This thesis examines stylistic technique and narrative strategy in a range of George Orwell’s fictional and non-fictional texts to demonstrate how personal experience and detached interpretation interact dialectically in his work to create layers of narrative complexity. Moving from Raymond Williams’ observation that the figure of “Orwell” is the writer’s “most successful” creation, this study asserts a vital correlation between form and content in Orwell’s work, specifically in the central position that perspective occupies in his political outlook. The multiple perspectives that surface in Orwell’s texts – the reluctant Imperial policeman, the tramp in disguise, the advocate of the working poor, the rebellious and satirically-inclined anti-totalitarian writer – correspond with the author’s life experiences, and yet are revealed as rhetorically constructed positions that are adopted strategically to generate nuanced, and at times contradictory, impressions of a wide range of subject matter. Chapter 1 treats Orwell’s Burmese writings as ethnographically-inflected texts; Chapter 2 examines the figure of the mask in Down and Out in Paris and London and in The Road to Wigan Pier; Chapter 3 analyses a dialectic of experience and interpretation at play in Homage to Catalonia; Chapter 4 scrutinizes the mobilization of the rebel writer figure in a selection of Orwell’s mature essays; and Chapter 5 examines the strategic deployment of competing perspectives in Nineteen Eighty-Four’s anatomy of the totalitarian state. This array of analytical approaches serves the dual function of highlighting the versatility and sophistication of narrative strategy across a range of individual texts in Orwell’s oeuvre, and of demonstrating a trajectory in his work that adheres simultaneously to both formal and political considerations. Orwell’s highly prolific two-decade-long writing career, I argue, can be productively understood as an ongoing experiment with narrative strategy, and this experiment exerts at each stage a direct influence on his evolving political aesthetic.

The first part of the thesis comprises Chapters 1 to 40 of the novel, written under a pseudonym, followed by a synopsis of the remaining chapters, 41 to 155. The potential jacket copy will refer to the protagonists, a male and a female detective. The second part of the thesis is a critical study of the novel. Literary theory and critical methods are used to investigate the writing process and to explicate the text’s layers of meaning, not all of which were clear to the author at the time of writing. Chapter 1 considers literary and creative writing theory, paying particular attention to conceptualisations of author and reader. In Chapter 2, the chosen pseudonym is explained and compared with those of other authors; the novel’s title is also examined. Chapter 3 covers the issue of genre, looking at theories and discussing both crime novel and Gothic fiction. In Chapter 4, critical approaches to character are applied. Chapter 5 does the same with plot. Chapters 6 and 7 take account of the manifestations of power. Chapter 6 covers the body and gender, while Chapter 7 deals with race and class. As a conclusion, Chapter 8 describes how the first draft was transformed to one acceptable for publication.

La figure mythique du double se manifeste dans la majorité des cultures sous des formes archétypales renvoyant à l’expérience de la division de l’individu en positions antithétiques ou complémentaires. Dans la littérature gothique et fantastique, le mythe est propice à créer un sentiment d’angoisse et d’horreur soulignant les problèmes et mystères de la schize du sujet. Ce travail d’analyse propose de regrouper les récits de doubles selon deux catégories d’occurrences thématiques en se basant sur le traitement textuel qui en est fait, soit l’apparition du double par homonymie d’une part et par pseudonymie de l’autre. Ceci mènera ultimement à commenter sur la perception qu’a l’auteur de lui-même et du processus de création. Le problème de la division étant au cœur des balbutiements théoriques en psychologie et en psychanalyse, une grille analytique lacanienne et post-structuraliste sera appliquée à cette recherche. Les œuvres traitées seront New York Trilogy de Paul Auster, The Dark Half de Stephen King, William Wilson d’Edgar Allan Poe, Le Double de Fédor Dostoïevski et Despair de Vladimir Nabokov. / The mythical figure of the double appears in most of cultures through archetypes translating the human experience of division, be it complementary or antithetical. In Gothic and Fantastic literatures, the myth often stands for a feeling of anguish and horror underlining the mysteries and complications arising from the subject’s dividedness. This analysis wishes to group into two thematic categories occurrences of doubles based on the textual treatment that is made of them: doubles as homonyms and as pseudonyms. This distinction will lead in commenting on the author’s perception of himself and of the creative process. We will use a Lacanian and post-structuralist reading grid, based on the fact that dividedness has been a core issue in psychological and psychoanalytical theoretical developments. The works studied will be Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy, Stephen King’s The Dark Half, Edgar Allan Poe’s William Wilson, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Double and Vladimir Nabokov’s Despair.

Over the last two decades Bongo Fleva music has become a popular form of entertainment as well as a key cultural element among Tanzanian urban youth. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of pseudonyms in this musical genre in Tanzania. It focuses on how Bongo Fleva artists adopt their pseudonyms and discusses their role in identity formation among urban youths in contemporary Tanzania. The paper argues that pseudonyms in Bongo Fleva, as in various other fields, have an important role to play in portraying one’s identity, culture, characteristics, profile, actions, hope and imagination.

La figure mythique du double se manifeste dans la majorité des cultures sous des formes archétypales renvoyant à l’expérience de la division de l’individu en positions antithétiques ou complémentaires. Dans la littérature gothique et fantastique, le mythe est propice à créer un sentiment d’angoisse et d’horreur soulignant les problèmes et mystères de la schize du sujet. Ce travail d’analyse propose de regrouper les récits de doubles selon deux catégories d’occurrences thématiques en se basant sur le traitement textuel qui en est fait, soit l’apparition du double par homonymie d’une part et par pseudonymie de l’autre. Ceci mènera ultimement à commenter sur la perception qu’a l’auteur de lui-même et du processus de création. Le problème de la division étant au cœur des balbutiements théoriques en psychologie et en psychanalyse, une grille analytique lacanienne et post-structuraliste sera appliquée à cette recherche. Les œuvres traitées seront New York Trilogy de Paul Auster, The Dark Half de Stephen King, William Wilson d’Edgar Allan Poe, Le Double de Fédor Dostoïevski et Despair de Vladimir Nabokov. / The mythical figure of the double appears in most of cultures through archetypes translating the human experience of division, be it complementary or antithetical. In Gothic and Fantastic literatures, the myth often stands for a feeling of anguish and horror underlining the mysteries and complications arising from the subject’s dividedness. This analysis wishes to group into two thematic categories occurrences of doubles based on the textual treatment that is made of them: doubles as homonyms and as pseudonyms. This distinction will lead in commenting on the author’s perception of himself and of the creative process. We will use a Lacanian and post-structuralist reading grid, based on the fact that dividedness has been a core issue in psychological and psychoanalytical theoretical developments. The works studied will be Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy, Stephen King’s The Dark Half, Edgar Allan Poe’s William Wilson, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Double and Vladimir Nabokov’s Despair.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Univ., Diss.

« Je ne peux pas supporter mon vrai nom, je me sens aussitôt coincé » affirme le narrateur de Pseudo, roman que Romain Gary a signé de son pseudonyme Émile Ajar. Il ajoute qu’il a « tout essayé pour [se] fuir » et en particulier tenté d’apprendre des langues très éloignées de la sienne, voire d’inventer sa propre langue. Comme Gary, certains écrivains ont considéré leur langue maternelle ou leur patronyme comme des carcans limitant leurs possibilités. Pour tenter de « tout sentir, de toutes les manières » (expression de Pessoa) ils ont pu changer de langue ou prendre des pseudonymes. Afin d’étudier conjointement le plurilinguisme et la pseudonymie, nous avons choisi un corpus de quatre auteurs du XXe siècle : le poète portugais Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), le romancier russo-américain Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), l’écrivain argentin Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) et le romancier français Romain Gary (1914-1980). Tous les quatre se situent au carrefour de plusieurs langues et cultures. Maîtrisant le français et l’anglais en plus de leur langue maternelle, ils ont utilisé l’anglais comme deuxième langue d’écriture et ont pratiqué la traduction et/ou l’autotraduction. De plus, ils ont tous pris des pseudonymes et se sont inventé des doubles d’écrivains fictifs. Le concept pessoen d’hétéronyme (très lié à son plurilinguisme) nous a permis d’éclairer les pratiques des trois autres auteurs. Pour cela, nous avons comparé les principaux hétéronymes de Pessoa avec Bustos Domecq (pseudonyme commun à Borges et à Bioy Casares), Émile Ajar (pseudonyme de Gary, incarné par un homme de paille, Paul Pavlowitch) et Sirine (le double russe de Nabokov). Comme la traduction, l’écriture hétéronymique nécessite une certaine dépersonnalisation. Et comme l’autotraduction, elle oblige un auteur à se confronter à un alter ego. Pour écrire dans une autre langue ou inventer un style nouveau dans la sienne, il faut renoncer à une certaine maîtrise et à une part de soi. L’hypothèse de notre travail est que les changements de langues et/ou de noms effectués par ces auteurs constituent finalement moins un rejet de leur identité qu’une façon détournée de faire route vers soi. En les libérant d’eux-mêmes, les hétéronymes leur ont permis de s’observer avec plus de recul, de commenter leur propre œuvre comme si c’était celle d’un autre et de se confier davantage. Il en va de même pour l’écriture dans une langue seconde qui crée, elle aussi, une certaine distance propice aux confessions et aux expérimentations. / “I cannot stand my real name, I feel immediately stuck” says the narrator of Pseudo, a Romain Gary novel authored under his pseudonym, Émile Ajar. He adds that he “has attempted everything to run away from [himself]”. He tried specially to learn different languages and even to invent his own. Like Gary other writers have considered their mother tongue or their surname as restraints limiting their possibilities. In order to “feel everything in every way” (Pessoa’s expression) they would change their language or use pseudonyms. To jointly study multilingualism and the use of pseudonyms, we focused on four 20th century authors: the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), the Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) and the French novelist Romain Gary (1914-1980). The writings of all four authors are at the intersection of several languages and cultures. In addition to their mother tongue, they each mastered French and English. They used English as a second language for their writing, were translators and/or self-translators. Additionally, all four took pseudonyms and invented fictitious alter egos. Pessoa’s concept of heteronym (closely connected to his multilingualism) allowed us to shed light on the work of the three other authors. To do this, we compared Pessoa’s main heteronyms with those of Bustos Domecq (pseudonym of Borges and Bioy Casares), Emile Ajar (pseudonym of Gary, embodied as the straw man Paul Pavlowitch) and Sirine (Nabokov’s Russian alter ego). Like translation, heteronymous writing requires some depersonalization. And like self-translation, it forces the author to confront an alter ego. To write in another language or to invent a new style in one’s own language, one must renounce a part of one’s self. This thesis aims to show that for these authors using pseudonyms and writing in different languages represents less of a rejection of their identities than an indirect way to come back to themselves. Freed from themselves by their heteronyms, they can better appreciate who they are, be self-critical and thus they can open their hearts to their readers. Writing in a second language also creates a certain distance that enables them to confess and experiment.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special case of mobile networks, where vehicles equipped with computing/communicating devices (called "smart vehicles") are the mobile wireless nodes. However, the movement pattern of these mobile wireless nodes is no more random, as in case of mobile networks, rather it is restricted to roads and streets. Vehicular networks have hybrid architecture; it is a combination of both infrastructure and infrastructure-less architectures. The direct vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication is infrastructure-less or ad hoc in nature. Here the vehicles traveling within communication range of each other form an ad hoc network. On the other hand, the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication has infrastructure architecture where vehicles connect to access points deployed along roads. These access points are known as road side units (RSUs) and vehicles communicate with other vehicles/wired nodes through these RSUs. To provide various services to vehicles, RSUs are generally connected to each other and to the Internet. The direct RSU to RSU communication is also referred as I2I communication. The success of VANET depends on the existence of pervasive roadside infrastructure and sufficient number of smart vehicles. Most VANET applications and services are based on either one or both of these requirements. A fully matured VANET will have pervasive roadside network and enough vehicle density to enable VANET applications. However, the initial deployment stage of VANET will be characterized by the lack of pervasive roadside infrastructure and low market penetration of smart vehicles. It will be economically infeasible to initially install a pervasive and fully networked iv roadside infrastructure, which could result in the failure of applications and services that depend on V2I or I2I communications. Further, low market penetration means there are insufficient number of smart vehicles to enable V2V communication, which could result in failure of services and applications that depend on V2V communications. Non-availability of pervasive connectivity to certification authorities and dynamic locations of each vehicle will make it difficult and expensive to implement security solutions that are based on some central certificate management authority. Nonavailability of pervasive connectivity will also affect the backend connectivity of vehicles to the Internet or the rest of the world. Due to economic considerations, the installation of roadside infrastructure will take a long time and will be incremental thus resulting in a heterogeneous infrastructure with non-consistent capabilities. Similarly, smart vehicles will also have varying degree of capabilities. This will result in failure of applications and services that have very strict requirements on V2I or V2V communications. We have proposed several solutions to overcome the challenges described above that will be faced during the initial deployment stage of VANET. Specifically, we have proposed:  A VANET architecture that can provide services with limited number of heterogeneous roadside units and smart vehicles with varying capabilities.  A backend connectivity solution that provides connectivity between the Internet and smart vehicles without requiring pervasive roadside infrastructure or large number of smart vehicles.  A security architecture that does not depend on pervasive roadside infrastructure or a fully connected V2V network and fulfills all the security requirements. v  Optimization solutions for placement of a limited number of RSUs within a given area to provide best possible service to smart vehicles. The optimal placement solutions cover both urban areas and highways environments

With recent advances in technology, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have grown in application. One of these areas of application is Vehicle Safety Communication (VSC) technology. VSC technology allows for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications that enhance vehicle safety and driving experience. However, these newly developing technologies bring with them a concern for the vehicular privacy of drivers. Vehicles already employ the use of pseudonyms, unique identifiers used with signal messages for a limited period of time, to prevent long term tracking. But can attackers still attack vehicular privacy even when vehicles employ a pseudonym change strategy? The major contribution of this paper is a new attack model that uses long-distance pseudonym changing and short-distance non-changing protocols to associate vehicles with their respective pseudonyms.

No description available.