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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

The use of arise and rise in present-day British & American English : A corpus based analysis of two verbs

Lakaw, Alexander January 2007 (has links)
This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.
252

Is e- the new cyber? : A corpus study on fashion cycles in vocabulary

Nylin, Johan January 2013 (has links)
A central area of research in linguistics is the study of changes in vocabulary over time, be it over historical time periods or faster changes within generations. One contributing factor driving such fast changes could be “fashion cycles”, as this is a very general cultural phenomenon. Here, results are reported from a corpus study investigating trends over time in the use of cyber as the first part of compound nouns, and of alternatives which carry a similar meaning, such as e- as short for electronic. It is found that cyber was commonly used in the time period 1995-2004. Usage then strongly declined, but there was a new peak in popularity in the last year of available data (2012). Interestingly, cyber was initially used in positively charged or neutral contexts (e.g. cyberspace), but in recent years mostly in negatively charged words such as cyberbullying or cyber warfare. The hypothesis that cyber has been replaced with e- was partially supported (in particular in the case of e-mail, but e-books is another prominent example of a recent rising trend in vocabulary). However, in most other contexts usage of e- actually peaked a few years before the last years of the available corpus data. In general, results were consistent with “fashion cycles” in that the popularity of using cyber or e-, and in particular of specific words including these compound noun parts, seems to come and go rapidly over time. Interestingly use of cyber was seen mostly in negative contexts during later time periods. No such change was apparent in the use of e-. An emerging hypothesis partially supported by the data is that words in commercial contexts (e.g. cyber-business, e-business) rapidly lose their positive charge as they become common and are replaced by other, more novel and more fashionable words. Corpus linguistics is a very powerful tool for investigating such patterns of change in the popularity of words, and the processes behind them.
253

The Uses of the Discourse Markers ‘well’, ’you know’ and ‘I mean’ in News Interviews

Rangraz, Masood January 2014 (has links)
This study is about the use of three Discourse Markers (henceforth DMs) in news interviews. It is an attempt to demonstrate how well, you know and I mean are employed in news interviews. It also shows what participants accomplish using the DMs as rhetorical devices.
254

Emotion recognition from speech using prosodic features

Väyrynen, E. (Eero) 29 April 2014 (has links)
Abstract Emotion recognition, a key step of affective computing, is the process of decoding an embedded emotional message from human communication signals, e.g. visual, audio, and/or other physiological cues. It is well-known that speech is the main channel for human communication and thus vital in the signalling of emotion and semantic cues for the correct interpretation of contexts. In the verbal channel, the emotional content is largely conveyed as constant paralinguistic information signals, from which prosody is the most important component. The lack of evaluation of affect and emotional states in human machine interaction is, however, currently limiting the potential behaviour and user experience of technological devices. In this thesis, speech prosody and related acoustic features of speech are used for the recognition of emotion from spoken Finnish. More specifically, methods for emotion recognition from speech relying on long-term global prosodic parameters are developed. An information fusion method is developed for short segment emotion recognition using local prosodic features and vocal source features. A framework for emotional speech data visualisation is presented for prosodic features. Emotion recognition in Finnish comparable to the human reference is demonstrated using a small set of basic emotional categories (neutral, sad, happy, and angry). A recognition rate for Finnish was found comparable with those reported in the western language groups. Increased emotion recognition is shown for short segment emotion recognition using fusion techniques. Visualisation of emotional data congruent with the dimensional models of emotion is demonstrated utilising supervised nonlinear manifold modelling techniques. The low dimensional visualisation of emotion is shown to retain the topological structure of the emotional categories, as well as the emotional intensity of speech samples. The thesis provides pattern recognition methods and technology for the recognition of emotion from speech using long speech samples, as well as short stressed words. The framework for the visualisation and classification of emotional speech data developed here can also be used to represent speech data from other semantic viewpoints by using alternative semantic labellings if available. / Tiivistelmä Emootiontunnistus on affektiivisen laskennan keskeinen osa-alue. Siinä pyritään ihmisen kommunikaatioon sisältyvien emotionaalisten viestien selvittämiseen, esim. visuaalisten, auditiivisten ja/tai fysiologisten vihjeiden avulla. Puhe on ihmisten tärkein tapa kommunikoida ja on siten ensiarvoisen tärkeässä roolissa viestinnän oikean semanttisen ja emotionaalisen tulkinnan kannalta. Emotionaalinen tieto välittyy puheessa paljolti jatkuvana paralingvistisenä viestintänä, jonka tärkein komponentti on prosodia. Tämän affektiivisen ja emotionaalisen tulkinnan vajaavaisuus ihminen-kone – interaktioissa rajoittaa kuitenkin vielä nykyisellään teknologisten laitteiden toimintaa ja niiden käyttökokemusta. Tässä väitöstyössä on käytetty puheen prosodisia ja akustisia piirteitä puhutun suomen emotionaalisen sisällön tunnistamiseksi. Työssä on kehitetty pitkien puhenäytteiden prosodisiin piirteisiin perustuvia emootiontunnistusmenetelmiä. Lyhyiden puheenpätkien emotionaalisen sisällön tunnistamiseksi on taas kehitetty informaatiofuusioon perustuva menetelmä käyttäen prosodian sekä äänilähteen laadullisten piirteiden yhdistelmää. Lisäksi on kehitetty teknologinen viitekehys emotionaalisen puheen visualisoimiseksi prosodisten piirteiden avulla. Tutkimuksessa saavutettiin ihmisten tunnistuskykyyn verrattava automaattisen emootiontunnistuksen taso käytettäessä suppeaa perusemootioiden joukkoa (neutraali, surullinen, iloinen ja vihainen). Emootiontunnistuksen suorituskyky puhutulle suomelle havaittiin olevan verrannollinen länsieurooppalaisten kielten kanssa. Lyhyiden puheenpätkien emotionaalisen sisällön tunnistamisessa saavutettiin taas parempi suorituskyky käytettäessä fuusiomenetelmää. Emotionaalisen puheen visualisoimiseksi kehitetyllä opetettavalla epälineaarisella manifoldimallinnustekniikalla pystyttiin tuottamaan aineistolle emootion dimensionaalisen mallin kaltainen visuaalinen rakenne. Mataladimensionaalisen kuvauksen voitiin edelleen osoittaa säilyttävän sekä tutkimusaineiston emotionaalisten luokkien että emotionaalisen intensiteetin topologisia rakenteita. Tässä väitöksessä kehitettiin hahmontunnistusmenetelmiin perustuvaa teknologiaa emotionaalisen puheen tunnistamiseksi käytettäessä sekä pitkiä että lyhyitä puhenäytteitä. Emotionaalisen aineiston visualisointiin ja luokitteluun kehitettyä teknologista kehysmenetelmää käyttäen voidaan myös esittää puheaineistoa muidenkin semanttisten rakenteiden mukaisesti.
255

Perception of prosody by cochlear implant recipients

Van Zyl, Marianne January 2014 (has links)
Recipients of present-day cochlear implants (CIs) display remarkable success with speech recognition in quiet, but not with speech recognition in noise. Normal-hearing (NH) listeners, in contrast, perform relatively well with speech recognition in noise. Understanding which speech features support successful perception in noise in NH listeners could provide insight into the difficulty that CI listeners experience in background noise. One set of speech features that has not been thoroughly investigated with regard to its noise immunity is prosody. Existing reports show that CI users have difficulty with prosody perception. The present study endeavoured to determine if prosody is particularly noise-immune in NH listeners and whether the difficulty that CI users experience in noise can be partly explained by poor prosody perception. This was done through the use of three listening experiments. The first listening experiment examined the noise immunity of prosody in NH listeners by comparing perception of a prosodic pattern to word recognition in speech-weighted noise (SWN). Prosody perception was tested in a two-alternatives forced-choice (2AFC) test paradigm using sentences conveying either conditional or unconditional permission, agreement or approval. Word recognition was measured in an open set test paradigm using meaningful sentences. Results indicated that the deterioration slope of prosody recognition (corrected for guessing) was significantly shallower than that of word recognition. At the lowest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) tested, prosody recognition was significantly better than word recognition. The second experiment compared recognition of prosody and phonemes in SWN by testing perception of both in a 2AFC test paradigm. NH and CI listeners were tested using single words as stimuli. Two prosody recognition tasks were used; the first task required discrimination between questions and statements, while the second task required discrimination between a certain and a hesitant attitude. Phoneme recognition was measured with three vowel pairs selected according to specific acoustic cues. Contrary to the first experiment, the results of this experiment indicated that vowel recognition was significantly better than prosody recognition in noise in both listener groups. The difference between the results of the first and second experiments was thought to have been due to either the test paradigm difference in the first experiment (closed set versus open set), or a difference in stimuli between the experiments (single words versus sentences). The third experiment tested emotional prosody and phoneme perception of NH and CI listeners in SWN using sentence stimuli and a 4AFC test paradigm for both tasks. In NH listeners, deterioration slopes of prosody and phonemes (vowels and consonants) did not differ significantly, and at the lowest SNR tested there was no significant difference in recognition of the different types of speech material. In the CI group, prosody and vowel perception deteriorated with a similar slope, while consonant recognition showed a steeper slope than prosody recognition. It is concluded that while prosody might support speech recognition in noise in NH listeners, explicit recognition of prosodic patterns is not particularly noise-immune and does not account for the difficulty that CI users experience in noise. ## Ontvangers van hedendaagse kogleêre inplantings (KI’s) behaal merkwaardige sukses met spraakherkenning in stilte, maar nie met spraakherkenning in geraas nie. Normaalhorende (NH) luisteraars, aan die ander kant, vaar relatief goed met spraakherkenning in geraas. Begrip van die spraakeienskappe wat suksesvolle persepsie in geraas ondersteun in NH luisteraars, kan lei tot insig in die probleme wat KI-gebruikers in agtergrondgeraas ervaar. Een stel spraakeienskappe wat nog nie deeglik ondersoek is met betrekking tot ruisimmuniteit nie, is prosodie. Bestaande navorsing wys dat KI-gebruikers sukkel met persepsie van prosodie. Die huidige studie is onderneem om te bepaal of prosodie besonder ruisimmuun is in NH luisteraars en of die probleme wat KI-gebruikers in geraas ondervind, deels verklaar kan word deur swak prosodie-persepsie. Dit is gedoen deur middel van drie luistereksperimente. Die eerste luistereksperiment het die ruisimmuniteit van prosodie in NH luisteraars ondersoek deur die persepsie van ’n prosodiese patroon te vergelyk met woordherkenning in spraakgeweegde ruis (SGR). Prosodie-persepsie is getoets in ’n twee-alternatiewe-gedwonge-keuse- (2AGK) toetsparadigma met sinne wat voorwaardelike of onvoorwaardelike toestemming, instemming of goedkeuring oordra. Woordherkenning is gemeet in ’n oopstel-toetsparadigma met betekenisvolle sinne. Resultate het aangedui dat die helling van agteruitgang van prosodieherkenning (gekorrigeer vir raai) betekenisvol platter was as dié van woordherkenning, en dat by die laagste sein-tot-ruiswaarde (STR) wat getoets is, prosodieherkenning betekenisvol beter was as woordherkenning. Die tweede eksperiment het prosodie- en foneemherkenning in SGR vergelyk deur die persepsie van beide te toets in ’n 2AGK-toetsparadigma. NH en KI-luisteraars is getoets met enkelwoorde as stimuli. Twee prosodieherkenningstake is gebruik; die eerste taak het diskriminasie tussen vrae en stellings vereis, terwyl die tweede taak diskriminasie tussen ’n seker en onseker houding vereis het. Foneemherkenning is gemeet met drie vokaalpare wat geselekteer is na aanleiding van spesifieke akoestiese eienskappe. In teenstelling met die eerste eksperiment, het resultate van hierdie eksperiment aangedui dat vokaalherkenning betekenisvol beter was as prosodieherkenning in geraas in beide luisteraarsgroepe. Die verskil tussen die resultate van die eerste en tweede eksperimente kon moontlik die gevolg wees van óf die verskil in toetsparadigma in die eerste eksperiment (geslote- teenoor oop-stel), óf ’n verskil in stimuli tussen die eksperimente (enkelwoorde teenoor sinne). Die derde eksperiment het emosionele-prosodie- en foneempersepsie van NH en KI-luisteraars getoets in SGR met sinstimuli en ’n 4AGK-toetsparadigma vir beide take. In NH luisteraars het die helling van agteruitgang van die persepsie van prosodie en foneme (vokale en konsonante) nie betekenisvol verskil nie, en by die laagste STR wat getoets is, was daar nie ’n betekenisvolle verskil in die herkenning van die twee tipes spraakmateriaal nie. In die KI-groep het prosodie- en vokaalpersepsie met soortgelyke hellings agteruitgegaan, terwyl konsonantherkenning ’n steiler helling as prosodieherkenning vertoon het. Die gevolgtrekking was dat alhoewel prosodie spraakherkenning in geraas in NH luisteraars mag ondersteun, die eksplisiete herkenning van prosodiese patrone nie besonder ruisimmuun is nie en dus nie ’n verklaring bied vir die probleme wat KI-gebruikers in geraas ervaar nie. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD / unrestricted
256

Acquisition and learning of English phonology by French speakers : on the roles of segments and suprasegments / Acquisition et apprentissage de la phonologie anglaise par les francophones : le rôle des segments et suprasegments

Capliez, Marc 13 September 2016 (has links)
De plus en plus de chercheurs s'accordent à dire que la prosodie a un rôle crucial dans la communication, la compréhensibilité du discours et la détection d'un accent étranger. L'apprentissage et l'enseignement de l'anglais langue étrangère bénéficieraient ainsi à mettre au premier plan les traits suprasegmentaux, ou prosodiques (accent, rythme et intonation), plutôt que les traits segmentaux (consonnes et voyelles) comme le font beaucoup d'enseignants, d'autant que les erreurs prosodiques ont souvent un effet plus néfaste que les erreurs segmentales. Cette thèse de doctorat part de l'hypothèse que les francophones apprenant l'anglais pourraient davantage améliorer leurs capacités à l'oral (production et perception) si on leur enseignait avant tout les caractéristiques prosodiques de la langue cible, plutôt que de mettre en avant les segments. Notre étude expérimentale compare ainsi l'impact d'une approche « prosodique » avec l'impact d'une approche « segmentale » sur des apprenants français non-débutants. Bien que les deux méthodes d'enseignement aient permis aux participants de s'améliorer en production et perception L2, en comparaison avec un groupe de contrôle n'ayant pas reçu de cours, aucune des deux méthodes ne leur a permis d'améliorer leurs capacités à l'oral davantage que l'autre, ce qui montre l'importance tout aussi forte d'inclure les aspects segmentaux que suprasegmentaux dans l'enseignement de l'anglais langue étrangère. / Researchers increasingly highlight the crucial role of prosody in communication, speech comprehensibility, and the detection of a foreign accent. Thus, the learning and teaching of English as a foreign language would benefit from prioritising the suprasegmental, or prosodic, features (i.e., stress, rhythm, and intonation), rather than the segmental features (i.e., consonants and vowels) as many teachers tend to do, all the more so as prosodic errors often have a more detrimental effect than segmental errors. The present doctoral thesis starts from the hypothesis that French-speaking learners of English could improve their oral skills (production and perception) more if they were primarily taught the prosodic characteristics of the target language, rather than putting the segments in the foreground. Our experimental study compares the impact of a “prosody-based” teaching approach with that of a “segment-based” approach on non-beginner French learners of English. Although the two teaching methods enabled the participants to improve their L2 production and perception skills, compared with a non-treated control group, neither of the two methods enabled them to improve their oral skills more than the other, suggesting that it is important to include segmental and suprasegmental aspects alike in the teaching of English as a foreign language.
257

Étude d'un biais prosodique précoce : le cas de la loi iambo-trochaïque / Early prosodic biases : the iambic trochaic law

Abboub, Nawal 25 September 2015 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse a été d'explorer certains des mécanismes relatifs à la perception de la prosodie linguistique. Cet intérêt provient du fait que la prosodie, qui est portée dans le signal acoustique par les indices d'intensité, durée et pitch, pourrait guider les nourrissons dans l'apprentissage des mots et de leur ordre dans les phrases. Nous avons donc étudié un mécanisme qui pourrait sous-tendre ces capacités prosodiques précoces : la loi iambo-trochaïque (iambic-trochaic law : ITL). L'ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) est un des principes d'organisation de la perception auditive qui a été proposé comme ayant un rôle important non seulement dans la perception chez l'adulte, mais aussi pendant l'acquisition du langage chez le nourrisson. L'ITL postule une préférence générale pour le regroupement des éléments sonores (syllabes, notes musicales...) en paires, en fonction des variations d'intensité, de tonalité (pitch) ou de durée de ces éléments : les sons forts ou aigus marquent le début de groupes de pattern trochaïque (fort-faible ou aigu-grave), alors que les sons longs marquent la fin de groupes de pattern iambique (court-long). Toutefois, les langues diffèrent dans leur façon d'utiliser ces indices acoustiques pour marquer la proéminence prosodique dans les mots et dans les syntagmes. Par exemple, le français ne possède pas d'accent lexical mais un accent au niveau du syntagme où la dernière syllabe est allongée, ce qui crée un contraste court-long (pattern iambique basé sur la durée). A l'inverse, en anglais ou en allemand, l'accent lexical est en général sur la première syllabe, qui est plus forte et/ou plus aigüe, ce qui induit un pattern trochaïque basé sur l'intensité ou le pitch. L'environnement linguistique pourrait donc interagir avec l'ITL. Cette thèse s'articule en deux axes. D'une part, dans une tâche de segmentation / reconnaissance de paires de syllabes, nos données montrent que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes chez l'adulte (Exp. 1) et le nourrisson de 7,5 mois (Exp. 2), français et allemands. De faibles différences cross-linguistiques entre les deux groupes sont retrouvées pour le groupement basé sur l'intensité. D'autre part, à l'aide de la NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), nous avons mesuré les réponses d'activité cérébrale chez des nouveau-nés et mis en évidence que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes à la naissance et déjà influencées par la langue entendue in utero (Exp. 3-6). Pour finir, nous avons exploré de quelle manière l'environnement linguistique influence les compétences de discrimination de patterns rythmiques d'accentuation des mots chez des nourrissons de 10 mois (Exp. 7). Nos résultats révèlent que des nourrissons bilingues apprenant le français et une langue avec un accent lexical variable sont capables de discriminer des patterns d'accentuation contrairement aux monolingues français. Pris ensemble, nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension de l'origine développementale de l'ITL, de sa modulation par l'environnement linguistique et du développement langue-spécifique du traitement et des préférences rythmiques. / The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to explore the mechanisms underlying linguistic prosodic perception. Prosody is carried in the speech signal by a number of acoustic cues, including duration, intensity and pitch. Importantly for language acquisition, prosody could help infants learn words and word order in their native language. Therefore, we studied a mechanism that could support these early prosodic abilities: the iambic/trochaic law (ITL). The ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) is a mechanism that organizes auditory perception and was proposed to have an important role not only in adult speech perception but also in language acquisition in infancy. The ITL states that sounds (e.g., syllables, musical notes, etc.) contrasting in intensity/pitch form pairs with initial prominence, i.e., a trochaic pattern (strong-weak or high-low), and those contrasting in duration form pairs with final prominence, i.e., an iambic pattern (short-long). However, languages differ in how these acoustic cues mark prosodic prominence both at the level of words and of phonological phrases. For example, French has no lexical stress but has phrase-final stress, the last syllable of the phrase being lengthened, creating a short-long pattern (duration-based iambic pattern). Conversely, in English or in German, lexical stress is usually on the first syllable, which has higher intensity and/or pitch (intensity- or pitch-based trochaic pattern). Listeners' language background is therefore likely to interact with the ITL bias. This thesis is divided into two main parts. First, in a segmentation / syllable pair recognition task, we found that sensitivity to the ITL was present in French and German adults (Exp. 1) and 7.5-month-old infants (Exp. 2). We found weak cross-linguistic differences between the two language groups for the intensity grouping in adults and infants. Secondly, using NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), we measured cortical responses in newborns and demonstrated that sensitivity to the ITL was present at birth and were already influenced by the language the infants heard in utero (Exp. 3-6). Finally, we observed how language background influences the ability to discriminate lexical stress patterns in 10-month-olds (Exp. 7). Our findings show that bilingual infants simultaneously learning French and a language with variable lexical stress were able to discriminate stress patterns whereas monolingual French infants could not. Taken together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the developmental origin of the ITL, its modulation by linguistic experience, and language-specific processing and rhythmic preferences.
258

Role of stress pattern in production and processing of compound words and phrases in Mandarin Chinese / Le rôle de l'accent prosodique lors du traitement auditif de mots composés et de syntagmes du chinois mandarin

Shen, Weilin 28 September 2015 (has links)
La présente thèse étudie le rôle de l'accent prosodique (accent de mot vs. accent de syntagme) lors du traitement auditif de paires minimales ambigües (mots composés vs. syntagmes) du chinois mandarin. Deux types de paires minimales ont été utilisés: 1) Mots composés avec un ton neutre (ex: dong3xi0 « chose ») vs. Syntagme avec un ton plein (ex: dong3xi1 « est et ouest ») qui se distinguent par la réalisation du ton sur la syllabe finale ; 2) Mots composés Verbe-Nom (VN) (ex: 'chaofan « riz frit ») vs. Syntagmes Verbe-Objet (VO) (ex: chao'fan « frire du riz ») se distinguant par la position de l'accent prosodique. Nos données comportementales et neurophysiologiques démontrent que : 1) la syllabe finale est plus longue et l'étendue de la F0 est plus large dans les VO que dans les VN, 2) la prosodie assiste le système de traitement pour anticiper la structure morphologique des séquences ambigües, et 3) un traitement hiérarchique « de droite-à-gauche » des informations prosodiques en complément d'un traitement séquentiel « de gauche-à-droite » prend place en chinois mandarin. Prises dans leur ensemble, nos données précisent la description fonctionnelle et structurale du modèle Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) pour le chinois mandarin. / The present thesis investigates the role of prosodic stress (i.e. lexical versus phrasal stress) on the auditory processing of Mandarin Chinese ambiguous compound /phrase minimal pairs. Two types of compound/phrase minimal pairs were used: 1) Compound word with a neutral tone (e.g. dong3xi0 "thing") vs. phrase with a full tone (e.g. dong3xi1 "east and west") distinguished by the final syllable tone realization; 2) Verb-Noun (VN) compound word (e.g. 'chaofan "fried rice") and Verb-Object (VO) phrase (e.g. chao'fan "fry the rice") distinguished by the position of the prosodic stress. Combined behavioral and neurophysiological data demonstrate that 1) the final syllable was more lengthened and the F0 range was larger in VO than in VN, 2) prosodic structure does assist the processing system in anticipating morphological structure, and 3) a right-to-left hierarchical processing of prosodic information in addition to a sequential left-to-right one is involved during the processing of ambiguous spoken sequences in Mandarin Chinese. Taken together, our findings allowed us to precise the functional and structural description of the Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) model for Mandarin Chinese.
259

Prélinguistique et linguistique dans la période des premiers mots : approches historique, épistémologique et expérimentale / Prelinguistic and linguistic at the first words period : historical, epistemological and experimental approaches

Roux, Guillaume 23 November 2012 (has links)
Cette recherche s'intéresse à la possibilité d'établir des points de comparaison entre le prélinguistique et le linguistique dans la période des premiers mots. Le constat d'un flou régnant autour des notions de mot et de proto-mot nous a fait considérer différentes approches : historique, épistémologique et expérimentale. L'apport de l'approche historique est essentiel pour cerner la problématique et considérer la façon dont parler est envisagé par une société et une époque. Cettepartie nous permet de mettre en avant deux éléments : la question de l'émergence de la parole implique la notion de représentation sociale, et l'émergence de la parole, aujourd'hui, se situe durant la période des premiers mots. L'analyse de cette période nous conduit à une partie épistémologique permettant de définir le type d'unités caractéristiques de cette période : les proto-mots et les mots. Une fois nos unités identifiées, nous effectuons une analyse longitudinale de quatre enfants, de un an à deux ans. Nous avons d'abord identifié un phénomène de substitution des mots aux proto-mots. Ensuite, nous avons observé les deux éléments communs à ces productions : la prosodie et la phonologie. Il découle de notre analyse que la prosodie fournit un cadre commun assurant la transition entre les proto-mots et les mots, et que la phonologie est le domaine où s'observent les différences : les mots sont le lieu du développement des structures phonologiques complexes, contrairement aux proto-mots. Nous avons pu considérer que parler, c'était privilégier les motscomme support de communication verbale, par rapport aux proto-mots, et que cette particularité est l'objet du développement phonologique. / This research focuses on the possibility to compare prelinguistic utterances and linguistic utterances of the first words period. The definition of protoword and word notions is not clear; while we consider different approaches to determine them: historical, epistemological and experimental. The contribution of the historical approach is essential to identify the problem and to bethink how a society in different historical periods considers speech. This section allows us to highlight two elements: the question of the speech emergence implies the notion of social representation, and nowadays, the word emergence is during the first words period. The analysis of this period leads to our epistemological part which defines units of this period: protowords and words. Once units identified, we perform a longitudinal analysis of four children, from one to two years. Firstly, we identify a phenomenon of substitution of protowords in words. Secondly, we observe two common elements in these productions: prosody and phonology. We show that prosody provides a common framework to ensure the transition between protowords and words, and that phonology is the area where differences are observed: the words are the place for the development of complex phonological structures, unlike protowords. We consider that the emergence of speech is when the children prefer using words as verbal communication medium, instead of protowords, and that this feature is the object of phonological development.
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Multiplatformní brána pro hlasovou komunikaci v reálném čase / Multiplatform gateway for voice communication in real-time

Starzyczny, Radek January 2015 (has links)
This master's thesis is focused on VoIP communications. It describes deploy of the operating system OpenWRT, analog interface of router Gigaset SX762 and GSM gateway for receiving or place calls. The paper describes the protocols involved in the communication and basic configuration elements. Deploying IP telephony enables to reduce the cost of operation and provides a number of additional functions.

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