Ukraine and Belarus are two post-Soviet states and neighboring countries that, to some extent, demonstrate successful and failed democratization respectively. The purpose of the study is to, based on a theory-consuming approach, investigate which deep structural and proximate actor-oriented explanatory causes may constitute prerequisites and/or obstacles for democratization in these countries. The empirical material draws inspiration from Lachapelle and Hellmeier (2022), from which the explanatory factors are borrowed. The factors are categorized in this study based on relevant theories that Møller and Skaaning (2013) have outlined. Of the deep causes, Belarus' high degree of modernization speaks for the country's good conditions for democratization. Despite Belarus' superiority in the modernization factors, Ukraine has advantages in other deep causes, above all the very strong civil society. In Belarus, there is a lack of proximate causes that can favor democratization, while Ukraine has very favorable conditions – albeit with a high degree of corruption. The study confirms the hypothesis that deep and proximate causes co-vary with each other and with the outcome, but also contradicts, to some extent, an absolute relationship between modernization factors and other deep structural causes as well as the causal direction between proximate and deep causes and suggests an opposite causal relationship. Deep structural causes in combination and interaction with proximate causes determine the development of democracy in these countries. No single theory alone can provide answers to our questions.

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保險已成為現今社會一重要經濟制度，與證券及銀行共同為金融支柱。而保險已成為每個人生活的必需品，扶助很多遭遇突然事故或災變的家庭度過難關。教科書或文章已經說了很多保險是自助人助的論述。國人從早期對保險的排斥，到現在台灣保險覆蓋率世界第一，每人平均擁有約三張保單，即可證明國人對保險的接受度已經提高。 但依財團法人消費金融評議中心統計，前述金融三大支柱中，以保險的爭議最多。在2015年，產、壽險業申訴及評議案件占整體均為20%及60%以上，而銀行約在10%上下。究其原因，乃保險之經營技術較為特殊，且其為無形「產品」消費者若欲感受保險的存在，幾乎是在理賠階段。而理賠終究有不符合條件之情況發生；再者，消費者與保險公司理賠認定認知差距亦是爭議所在；最後，(保險)消費者主觀意念認為購買保險就是為了發生事故時能得到理賠，故更加深與保險公司間之對立。尤有甚者，以詐欺手段取得保險金，在申請與審理間，保險公司付出相當大的成本查證，但同時也因處理費時而造成客戶不滿(關於『保險詐欺』壽險理賠先進及前輩已有多篇文章論述，且非本文主題，故不予贅述，或容不才爾後以專文研究)。 本人在壽險業界任理賠人十有七年，有感理賠爭議來自三大類：一、壽險：以違反告知義務被保險公司解除契約之爭議為大宗；二、健康保險：此又可分為二類(一)手術爭議及(二)是否有住院必要之爭議。近年則以(二)為大宗；三、傷害險：在業界，傷害險的爭議件數並非最多，但所造成的影響卻為最大。本文以傷害險為研究主題，係以所造成的影響最大為發想；另外，保險法第一三一條所規定之文義是否足以弭平傷害險爭議(尤其在經過多次條文修正後)。從諸多案件中可以發現，一般人對保險法第一三一條條文「I傷害保險人於被保險人遭受意外傷害及其所致殘廢或死亡時，負給付保險金額之責。II前項意外傷害，指非由疾病引起之外來突發事故所致者。」常有誤解，將之解釋為「非疾病即屬意外」顯然解讀錯誤！蓋若「非疾病即屬意外」此一論點成立，則按邏輯將無法解釋「老邁」身故此一自然現象(雖然最高法院民事判決一○三年度台上字第六一二號有稱『按意外傷害保險係承保意外傷害所致之損失，凡傷害或死亡之原因，非罹患疾病、細菌感染、器官老化衰竭等身體內部因素所致，而係外來、偶然等不可預見之事故所生，除保險契約另有特約不保之事項外，均為承保範圍內之意外事故。)按判定是否符合保險上之意外傷害，不能僅僅以「非疾病即屬意外」一語帶過，因為它還必須符合突發、偶然、不可預料等要件。 另外，當被保險人受到意外事故而致傷、殘或死亡時，而傷害結果摻有疾病因素「貢獻」其中時；或承保事故與非承保事故互有因果關係時，該次傷害結果得否認定為傷害保險之承保事故，則必須運用「近因原則」加以判斷。 保險人因承保事故發生而有給付責任，為因契約而成立「債」之關係。但事故是否為承保範圍，則為關鍵所在。於壽險，生存、死亡或殘廢理賠，認定較為簡單；但於傷害保險，被保險人是否因為條款約定之「意外傷害事故」致成傷害，因為事過境遷，事實很難認定。於法院繫屬時，被保險人(受益人)與保險公司間之攻防，即與舉證責任息息相關。若有一方舉證不能，即有受訴訟不利益風險。 / Insurance is now a major part of the economy system. It plays an important role like stocks and bonds, or banks in the financial industry and it is now essential in our everyday life. Insurance helps the families that experienced accidents or tragedies overcome the difficulties. Lots of textbooks and articles have let us know that the insurance is the statement of cooperation. People in Taiwan had been rejecting the insurance in early days; however, until now, the usage rate of insurance in Taiwan has become the top class in the whole world with the average three policies per person, which can prove that insurance is more acceptable nowadays. Nevertheless, according to the research of Financial Ombudsman Institution, among the three important roles in the financial industry, Insurance, Stocks and Bonds, and Banks, Insurance is the most controversial. In 2015, the percentage of appeals and arbitration of Non-life and life insurance industry are over 20% and 60%. However, the banks have only around 10%. To explain this kind of circumstance, it is because that the value proposition of insurance industry is more special than others. The products of the insurance, the policies, are mostly intangible, which that the customers cannot recognize the product easily and only when the claims have been settled, the customers can reach the product directly. But, the claims are not always settled as long as the conditions are not met. Moreover, the recognition of the claims are not the same from different points of view and that is the controversial point. Lastly, the customers regard the policies as the guarantees of the claims, which mean that they think once they bought the policies, the claims will be settled anyway as long as the accidents happen. Therefore, this thought strengthens the opposition of the customers to the companies. Furthermore, some people try to get the settlement using fraudulent methods. Such kind of activities costs the companies a lot to verify during the phase of application and processing. At the same time, due to the investigation, it also brings the dissatisfaction of the customers. I have been working in the department of claim of life insurance for 17 years and I have learnt that the controversies are basically from three categories, Life Insurance, Health Insurance, and Injury Insurance. For Life Insurance, most of the conflicts are from the obligation of disclose of the customers, and if the obligation is not fulfilled, the company will terminate the contract in the end. For Health Insurance, it can be categorized into two, one is surgery conflicts and the essentiality of being hospitalized and most of them are the second one. For the last, Injury Insurance, it doesn’t have the most cases of the conflicts, but it is the most influential. This paper focuses on Injury Insurance due to the characteristics of most influential and whether the definition of Article 131(A personal accident insurer is obligated to pay the insured amount when the insured suffers injury by accident, or becomes disabled or dies on account of such injury. The term "injury by accident" as used in the preceding paragraph refers to physical harm caused by unforeseen external events other than illness.), Insurance Act, can eliminate the conflicts of Injury Insurance or not. From lots of cases of Injury Insurance, normal people are not clear about the Article and misunderstand the contents as either disease or accidents. If the statement is true, then the natural death cannot be explained as an accident. The recognition of an accident cannot solely by such a brief definition because it has to meet the conditions of “Sudden”, “Accidental”, and “Unpredictable”. In addition, when the insured is injured, disabled, or dead caused by accidents and the outcome of the injury contains the elements of disease, or when the insured peril and the non-insured peril have causal relationships, whether the outcome can be recognized as the insured peril or not depends on the “Proximate Cause”. The insurer has the obligation to pay once the insured peril occur because of the contract and form the relationship of debt. However, the key of the issue is whether the accident is in the scope of the insured peril. In Life Insurance, the recognition of survival, death, or disability is simpler compared to Injury Insurance which contains more uncertain elements. On the other hand, in Injury Insurance, whether the insured is injured because of the insured peril or not is not easy to verify due to the fact is not the same as it happened. During the suit, the burden of proof has a great relationship with the defendant and the plaintiff. As long as one cannot provide any proof, he has the risks of losing the suit.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how five Swedish teachers relates to the spelling education in grade 1 and 3. The material of this study consists of texts from students from grade 1 and interviews with 5 teachers in the Stockholm area. The study originates from the sociocultural theory and the zone of proximate development as well as a grammatical theory which consists of a phonology part and a morphology part. The result of this study shows that the teachers are positive to teach spelling and specific rules in grade 3 in general. The study also shows that the teachers doesn’t correct the student’s texts that much in grade 1 but they do in grade 3, because most students have learned how to write and spell better in grade 3. The study also shows that the most common spelling mistakes is double letters and vowel confusions. Further would the teachers focus on double letters and special spellings, as th eSwedish/ɧ/ sound for example while correcting the student’s texts.

This thesis explores the status of a specific subset of absent characters within twentieth century American drama. By borrowing the term “proximate cause” from tort law and illuminating its intricacies through David Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, this thesis re-appropriates proximate cause for literary studies. Rather than focus on characters whose existence remains the subject of critical debate, this set of absent characters presumably exists but never appear onstage. Despite their non-appearance onstage, however, these absent characters nonetheless have a profound effect upon the action that occurs during their respective plays. Highlighting the various ways in which these characters serve as the proximate cause for the onstage action of a given play will expand the realm of drama and literary studies in myriad ways.

Con frecuencia, los daños que sufren las víctimas de accidentes pueden ser puestos a cargo de varias personas. Sin embargo, el ordenamiento jurídico español no dispone de un régimen que regule las relaciones de los corresponsables entre sí y las de éstos con la víctima. En el derecho español de daños, un numeroso grupo de leyes especiales y una jurisprudencia ya consolidada han optado por imponer el régimen jurídico de la solidaridad de deudores a los casos de corresponsabilidad por un daño. La importación de la solidaridad a los supuestos de cocausación de un daño ha significado, sin embargo, la aplicación de ese régimen jurídico a supuestos de hecho diferentes a los previstos en la parca regulación del Código civil. El trabajo analiza los efectos de la solución en la prevención de accidentes futuros y en el aseguramiento de las actividades sometidas a un régimen de responsabilidad solidaria. / Amb freqüència, els danys que sofreixen les víctimes dels accidents poden posar-se a càrrec de vàries persones. L'ordenament jurídic espanyol no disposa, però, d'un règim que reguli les relacions dels corresponsables entre sí i les d'aquests amb la víctima comú. En el dret espanyol de danys, un nombrós grup de lleis especials i una jurisprudència ja consolidada han optat per imposar el règim de la solidaritat de deutors als supòsits de corresponsabilitat per un dany. La importació de la solidaritat als casos de cocausació d'un danys ha significat l'ampliació d'aquell règim jurídic a situacions no previstes a la minsa regulació del Codi civil. El treball analitza els efectes de la solució a la prevenció d'accidents futurs i a l'assegurament de les activitats sotmeses a un règim de responsabilitat solidària. / Joint and several liability is almost the default rule in cases with multiple tortfeasors in the Spanish law of torts. The traditional justification of the rule thinks on the victims and the advantage of one rule that permits to the victims to attack a variety of debtors. Anyway, the joint and several liability rule has an effect on the deterrence and in the insurance market. The work proposes an analysis of the joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors from the tortfeasor perspective.

This thesis deals with the use of inquiry-based approaches in primary school science. The aim is to investigate the goals and purposes that are constituted by the curriculum and by the teachers in interviews and through their teaching in the classroom. The results are used to develop conceptual tools that can be used by teachers’ in their work to support students’ learning of science when using an inquiry-based approach. The thesis is comprised of four papers. In paper one a comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula for compulsory school regarding what students should learn about scientific inquiry. In paper two 20 teachers were interviewed about their own teaching using inquiry. Classroom interactions were filmed and analyzed in papers three and four, which examine how primary teachers use the various activities and purposes of the inquiry classroom to support learning progressions in science. The results of paper one show how the emphasis within and between the two goals of learning to carry out investigations and learning about the nature of science shifted and changed over time in the different curricula. Paper two describes the selective traditions and qualities that were emphasized in the teachers’ accounts of their own teaching. The results of papers three and four show how students need to be involved in the proximate and ultimate purposes of the teaching activities for progression to happen. The ultimate purposes are the scientific purposes for the lesson (as given by the teacher or by the curriculum), whereas the proximate purposes are the more student-centered purposes that through different activities should allow the students to relate their own experiences and language to the ultimate purpose. The results show the importance of proximate purposes working as ends-in-view in the sense of John Dewey, meaning that the students see the goal of the activity and that they are able to relate to their experiences and familiar language. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

This thesis deals with the use of inquiry-based approaches in primary school science. The aim is to investigate the goals and purposes that are constituted by the curriculum and by the teachers in interviews and through their teaching in the classroom. The results are used to develop conceptual tools that can be used by teachers’ in their work to support students’ learning of science when using an inquiry-based approach. The thesis is comprised of four papers. In paper one a comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula for compulsory school regarding what students should learn about scientific inquiry. In paper two 20 teachers were interviewed about their own teaching using inquiry. Classroom interactions were filmed and analyzed in papers three and four, which examine how primary teachers use the various activities and purposes of the inquiry classroom to support learning progressions in science. The results of paper one show how the emphasis within and between the two goals of learning to carry out investigations and learning about the nature of science shifted and changed over time in the different curricula. Paper two describes the selective traditions and qualities that were emphasized in the teachers’ accounts of their own teaching. The results of papers three and four show how students need to be involved in the proximate and ultimate purposes of the teaching activities for progression to happen. The ultimate purposes are the scientific purposes for the lesson (as given by the teacher or by the curriculum), whereas the proximate purposes are the more student-centered purposes that through different activities should allow the students to relate their own experiences and language to the ultimate purpose. The results show the importance of proximate purposes working as ends-in-viewin the sense of John Dewey, meaning that the students see the goal of the activity and that they are able to relate to their experiences and familiar language. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The crustaceans are noted for their great commercial interesting and acceptance into the consumer market. However, besides showing lipid fraction with polyunsaturaded fat acids, they are suffering cooking methods, such as frying, can favor the oxidation of these compounds and production of cholesterol oxides cytotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic. In the present study, reviewed issues involved with frying process in fish, focused on different chemical changes that occurred in oil and food, as well as nutritional implications resulted from this culinary procedure. Therefore, considering the lack of information about the chemical composition of the pitu prawn (Macrobrachium acanthurus) from the Estuary Lagoon Complex Mundaú/Manguaba-Alagoas, studied in this work the frying effect on its nutritional value. It was determined in the in nature and fried prawn, the proximate composition, caloric value, fatty acid profile, cholesterol and oxides of cholesterol. The results obtained from in nature and fried pitu, were respectively, for moisture (73.59% and 67.47%), ash (1.31% and 1.47%), protein (23.56% and 28.80 %), carbohydrates (0.76% and 0.70%), lipids (1.58% and 2.23%), calories (117.20 kcal/100g and 160.20 kcal/100g), fatty acids (polyunsaturated 33.03% and 54.72%, omega-3 15.67% and 8.79% and omega-6 17.36% and 45.93%), cholesterol (102.89 mg/100 g and 137.11 mg / 100g) and oxides (7-ketocholesterol 0.01 g / g and 0.02 g / g Triol 0.81 g / g and 0.73 g / g). Concluded that pitu prawn has a high nutritional value and it s a good source of essential fatty acids, but the frying leads to significant changes in its proximate composition specially in their lipid profile, is not this cooking method the most indicated for a nutritionally balanced diet with this food. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Os crustáceos destacam-se por seu grande interesse comercial e boa aceitação no mercado consumidor. Entretanto, além de apresentarem fração lipídica com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, o fato de sofrerem cocção, como a fritura, pode favorecer a oxidação desses compostos e a produção de óxidos de colesterol citotóxicos, teratogênicos e mutagênicos. No presente estudo, foram revisadas questões envolvendo o processo de fritura em pescado, enfocando as diferentes alterações químicas ocorridas no óleo e no alimento, bem como as implicações nutricionais decorrentes desse procedimento culinário. Assim, considerando-se a escassez de informações acerca da composição química do camarão pitu (Macrobrachium acanthurus) encontrado no Complexo Estuarino Lagunar Mundaú/Manguaba-Alagoas, estudou-se, neste trabalho, o efeito da fritura sobre seu valor nutritivo. Determinou-se, então, nas formas in natura e frita desse alimento a composição centesimal, valor calórico, perfil de ácidos graxos, colesterol e óxidos de colesterol. Para o pitu in natura e frito, respectivamente, obteve-se os seguintes resultados: umidade: 73,59% e 67,47%; cinzas: 1,31% e 1,47%; proteínas: 23,56% e 28,80%; carboidratos: 0,76% e 0,70%; lipídeos: 1,58% e 2,23%; calorias: 117,20 kcal/100g e 160,20 kcal/100g; ácidos graxos: poliinsaturados 33,03% e 54,72%; ômega-3: 15,67% e 8,79%; ômega-6: 17,36% e 45,93%; colesterol: 102,89 mg/100g e 137,11 mg/100g; óxidos: 7- cetocolesterol 0,01 &#956;g/g e 0,02 &#956;g/g; Triol: 0,81 &#956;g/g e 0,73 &#956;g/g. Concluiu-se que o pitu é um camarão de alto valor nutricional e boa fonte de ácidos graxos essenciais, mas a fritura conduz a modificações significativas na sua composição centesimal, especialmente no seu perfil lipídico, não sendo esse método de cocção o mais indicado para compor uma dieta nutricionalmente equilibrada com tal alimento.