Environmental positive externalities from public provision, such as the benefits yielded from the public measure of nature conservation, are often not internalized. Potential sub-optimal public service provision can be expected from such a condition, leading to inefficiency, if the benefits at a greater territorial scale are not acknowledged. This holds particularly true for intergovernmental fiscal relations in a decentralizing multi-tiered governmental system. Moreover, in developing countries the fiscal capacities to perform measures of ecological public functions are limited with their fiscal needs for these functions often appearing to outweigh their fiscal capacities. Research at the interface of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, the sustainability concept, and policies related to conservation and the environment is relatively new. Furthermore, in the literature on environmental federalism the emphasis tends to be comparatively less on the benefits of positive environmental externalities. The essential contribution of this study is an extension of this research field that is still in its infancy by applying the specific case of Indonesia as the context, on account of this tropical country‟s ecological significance as well as its recent developments during the fiscal decentralization process. The overall aim of this study is to assess the possibilities of ecological fiscal transfers as a set of instruments in the public sector to internalize environmental externalities. To this end, the study traces the development as well as the current state of intergovernmental fiscal transfers in Indonesia in terms of ecological purposes. On the basis of this knowledge, the study offers new policy perspectives by proposing a number of policy options for ecological fiscal transfers in the context of the functioning fiscal transfer system and institutions between the national and the subnational (province and local) governments as well as among jurisdictions at the same governmental level. The incorporation of an explicit ecological indicator into general-purpose transfers is the first option. The second option is derived from a revenue-sharing arrangement. In this arrangement, two sub-options are proposed: first, shared revenues from taxes are distributed on the basis of the ecological indicator and, second, shared revenues from natural resources are earmarked for environmental purposes. Finally, the third option suggests an extension of existing specific-purpose transfers for the environment. The potential and limitations of the respective options are addressed. Additionally, a short treatment is given to the discourse on the possible mobilization of fiscal resources in the context of tropical deforestation and global climate change. The research concentrates mainly on the first option, namely the incorporation of an ecological indicator into the structure of general-purpose transfer allocation. In order to substantiate an explicit ecological dimension in the transfer, it extends the present area-based approach by introducing a protected area indicator while maintaining the remaining socio-economic indicators in the fiscal need calculation. The parameter values of area-related indicators are adjusted and subject to the properties of the existing formula. The simulation at the provincial level yields the following results. First, more provinces lose rather than gain from the introduced ecological fiscal transfer when compared to the fiscal transfer that they received in the reference fiscal year. Second, on average the winning provinces obtain a higher level of transfer from the introduction of an ecological indicator in the fiscal need calculation. The extent of the average decreases for the losing provinces, however, it is lower compared to the extent of the average gain by their winning counterparts. In terms of spatial configurations of the general-purpose transfer with an ecological indicator, provinces in Papua would benefit most from the new fiscal regime whereas provinces in Java and Sulawesi, with a few exceptions, would suffer a transfer reduction. Kalimantan and Sumatera show a mixed pattern of winning and losing provinces. The analysis on the equalization effects of the general-purpose transfers makes the following important contributions. It suggests that, first, the transfers are equalizing and, second, the introduction of the protected area indicator into the structure of these transfers plays a significant role in the equalizing effect, particularly in the presence of provinces with a very high fiscal capacity and when the area variable is also controlled. All of these new insights are imperative in the design of fiscal policy which intends to integrate explicit ecological aspects into the instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Since a formula-based fiscal transfer distribution is intrinsically zero-sum, the aforementioned configuration of winning and losing jurisdictions is conceivable. Among other future perspectives, it is the task of further research to explore ecological fiscal transfer instruments and associated measures that on the one hand seek to induce the losing provinces to join their winning counterparts and, on the other hand, are still subject to the requirements of the rational fiscal transfer mechanism.

The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l’efficacité d’une Aire Marine Protégée (AMP) comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques en zone tropicale ouest africaine. L’étude concerne trois AMP. Il s’agit de l’AMP de Bamboung située en zone estuarienne (sous influence marine), à l'intérieur d'un delta et fermée à l’exploitation halieutique depuis 2004. La deuxième AMP est celle des îles d’Urok créée en 2005 et située dans la réserve de biosphère de l’archipel des Bijagos dans la partie littorale de la Guinée-Bissau. Elle est divisée en trois zones et la pêche y est autorisée avec une pression de pêche de plus en plus forte de la zone centrale vers la zone périphérique. La troisième AMP est le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin situé le long de la côte mauritanienne. Il a été créé en 1976 et les activités de pêche y sont pratiquées de façon réglementée. Beaucoup d’AMP ont été évaluées à travers le monde et les résultats obtenus sont dans la majeure partie des cas positifs. Dans les milieux tropicaux, les variabilités interannuelles et intra-annuelles des paramètres environnementaux influent sur l’organisation spatio-temporelle des peuplements de poissons. Par conséquent, la mise en place d’AMP dans une zone tropicale a suscité des interrogations quant à leur efficacité en rapport avec l’influence des paramètres de l’environnement. Selon l’AMP étudiée, une approche spatiale ou temporelle sera utilisée pour répondre aux questions posées. Les méthodes d’analyse utilisées sont de type comparatif. L’analyse des données biologiques est précédée par celle des paramètres physico-chimiques qui a mis en évidence des variabilités saisonnières dans chaque AMP. Ce résultat justifie le choix d’analyser les données biologiques par saison afin de minimiser au mieux l’influence des variations environnementales. En ce qui concerne l’AMP de Bamboung, les résultats de l’analyse suivant une approche globale ont clairement montré son rôle positif dans la restauration des ressources marines. L’approche saisonnière a mis en évidence ce rôle de restauration mais en saison froide et non en saison chaude et humide. En 9 années de protection, l'AMP de Bamboung a contribué au retour de gros poissons dans le bolon de Bamboung. Son rôle dans l’enrichissement de la zone proximale à travers le phénomène de «Spillover» n’a pas pu être mis en évidence. Une tendance à la baisse des indicateurs biologiques en fonction de la distance à l'AMP a été observée surtout en saison chaude et en saison humide. De même l’analyse des indicateurs liés à la reproduction ne montre pas que l’AMP de Bamboung améliore la reproduction des poissons. Concernant, l’AMP des îles d’Urok et le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, les analyses n’ont pas donné de résultats clairs quant à leur rôle dans l’amélioration des rendements de pêche et de la reproduction des poissons. Cependant, pour l’AMP des îles d’Urok, les tendances observées semble montrer une forte concentration de biomasse dans la zone centrale, un rôle d’équilibre joué par la zone intermédiaire et un rôle de pourvoyeur de biomasse de poisson de la zone périphérique. Pour le PNBA, le secteur intérieur semble contribuer à l’enrichissement du secteur extérieur par un transfert de biomasse. La faible quantité de données récoltées dans les AMP pourrait être à l’origine des résultats négatifs. Ainsi, l’idée d'effectuer des suivis biologiques à court terme et d'analyser les indicateurs liés à la reproduction au niveau population ont été envisagés pour les trois AMP afin de trouver des résultats clairs quant à leur rôle dans la gestion des stocks halieutiques. / This thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks.

Landuse for farming purposes in specially protected areas could be characterised as a longterm process of seeking balance between the concerns of environmental protection and farming activities. This is also true for agriculture. Precautions to protect the environment mean certain limitiation, however, on the other hand, suitable forms of farming a large protected area can be supported by the state. Farmers can gain the government support not only for their own agricultural production but also to carry out various environmental task to maintain the landscape. This diploma thesis evaluates the use of governmental support in the protected area Třeboňsko. It analyses the structure of farms and agriculture companies, the system of farming activities, structure and development of farmland. According to the system of farming, it evaluates the use of financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture with the emphasis on the environmental protection and its improvement. It also finds out about the importance of the subsidies for the farmers. Based on the analyses that were carried out it is possible to say that all types of farming companies make use of the subsidy support from the Ministry of Agriculture. The farmers use the Programme for Rural Areas Development to permanently develop the country and improve the environmment. They use mainly the payments for natural disadvantage compensation and for agroenvironmental precautions. The subsidies often form a substantial source of the farming subjects' income.

This diploma work focuses on the analysis of the current situation of an agricultural company and the subsequent evaluation of its suitability to be transformed onto an eco-friendly method of production taking into consideration the local conditions, its business structure, its current specialization, the human factor and the economic aspects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Andre Luiz Campos Tebaldi (2).pdf: 3827928 bytes, checksum: 67ec69edb91a541a3f14c7f9ca6a5731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / The research had the aim to develop diagnostic methods for the state Conservation Units of the Holy Spirit: Conditions for its management, prevention and fighting forest fires. For this analysis, we attempted to work with six specific objectives which are: to characterize the conditions and infrastructure management, to diagnose the quantitative availability of personnel and equipment to prevent and fight forest fires, identify the major causes of the occurrences of forest fires related to them with the major threats to ecosystems, identifying the size class distribution of the burned areas, identify the main types of fires, the main diagnostic prevention activities developed. The analysis included the participation of all managers of the sixteen state conservation units created by the year 2009. The results indicated that the Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas with the best conditions for management and infrastructure (82%) and the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustável Concha D ostra has the worst conditions (5%). Parque Estadual de Itaúnas showed greater staff shortages. Availability of operational equipment, we found that 75% of the units are fully protected at a deficit. In respect of tools identified that the Parque Estadual Cachoeira da Fumaça had the largest deficit and no protective equipment in the units. The inadequate infrastructure (14%) and hunting (12%) are the main threats to the state units. Over 50% of fires in the state units are predominantly surface area burned ranged from 0.1 to 40 hectares. Approximately 40% of causes are burns cleaner and 20% for arson. The main preventive activities carried out are inter-institutional integration and monitoring unit (22%). The results will serve as an efficient tool for planning and management for the State Government to implement actions and prevention activities in protected areas / A pesquisa teve o objetivo principal desenvolver metodologia diagnóstica para as Unidades de Conservação estaduais do Espírito Santo: Condições para sua gestão, prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais. Buscou-se trabalhar com seis objetivos específicos sendo eles: caracterizar as condições de gestão e infraestrutura; diagnosticar a disponibilidade quantitativa de pessoal e equipamentos para prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais; identificar os principais grupos de causa das ocorrências de incêndios florestais relacionando-as com as principais ameaças aos ecossistemas; identificar a distribuição das classes de tamanho das áreas queimadas, identificar os principais tipos de incêndios; diagnosticar as principais atividades de prevenção desenvolvidas. A análise contou com a participação de todos os gestores das dezesseis Unidades de Conservação estaduais criadas até o ano de 2009. Os resultados indicaram que a Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas possui melhores condições para gestão e infraestrutura (82%) e a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Concha D ostra possui piores condições (5%). O Parque Estadual de Itaúnas apresentou maior déficit de pessoal. Na disponibilidade de equipamentos operacioais, observou-se que 75% das Unidades de proteção integral estão com déficit. Na relação de ferramentas identificou-se que o Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça apresentou o maior déficit e não há equipamentos de proteção individual nas Unidades. A infraestrutura inadequada (14%) e a caça (12%) são as principais ameaças às Unidades estaduais. Mais de 50% dos incêndios nas Unidades estaduais são de superfície com predominância de área queimada variando de 0,1 à 40 hectares. Aproximadamente 40% das causas são queimas para limpeza e 20% incendiários. As principais atividades preventivas realizadas são integração interinstitucional e vigilância da unidade (22%). Os resultados servirão como uma eficiente ferramenta de planejamento e gestão para o Governo do Estado implementar ações e atividades preventivas nas Unidades de Conservação

À l’interface terre/mer et nature/société, les littoraux sont des territoires complexes et très attractifs où se déploient divers usages et pratiques qui génèrent de nombreux conflits et dégradations. Il existe aujourd’hui un consensus global quant à la nécessité de préserver ces espaces et la biodiversité qu’ils abritent. Depuis plusieurs décennies, c’est la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral (GIML) qui est prônée à l’échelle internationale comme la solution pour répondre aux problématiques rencontrées sur les zones côtières. L’approche s’inscrit dans la démarche du développement durable et elle tente de réconcilier l’usage des ressources et la conservation de la biodiversité. Une profusion de projets a vu le jour un peu partout à travers le monde et beaucoup de moyens humains et financiers ont été mobilisés à cet effet. Mais elle rencontre des difficultés importantes aussi bien dans sa mise en pratique que dans son évaluation. Or ce dernier point est largement reconnu comme un outil indispensable dans la planification et la gestion des projets et des programmes. Cette thèse propose donc une méthode d’élaboration d’indicateurs pour le suivi et l’évaluation des politiques de GIML qui permet d’apprécier les écarts entre les ambitions de protection de l’environnement, de développement économique et de bien-être social qui sous-tendent l’approche et les actions réalisées sur le terrain. Pour ce faire, quatre études de cas dans la Caraïbe ont été choisies. Il s’agit du Parc marin de Saba, de la Soufrière Marine Management Area (Sainte-Lucie), du groupe Nature Seekers (Trinidad) et du contrat de baie de Fort-de-France (Martinique). Ces expériences sont toutes citées comme des réussites en termes de gestion intégrée du littoral et comme des exemples à suivre. Mais répondent-elles réellement aux objectifs de la démarche ? La grille d’analyse proposée permet d’avoir une autre lecture des résultats de ces processus et de tirer des enseignements plus généraux pour la mise en pratique de la GIML. / At the interface of land and sea, and at the interface of nature and society, coastal areas are complex and very attractive territories where diverse uses and practices generate many conflicts and degradations. There is now a global consensus on the need to preserve these areas and their biodiversity. For several decades, Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICOM) has been advocated internationally as the approach to address the problems encountered in coastal areas. The approach is a key paradigm for the sustainable development of coastal zones and it tries to reconcile the use of resources with the conservation of biodiversity. A large number of projects have been implemented around the world and many human and financial resources have been mobilized for this purpose. But ICOM implementation and evaluation remain much of a challenge. This last point is widely recognized as an indispensable tool in project and program planning and management. This thesis therefore proposes a methodology for the development of indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of GIML initiatives, which makes it possible to appreciate the gaps between ambitions for environmental protection, economic development and social welfare. Underpin the approach and the actions carried out on the ground. To do so, four case studies in the Caribbean were selected. These include the Saba Marine Park, the Soufrière Marine Management Area (Saint Lucia), the Nature Seekers Group (Trinidad) and the ‘Contrat de baie’ of Fort-de-France (Martinique). These experiences are all cited as success stories in terms of integrated coastal management and as examples to follow. But do they really respond to the objectives of the approach? The proposed analysis grid provides a further reading of the results of these processes and provides more general lessons for the implementation of GIML.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-30T13:34:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCHAB.pdf: 2683752 bytes, checksum: ec30e5aba4c5fa650d4594d114ab0cbe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:52:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCHAB.pdf: 2683752 bytes, checksum: ec30e5aba4c5fa650d4594d114ab0cbe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:52:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCHAB.pdf: 2683752 bytes, checksum: ec30e5aba4c5fa650d4594d114ab0cbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCHAB.pdf: 2683752 bytes, checksum: ec30e5aba4c5fa650d4594d114ab0cbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Não recebi financiamento / Since the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, the society participation in management of protected areas (PAs) is guaranteed and emphasized as an important issue. Environmental education (EE) contributes to the PAs so that they can ensure biodiversity conservation, being present in actions with visitors and the surrounding population and in management processes in order to make them participative. In this context, this research studied the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park (PEFI). The PEFI is a different PA, because inside its area there are institutions such as the São Paulo Zoo, the São Paulo Botanical Garden and the Cientec Park, responsible for visitation in the area. Thus, the research objectives were to understand the development and implementation of educational activities in the institutions at PEFI; identify the participation of local communities in activities at the PA; identify the perception of managers, educators and local communities towards PEFI; and support for the preparation of an integrated educational project, using participatory methodologies. The research had a qualitative approach with data collection conducted through interviews with educators responsible for the EE programs of the institutions at PEFI, people from local communities and managers, as well as from the direct observation of the PA council meetings. In a second step, we held a meeting with the research participants, using the Café ComPartilha methodology (based on World Café methodology), to stimulate dialogue between these people and carry out analyzes of the EE described in the management plan and the implementation of an integrated EE program. The main results of the research were that, regarding the perception about PEFI, most people do not see the PA as a whole; they see the institutions at PEFI as different matters and not related to the PA. Nevertheless, people from local communities have positive perceptions towards PEFI, such as a concern for its conservation. The participation of local communities exists only through representation on the PA management council. The population did not effectively participate in the elaboration and updating of the PEFI's management plan until the moment when this survey happened. EE activities currently in operation do not have people from local communities as their main public, they are developed individually by each institution and focus only on their visitors. PEFI is not the main theme hardly in any of the activities, being more present in a museum at São Paulo Botanical Garden and in an exposition at São Paulo Zoo. The PEFI’s managers are not involved directly with the EE programs that take place in the area; this is a responsibility of the institutions that develop them. The search for the integration of educational activities at PEFI is not a clear element in the management plan, which offers no tools for its realization; in addition, there are political barriers to the implementation of an EE integrated program. However, people involved in this research showed interest in that, suggesting that the formulation of the activities should be performed collectively, including institutions, managers and people from local communities. Finally, the lack of an identity of PEFI as a PA proves to be the main factor influencing the dynamics of activities that occur in the area. This factor can be mitigated from greater dialogue between the different groups. We hope that the research will help strengthening PEFI, mainly through EE, in order to ensure its conservation. / Desde o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, a participação da sociedade na gestão das unidades de conservação (UCs) é garantida, ressaltando sua grande importância. A educação ambiental (EA) contribui para que as UCs possam garantir a conservação da biodiversidade, estando presente em ações com visitantes e com a população do entorno, bem como permeando processos de gestão de maneira a torná-la participativa. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como área de estudo o Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). O PEFI é uma UC com peculiaridades, pois em seu interior há a presença de instituições como, por exemplo, a Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, o Jardim Botânico de São Paulo e o Parque Cientec, que são responsáveis pela visitação à área. Dessa maneira, os objetivos da pesquisa foram compreender a elaboração e realização das atividades educativas nas instituições que compõem o PEFI; identificar como tem sido a participação da população do entorno na UC; identificar a percepção de gestoras/es, educadoras e população do entorno quanto ao PEFI; e gerar subsídios para a elaboração de uma proposta educativa integrada, a partir de metodologias participativas. A pesquisa teve abordagem qualitativa, sendo a coleta de dados realizada a partir de entrevistas com as educadoras responsáveis pelos programas educativos das instituições no PEFI, população do entorno e gestoras/es da UC, bem como a partir da observação direta de reuniões do conselho gestor do PEFI. Em um segundo momento, realizamos um encontro entre as pessoas participantes da pesquisa, por meio da metodologia do Café ComPartilha, para estimular diálogo entre essas pessoas e realizar análises sobre a EA no plano de manejo e sobre a criação de um programa de EA integrado entre as instituições. A partir dos dados, os principais resultados encontrados foram, com relação à percepção quanto ao PEFI, que a maioria das pessoas não vê a UC como um todo, há separação entre o que são as instituições no PEFI e o que é a UC. Apesar disso, a população do entorno tem uma percepção positiva do PEFI, preocupando-se com sua conservação. A participação da população do entorno existe apenas por meio de representação no conselho gestor da UC. A população não participou efetivamente da elaboração e atualização do plano de manejo do PEFI, até o momento da pesquisa. As atividades educativas atualmente em funcionamento não são voltadas diretamente para a população do entorno, elas são desenvolvidas individualmente por cada instituição e tem como foco suas/seus visitantes. Dentre as temáticas das atividades, o PEFI não é a principal em praticamente nenhuma delas, estando mais presente em um museu no Jardim Botânico de São Paulo e em um espaço educador na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. A gestão do PEFI não se envolve diretamente com os programas educativos que ocorrem na área, sendo eles de responsabilidade das instituições que os desenvolvem. A busca pela integração das atividades educativas no PEFI não é um elemento claro no plano de manejo, que não oferece ferramentas para sua realização, além disso, essa integração apresenta barreiras para sua concretização, no entanto, as pessoas envolvidas têm interesse que ela aconteça, sugerindo que a elaboração das atividades seja realizada de maneira coletiva, incluindo instituições, gestão e população do entorno. Finalmente, a falta de uma identidade do PEFI como UC aparenta ser o principal fator que determina a dinâmica de todas as atividades no PEFI. Esse fator pode ser amenizado a partir de maior diálogo entre os diferentes grupos. Esperamos que a pesquisa contribua na busca pelo fortalecimento do PEFI, principalmente por meio da EA, de maneira a garantir sua conservação.

Forest ants of the genus Formica are legally protected animals. With the environmental services they provide, ensure ecological stability of forest ecosystem and are an important part of ecosystem. This work was focused on the study of ecological linkages (trofobiosis, myrmecochory and myrmecofily) and mapping damage nesting by woodpecker and wild pigs. Their destructive activities in the studied area are very high. The work also oriented on gaining a new approach to protect the ants of the genus Formica, which is based on the Red List of endangered species in the Czech Republic. Existing species protection is extended to protect the environment and the creation of a comprehensive protection.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O rio Cocà e seu entorno possuem singular particularidade, jà que correspondem a uma Ãrea de grande relevÃncia ecolÃgica encravada numa Ãrea urbana bastante adensada. O presente trabalho teve como motivaÃÃo o fato da Ãrea conhecida como âParque do CocÃâ nÃo possuir uma gestÃo ambiental adequada, jà que a unidade de conservaÃÃo Parque Estadual nÃo foi criada. Tem-se apenas uma poligonal extraÃda de decretos estaduais (nÂs 20.253/1989, 21.312/1991 e 22.587/1993), cuja finalidade era declarar determinadas Ãreas como de interesse social para que, apÃs expropriadas, fossem destinadas à criaÃÃo do parque. Tais decretos nÃo criaram juridicamente a unidade de conservaÃÃo, jà que sua finalidade era apenas efetivar as desapropriaÃÃes. Ao longo dos anos os decretos estaduais expropriatÃrios caducaram, as desapropriaÃÃes nÃo foram realizadas e a unidade de conservaÃÃo nÃo foi juridicamente criada. Nesse Ãnterim, houve significativa mudanÃa no contexto urbano da cidade de Fortaleza, bem como alteraÃÃes na legislaÃÃo pertinente, o que enseja uma necessÃria revisÃo da poligonal do que viria a ser o âParque do CocÃâ. Nesse panorama, o estudo propÃe critÃrios e requisitos a serem observados na criaÃÃo de uma nova categoria de unidade de conservaÃÃo. AlÃm disso, a dissertaÃÃo, como base na caracterizaÃÃo geoambiental e nos institutos jurÃdicos incidentes na Ãrea (zoneamento urbanÃstico, Ãreas de preservaÃÃo permanente e terrenos de marinha), propÃe diretrizes que servem de orientaÃÃo a delimitaÃÃo de uma poligonal que seja tecnicamente viÃvel para o tipo de unidade de conservaÃÃo aplicÃvel à Ãrea de estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de revisÃo bibliogrÃfica e documental, interpretaÃÃo e manipulaÃÃo de arquivos vetoriais cartogrÃficos e levantamentos de campo. ApÃs anÃlise dos dados, o trabalho propÃe que a âÃrea bÃsicaâ da futura UC seja definida com base na existÃncia dos seguintes institutos jurÃdicos: Ãreas de preservaÃÃo permanente, terrenos de marinha e as zonas do PDP-FOR/2009 com os parÃmetros urbanÃsticos mais restritivos (ZPA 1 e ZRA). O trabalho sugere que o estado do Cearà ou o municÃpio de Fortaleza podem criar uma unidade de conservaÃÃo juridicamente adequada e tecnicamente viÃvel por meio de aÃÃes divididas em cinco etapas, as quais podem ser executadas em sequÃncia ou paralelamente. A ETAPA 0 corresponde à fase preparatÃria, com revisÃo de arquivos vetoriais cartogrÃficos, levantamento de ocupaÃÃes e criaÃÃo de uma modalidade de unidade de conservaÃÃo compatÃvel. A ETAPA 1 seria a fase de criaÃÃo da UC com sua âÃrea bÃsicaâ, devendo ser desapropriados os imÃveis situados em ZPA 1 ou em ZRA que nÃo estejam ocupados ou que estejam ocupados por equipamentos pÃblicos (vias, praÃas, etc). As ETAPAS 2 e 3 seriam ampliaÃÃes da âÃrea bÃsicaâ, por meio da inclusÃo de Ãreas que poderÃo ensejar a realocaÃÃo de pessoas e a remoÃÃo de ocupaÃÃes. Quando os imÃveis estiverem em terrenos de marinha, a UniÃo pode efetuar cessÃo de uso gratuita ao ente criador da UC (estado do Cearà ou o municÃpio de Fortaleza). E na ETAPA 4 deve-se integrar a gestÃo das UCs em mosaico, abrangendo a UC recÃm-criada e as jà existentes no seu entorno. / The Cocà river and its surroundings have a singular peculiarity, because they meet an area of great ecological relevance stuck in a fairly densely populated urban area. This work was motivated by the fact that the area known as "Park of CocÃ" not having adequate environmental management, since the State Park protected area was not created. There is only one polygon extracted from state decrees (n. 20.259/1989, 21.312/1991 and 22.587/1993), whose purpose was to declare certain areas as social interest so that after expropriated, were intended to create the park. Such decrees are not legally created the PA, since its purpose was only effecting the expropriation. Over the years the state expropriation decrees expired, foreclosures were not realized and protected area was not legally created. Meanwhile, there was a significant change in the urban context of the city of Fortaleza, and changes in the relevant legislation, which entails a necessary revision of the polygon that would be the " Park of CocÃ". In this scenario, the study proposes criteria and requirements to be observed in the creation of a new category of protected area. Furthermore, the dissertation, based on environmental characterization and legal institutions incidents in the area (urban zoning, permanent preservation areas and marine land), proposes guidelines for the guidance of the boundary of a polygon that is technically feasible for the type of conservation unit applicable to the study area. The survey was conducted through literature review and documentary, interpretation and manipulation of cartographic vector files and field surveys. After analyzing the data, the paper proposes that the "basic area" of the future UC is defined based on the existence of the following legal institutions: areas of permanent preservation, marine lands areas and the most restrictive urban standards (ZPA 1 and ZRA) of the PDP-FOR/2009. The paper suggests that state of Cearà or the county of Fortaleza can create a legally adequate conservation unit and technically feasible through actions divided into five stages, which can be performed in sequence or in parallel. STAGE 0 corresponds to the preparatory phase, with review of cartographic vector files, lifting occupations and creating a type of compatible conservation unit. STAGE 1 would be the creation phase of UC with its "basic area" and should be expropriated the properties at ZPA 1 or ZRA that are not occupied or are occupied by public facilities (roads, squares and so on). STAGES 2 and 3 would be extensions of "basic research", by including areas that may give rise to relocation of people and the removal of occupations. When the properties are in marine lands, the Union may make use of free assignment of use for the creator entity of the UC (state of Cearà or the county of Fortaleza). And in STAGE 4 should integrate the management of protected areas in mosaic, covering the newly created UC and existing in its surroundings.