecting material are interviews with the project managers and the customers. Litterature has also been studied for a theoretical view. In this study two projects are analyzed. At comparison between the projects, it shows that there are both similarities and differences between the way to work in a project. In the result it is described how the two projects where carried out and also what the project managers and the customers thought of the realization and end result. The conclusion that you can draw is that in many cases the realization are not depending of size of the project. The projects are carried out the same way independent of the projects size.

<p>Definitionen av ett projekt är att det måste gå att mäta om ett projekt nått sitt mål eller inte. Ett projekt skall också ha en klar och tydligt fastställd slutpunkt, där projektgruppen upplöses och projektet avslutas.</p><p>De metoder som valts att användas för datainsamling är intervjuer med projektledarna och kunderna. Även litteraturstudier har använts för att kartlägga redan existerande kunskap inom området samt för att bygga upp en teoretisk referensram.</p><p>I denna studie beskrivs arbetsgången hos två projekt. Vid jämförande och analys av arbetsgången vid de båda projekten visade det sig att det fanns både likheter och skillnader. I resultatet redovisas de båda projektens arbetsgång, samt vad projektledarna och kunderna har för åsikter om respektive projekts genomförande och slutresultat. Slutsatsen som man kan dra av jämförandet av Projekt A och B med den teoretiska projektgången är att i många fall oberoende på storleken på ett projekt så genomförs kundorderprojekt på samma sätt.</p> / <p>The definition of a project is that the goal must be able to be measured after the project is finished. A project must have a clear ending point where the project group is dissolved. The methods that have been chosen for collecting material are interviews with the project managers and the customers. Litterature has also been studied for a theoretical view.</p><p>In this study two projects are analyzed. At comparison between the projects, it shows that there are both similarities and differences between the way to work in a project. In the result it is described how the two projects where carried out and also what the project managers and the customers thought of the realization and end result. The conclusion that you can draw is that in many cases the realization are not depending of size of the project. The projects are carried out the same way independent of the projects size.</p>

Today’s pressure of change, innovation and shorter life-cycles have created a projectification in nearly every industry. Especially international projects are more frequently used to meet the global competition. However, it is common that project managers despite impressive track record, fail when posted internationally due to inability to adapt to foreign cultures. Only half of all international projects reach expected results and many of them are not completed at all, which indicates that the complexity of international projects is underestimated. This study aims to explore how cultural differences increase the project complexity and challenge the leadership of the project manager. Furthermore, the project manager’s leadership ability is studied in terms of qualities required to lead international projects and achieving project objectives. Leadership is a well explored area of research but existing theories are foremost based on functional leadership and few on project leadership, fewer still in an international context. General management leadership theories are not applicable on leadership within project management because of the different circumstances since a project is defined as a unique task based on a flexible organization and limited time frame. Additionally, the knowledge of how national culture influences project management is limited and therefore underestimated. Today, global corporations invest billions of dollars in international projects and by gaining understanding of the qualities required to succeed leading international projects, corporations could better utilize resources, decrease costs and improve project outcome. Therefore this study explores both the cultural challenges that arise in international project, what qualities the project manager should possess and whether the human resource department recruits project managers with necessary qualities. This has been done through qualitative dialogues together with a theoretical framework. With this study, I hope to enlighten the reader of the meaning of international projects and how culture must be acknowledged as an influencing factor on project leadership. Furthermore, I hope to trigger reflection of the selection processes of project managers and who is suitable for the role.

As a result of increasing emphasis in global development agendas on the provision of education to create positive and sustainable change in developing countries, the number of youth education development projects in some of the world’s poorest and remote regions has burgeoned. While the benefits these projects can bestow and the success factors behind them have been studied by many past researchers, knowledge of the everyday challenges faced in their management is surprisingly limited, and is mainly only reflective of those projects run by international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) and national governments in developing countries. The intention of this study is to develop an understanding of the challenges faced by community-based non-formal youth education development project managers in developing countries. It questions the richness of existing knowledge in the field of education development project management, showing that more research is needed into smaller project types due to contextual factors that make them dissimilar to the internationally- and governmentally-affiliated projects that are the focus of past research.

Traditionellt har förändringsprojekt utförts av personer med rollen som projektledare. Idag finns dock en trend bland organisationer att för större och mer komplexa interna förändringsprojekt anlita både en projektledare och en eller flera förändringsledare. Forskare har under det senaste decenniet ställt frågor om vem som egentligen bör leda förändringsprocesser och vem som har rätt kompetens. Flera av dem menar att projektledaren inte ensam bör leda större förändringsprojekt och att förändringsledaren har en eller flera viktiga roller i förändringsprocessen. Det finns inte någon tydlig bild av hur projektledare och förändringsledare i interna förändringsprojekt kompletterar varandra. I den här studien ställer vi oss frågan varför organisationer väljer att anlita både en projektledare och en förändringsledare. För att få svar på den övergripande frågan har vi studerat rollfördelningen, och vidare vilka aktiviteter som projektledaren respektive förändringsledaren förväntas utföra samt vilka kompetenser som förväntas finnas hos projektledaren respektive förändringsledaren. För studien har vi tillämpat en kvalitativ metod. För att få ett brett underlag och data från andra branscher än IT (vilka delvis har studerats tidigare utifrån liknande frågeställningar) har sju respondenter valts ut. Organisationerna återfinns i en myndighet, en kommun, ett regionförbund, och privata näringslivet inom flyg, försäkring, bank och finans samt telekommunikation. Intervjuerna har genomförts med öppna frågor som har relativt hög grad av standardisering och en låg grad av strukturering. Data har bearbetats och kategoriserats utifrån frågeställningarna. Resultaten har sedan analyserats och jämförts med tidigare forskning. Studien visar att förändringsledaren har en annan roll än projektledaren. Den visar också att organisationer i allmänhet upplever att det behövs minst två personer för att nå bra resultat i förändringsprocessen och att dessa gärna ska ges möjlighet att fokusera på olika faser i projektet. Organisationer som anlitat både en projektledare och en förändringsledare förväntar sig olika kompetenser hos dessa och att de ska utföra olika och kompletterande aktiviteter. Framförallt tänker man sig att de tillsammans ska bära och stötta varandra, och att projektledare och förändringsledare var och en för sig ska få möjlighet att fokusera på det de har bäst kompetens för. Projektledaren har därför främst ansvar för planering och budgetering och förändringsledaren har främst ansvar för medarbetarperspektivet och andra mjuka värden. Studien visar dessutom att de förändringsledare som organisationen väljer ut ofta internrekryteras och att de förväntas ha goda kunskaper om verksamheten. / Traditionally Project Managers have been responsible for managing organisational change projects. However, a growing number of organisations today use both a Project Manager and a Change Manager in order to manage large and complex organisational change projects. The questions researchers have asked over the last decade are: Who should have the leading role in managing change; and who have got the right skills to manage change projects. Several researchers suggest that a Project Manager should not manage large change projects alone and that a Change Manager plays at least one key role when it comes to managing change projects. In this study, we focus on why organisations choose to use both a Project Manager and a Change Manager. To answer this we have studied the roles and the activities that a Project Manager and a Change Manager is expected to perform when managing organisational change initiatives. We have also studied what are the expected competencies. For this thesis we have applied a qualitative research method. In order to collect a variety of data and also data from industries other than the IT (part of which has been studied previously with similar questions), seven respondents were selected. The organisations represent an authority, a municipality, a regional federation, and private sectors of aviation, insurance, banking and finance and telecommunications. We conducted the interviews with open-ended questions with a relatively high degree of standardization and a low degree of structuring. Data was processed and categorized on the basis of the questions. The results were then analysed and compared with conclusions of previous research. The conclusion is that the role of the Change Manager is very different from that of the Project Manager and that organisations in general feel that it takes a combination of both to achieve good results in change projects. Also they should be given the opportunity to focus on different phases of the project. Organisations that engage both a Project Manager and a Change Manager expect these to have different skills and competencies in order to be able to perform different and complementary activities. It is suggested that together they will manage the change project initiative supporting each other and that they will be able to focus on activities that they have the best capacity to perform. In this study the Project Manager is more often primarily responsible for planning and financial aspects, and the Change Manager is primarily responsible for handling the employees’ perspective and a human resource management approach. The study also shows that the Change Manager chosen by the organisation is frequently recruited internally and is expected to have thorough knowledge of the daily work activities.

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Background. Management is an essential factor in any organization let alone its kind and size. Project management is the art and science of planning and implementing a project to achieve the desired outcome. Project Management (PM) plays a crucial role in businesses which are bound to function in a team-based environment regardless of the type of business. Although a variety of project management practices are employed in different kinds of industries, it is well understood that the style and level of employment of these project management practices have a significant impact on the project success. The software engineering industry has its own project management practices and the employment of these practices depends on the project manager who thus plays a key role in project management. Project manager has been a ubiquitous feature of traditional software projects. Project managers are a merger of personal characteristics and areas of competency that act together to integrate the various components of a project. In this study, the author discusses about the concept of software engineering management, various characteristics and key competencies of a project manager and also the factors influencing the overall success of a project. The authors also discuss about the current state and importance of PM education and its influence in the real time industry. Objectives. This research study is to analyze and make conclusions about the ideal features of a project manager and therefore attempt to understand its association with critical factors of PM for a project’s success in terms of delivering the product as scheduled and also understand various non-PM factors that are critical for project success. The study also attempts to show the significance of studying PM specifically in the context of Software Engineering as different from other contexts and the importance of PM education in academics and teaching PM in the industry. Methods. To achieve the objectives of this research, we attempt to study project management in the context of Software Engineering by conducting a literature review followed with a descriptive Survey as our research methods for this study to show how far literature complies to the present-day views and overall form a common opinion on this subject by comparing both the findings. Results. The results yielded by conducting a literature review conclude that Project Management or Software Engineering Management plays a vital role in software projects. Various factors that contribute towards successful project management were identified. Also, relevant literature was reviewed to identify the characteristics and competencies of an effective project manager and the status of project management education in academics and in the software engineering industry. The results obtained from the literature review were used in designing a survey and were further used to compare with and validate the results of this survey. A thorough analysis of these results yielded in capturing the current status and views with a snapshot of the situation in the present Software Engineering industry. A clear view on the subject area and results from a sample population of 73 software engineering professionals consisting of up to 41 experienced managers were analyzed, commented and documented. Conclusions. Various conclusions were drawn including discussions on the compliances and contradictions between present literature and software professionals in the present industry have been made. It was found that the majority of software professionals believe that project management in software engineering is unique from project management in other disciplines. It was found that professionals believe project management to be highly to very highly crucial for the overall success of software projects and that the most important key factors for successful project management were team motivation, communication and risk management. It was found that ‘Ability to foresee a problem’, ‘Decision making’ and ‘Inspires a shared vision’ were among the top three characteristics and ‘Team management’, ‘Leadership’ and ‘Ability to work under pressure’ were among the top three competencies of an effective project manager. It was found that managers feel the need to be taught about project management standards and that the ‘PMBoK’ and ‘ISO 9001’ were the most popular standards implemented. It was found that there are very contrasting views among companies on training project managers before promoting them to managerial positions whereas managers expect to be trained. Keywords: Software Engineering Management, Software Project Management, Project Manager, Project Success, Project Management Education, Software Engineering.

Novos negócios, novos serviços, novos processos e a evolução constante dos que já existem, além do atendimento das estratégias estabelecidas, são desafios diários da organização. Isso indica a necessidade de se ter funcionários, independentemente do nível hierárquico, que possuam senso de oportunidade e sensibilidade para os desafios e os problemas enfrentados pela empresa, além da obstinação em resolvê-los, características ligadas ao conceito de empreendedorismo corporativo. De um outro ponto de vista, o atendimento das estratégias, em sua maioria, é realizado por meio de projetos, sendo o maior responsável pela sua liderança: o gerente de projetos. Assim, nesse processo, esse profissional torna-se um elemento chave para o sucesso do projeto e das estratégias; adicionalmente, pode se tornar importante para o futuro da organização, ao usar sua capacidade empreendedora para vislumbrar novas necessidades e oportunidades. No entanto, o gerente de projetos tem responsabilidades operacionais, de monitoramento, contabilização e controle perante o projeto, para que os objetivos iniciais sejam atendidos, quando talvez as características de um empreendedor não sejam necessárias. Torna-se então relevante avaliar se as características de um empreendedor corporativo agregam valor ou não ao gerente de projetos, na medida em que elas se reflitam em projetos mais bem sucedidos. Para essa avaliação, realizou-se uma pesquisa por meio de 164 gerentes de projetos, em sua maioria homens bastante experientes, com pós-graduação. A análise não-paramétrica indicou uma tendência de se ter projetos mais bem sucedidos quanto maior for a tendência empreendedora do gerente de projetos. Houve um destaque para a tendência criativa, para a qual pôde-se observar um impacto positivo em inúmeros critérios de sucesso, inclusive sugerindo que quanto maior a tendência criativa do gerente de projetos, maior será a possibilidade do projeto ser bem sucedido. Como não se encontrou menção dessas características nos autores pesquisados nesse estudo, recomenda-se a revisão do estudo do perfil do gerente de projetos, a fim de se avaliar mais profundamente a inclusão da tendência criativa em seu perfil. Um gerente de projetos não pode mais ser visto como um mero executor; deve sim ser visto como um parceiro importante no reconhecimento e busca de novas oportunidades, além da contribuição aos bons resultados, pela persistência em solucionar problemas e desafios encontrados no desenvolvimento de suas atividades. / New businesses, new services, new processes, the already constant evolution of them, also the settle strategy are the organization daily challenges. So,it indicates they require to have employees, independently from hierarchical level, who have a sense of opportunity and sensibility to the problems and dare faced by the company, and a strong will to solve them. These characteristics are part of the conception of corporate entrepreneurship. A another point of view: these strategies solutions are in its majority made by projects, and the responsible person for its leadership is the project manager. Therefore, in this process he becomes the key element to the project and strategy success; additionally he can become very important to the future of the organization when he applies his entrepreneur skills to glimpse new necessities and opportunities. However, the project manager has operational responsibilities, like monitoring, accounting and control, in order to attend the initial targets, even whenever entrepreneur skill might not be necessary. Therefore, it is relevant to evaluate whether a corporate entrepreneur skills add values to the project manager or not, from the moment they are used in successful projects. A research with 164 project managers with post-graduation courses and great work experience was carried on, in order to have this evaluation. Nonparametric analysis indicated a tendency of more successful projects as far as the manager entrepreneur skills tendency increase. There was an emphasis for the creative tendency, which a positive impact in several successful criteria could be observed, also suggesting that the more creative tendency of the project manager, the more it will be the responsibility of a successful project. As there are not mention about this characteristics in the literature, we recommend a profile project manager review to fill this gap. A project manager cannot be like a simple person who carry orders; he should be a partner in a enterprise to seek opportunities, beside his or her contribuition to fix the problems and challenges.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera agila metoders möjligheter att spridas, och projektledares erfarenheter avseende motivering och implementering av agila metoder. Teori: Denna studie tillämpar Røviks teorier om institutionaliserade organisationsrecept. Teorin om receptens spridning har använts för att analysera om agila metoder har egenskaperna för att spridas. För att undersöka motiveringen till användning av agila metoder har motiveringsfasen använts. Därtill har införingsfasen med fokus på översättning av recept använts för att analysera implementeringen av agila metoder. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats har använts vid denna studie då dessa ansågs vara lämpliga för att uppfylla studiens syfte. Primärdatan har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektledare som valdes genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Studien har även berikats med sekundärdata i form av konceptlitteratur om agila metoder. Slutsatser: Utifrån den valda teorin förefaller spridningsmöjligheterna för agila metoder vara svag. Projektledarnas berättelser om implementering av agila metoder visar på att metoderna har anpassats, översatts utifrån projektens förutsättningar. De metoder som har använts och kombinerats är Scrum och Kanban. Begreppen iteration, kommunikation, kunden och flexibilitet var återkommande argument för användning av metoderna. / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the diffusion possibilities of agile methods, and project managers' experiences regarding the motivation and implementation of agile methods. Theory: The following study has been done using Røvik's theories of institutionalized organization recipes. The theory of the diffusion of recipes has been used to analyze whether agile methods have the properties in order to spread. To investigate the motivation for using agile methods, the motivation phase has been used. In addition, the adoption phase with focus on translation of recipes has been used to analyze the implementation of agile methods. Method: A qualitative method with a deductive approach has been used in this study, as these were considered appropriate for the purpose of the study. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with project managers chosen through a convenience sample. The study has also been enriched with secondary data in the form of conceptual literature on agile methods. Conclusions: Based on the chosen theory, the possibilities for diffusion of agile methods appear to be weak. The stories told by the project managers regarding the implementation of agile methods show that the methods have been adapted, translated according to the circumstances of the projects. The methods that have been used and combined are Scrum and Kanban. The concepts of iteration, communication, customer and flexibility were recurring arguments for using the methods.