The Howard Government has made public its agenda to significantly reform the Australian Public Service (APS). It has presented its vision for a highly efficient APS which is globally competitive by being customer focused, and by benchmarking best practice in organisation management. Outsourcing of a range of internal functions is but one of the strategies Commonwealth agency Chief Executive Officers are applying or considering to apply in achieving the Government's vision for a reformed APS. When examining functions to be outsourced within Commonwealth agencies it seems that many senior managers see benefits in outsourcing a range of corporate support functions. Such support functions, which are considered as potentially being undertaken by private sector vendors, generally include property management, financial management, payroll services, records management, human resource management (HRM) and human resource development (HRD). In view of the varying impacts different functions have on an organisation it would be rational to consider the implications of outsourcing each function separately. All functions are complex and have their own specific impacts on the organisation. In its own right HRD has a significant impact on an organisation in that it develops and trains employees, initiates and delivers a range of interventions to improve performance and brings about a desired corporate culture. The idea of outsourcing the HRD function presents an interesting topic for study. Recent APS reforms, which include outsourcing strategies, provide an opportunity to examine the practice of outsourcing the HRD function within selected Commonwealth agencies. Outsourcing the HRD function, within the Commonwealth context, raises two basic questions: · What factors need to be considered before deciding to outsource (or not outsource) the HRD function? · What factors do managers within selected Commonwealth agencies consider before arriving at a decision to outsource the HRD function? In essence this study seeks to review how HRD and outsourcing generally apply to the APS. It also critically examines the outsourcing of the HRD function in certain Commonwealth agencies, and the implication this could have for ongoing people and organisation development.

自一九八○年代起，公共行政倫理即成為美國學界與聯邦政府共同關心的議題；而我國也由於近年來公部門組織許多弊案接二連三的發生，使得公務倫理、行政中立以及肅貪的問題再次被提出討論。一般民眾對政府常是一方面充滿著批評；一方面卻又充滿著期待，不滿的是行政效率的不彰，公共資源的浪費以及官僚體制下的腐敗。但卻希望政府能藉由不斷的改革與變遷，而能提供令人滿意的公共服務(Public Service)。公共服務，廣義而言有四種意義：「第一種是公務制度，指公務員的選拔任務的規制與實施，即所謂的公務人事制度；第二種是當作政府員工，包含所有替公共部門工作的人也可以概稱為公務人員；第三種是當作一種概念、一種態度、一種責任甚至是一種公共道德的感覺；第四種是相對於民間服務，由政府單位所提供的服務或事務如衛生、教育、社會福利等。而若依Public Service的英文字面看它是公共服務，在我國可能指的是各單位櫃台的便民服務，也可能擴大為由政府所提供的各種服務的環保、衛生、戶政、稅捐等」。在不同的意義中，本論文將公共服務定義為「相對於民間服務，由政府單位所提供的服務或事務；並且是一種概念、一種態度、一種責任甚至是一種公共道德觀。」因此，公共服務倫理，在於強調公部門所提供的各項服務中公共道德的面向；而以倫理的角度觀之，公共服務的提供必須滿足倫理的原則，以責任、公平與公道為期許，將人民所託付的權力應用於公共服務事業的完善上，確保所有必要性的公共服務事項皆能公平地提供。我國正從威權政體轉型到民主政體，行政官僚民主化、責任行政、及行政政治中立等相關問題成為公共行政研究上的主要方向。另一方面，公共服務的新觀念也正不斷透過變遷與改革，試圖使行政改革更具有公共道德的特性。因此，本論文研究的目的有三：一、回顧過去公共服務倫理的研究，試圖找出倫理的共識及公務倫理的建立基礎。二、倡導由組織與個人方面的努力，建立起更具倫理特性的公共服務。三、理論與實踐上的調和，嘗試將倫理化為行動力，使公共服務成為一種責任與道德的實踐。

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2007. / Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 186 p. Includes bibliographical references.

<p>In the mid-1990’s, the global computer network known as the Internet was introduced in Sweden. With this study, we are shining a light on the entrance of Swedish Public Service media on the Internet. The two major Swedish Public Service companies Sveriges Television (“Swedish Television”, also called SVT) and Sveriges Radio (“Swedish Radio”, also called SR) are included in this study.</p><p>SR published its first website in 1994 and the site featured a presentation of the results from the Swedish parliament elections of that year. SVT published its first website in 1995, when the company wanted to find a way to develop the classic teletext.</p><p>The reason why we are studying these companies is that we wanted to find out why two publically funded companies decided to enter the new and relatively unknown Internet platform at a time when only three percent of the Swedish population had Internet access at home.</p><p>We have interviewed technicians and board members working for either SR or SVT at the time surrounding their entry on the Internet and we have also accessed board documents and other written information from the companies.</p><p>The study shows that both SR and SVT had an early presence on the Internet but without really investing. The respective boards were unsure about the usefulness of the new platform and the technicians were working without getting, according to themselves, enough time and money. The situation changed at the beginning of the 21^st century, after the timeframe of our study.</p>

<p>Treatment is both about the actual encounter and how individuals interact as well as the behaviour among the counterparts. Previous research shows that a person’s experience of how he/she is being treated is formed by conditions created by external factors, in literature known as the general view on treatment. The purpose of the study is to show how people with a physical disability experience the treatment from their Social Security Agency administrators. We have compared the empirical material with theories on treatment and power and analysed how this affect the interaction between the administrator and the disabled person. We have used qualitative interviews to collect the empirical material; in all we have conducted six semi-structural interviews. The result shows that the clients have experienced both positive and negative aspects of treatment, with emphasis on feelings of positive reception. The respondents have pointed out different strategies in order to take control of their own situation. Despite this, the Social Security Agency aadministrators always has the final say, i.e. the executive power. All respondents stress that the administrator must be a good listener, able to motivate them as well as humble during their encounter.</p><p> </p><p>Key words: street-level bureaucrat, disability, treatment and public sector</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Nyckelord: gräsrotsbyråkrat, funktionsnedsättning, bemötande, offentlig sektor</p>

<p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar tv-programmet Lilla Aktuellt som är ett nyhetsprogram för barn. Programmet sänds på Barnkanalen (SVT) och har tidigare sänts på SVT 1. Vi har gjort en jämförande kvantitativ innehållsanalys på sammanlagt sexton program, åtta program från oktober och åtta från november månad, år 1993 och år 2008. Vårt syfte är att belysa hur programmet förändrats sedan starten 1993.</p><p>Teoretiskt är vi inspirerade av Ingegerd Rydins bok <em>Barnens röster. Program för barn i Sveriges Radio och television 1925-1999</em> (2000), Ebba Sundins avhandling <em>Seriegubbar och terrorkrig, barn ochdagstidningar i ett förändrat medielandskap</em> (2004), Siri Amram och Cecilia Hedquists kandidatuppsats’’Stor jämställdhet i ett litet format – en kvantitativ och kvalitativ undersökning av Lilla Aktuellt utifrån ett genusperspektiv ’’(2007) samt generell teori om nyhetsvärdering och nyhetsurval. Studiens frågor är:</p><ul><li>Vilka ämnen rapporterar man om i Lilla Aktuellt?</li><li>Var utspelas nyheterna geografiskt?</li><li>Hur gestaltas inslagen?</li></ul><p>Resultatet visar att innehållet domineras av ”kultur och nöje” 1993 såväl som 2008. Ingen skillnad således. Nöjesprofilen är om möjligt mer markerad år 2008. Antalet underhållande nyheter har ökat sedan starten 1993. Inget inslag om miljö överhuvudtaget i Lilla Aktuellt som balans till den intensiva rapporteringen om klimathotet i de vanliga nyhetsprogrammen. Merparten av nyheterna har Sverige som ursprungsland. Inte heller här kan vi se någon förändring. Vår undersökning visar däremot att antalet nyheter från Europa 2008 är färre jämfört med 1993. Undersökningen visar också att könsfördelningen bland intervjupersoner var mer jämställd 1993 jämfört med samma period 2008.</p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate contents in the news in order to search for similarities between the two television news reports, Rapport and Nyheterna. The news features that I examined in my investigation were broadcast in April and May 2006.</p><p>SVT and TV4 are two Television channels both belonging to the analogue television network in Sweden, which means that they reach out to almost the whole country. Hence I thought it was interesting to investigate their reports on similar news.</p><p>The question:</p><p>- Which are the similarities and differences between how the two programmes describe their reporting on similar news?</p><p>When I put together the information from the two programmes in the schedule I based my analysis on the following questions: topic, place, length, type of reporting and per-sons/sources.</p><p>The method for this investigation is a quantitative content analysis. However, some part of the collection of information and description/interpretation of the material is qualita-tive.</p><p>Rapport and Nyheterna had an average of 15 similar news features per week, of which foreign news dominated. During the three weeks the investigation took place Rapport and Nyheterna had in total 46 similar news features. In addition to foreign news political and crime news dominated. The news broadcast at Channel 4 has more in common with Rapport rather than the other way round. Rapports consignments are in addition to this always longer compared to Nyheternas.</p> / <p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka de inslag som handlar om samma äm-ne/händelse i Rapport och Nyheterna. De nyhetssändningar jag använde i min undersök-ning sändes under april och maj 2006.</p><p>SVT och TV4 är tevekanaler som sänds via det analoga nätet i Sverige, vilket betyder att de når ut till nästintill hela Sverige. Jag tyckte det var intressant att undersöka hur rap-porteringen av lika ämnen/händelser ser ut.</p><p>Frågeställningen:</p><p>- Vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan de två programmens nyhetsrapportering av de gemensamma ämnena/händelserna?</p><p>I schemat som jag använde då jag sammanställde informationen från nyhetsprogrammen hade jag följande frågor till innehållet: ämne/händelse, placering, längd, typ av rapporte-ring och personer/källor.</p><p>För undersökningen valdes den kvantitativa metoden i form av en innehållsanalys. Men en del av insamlingen av material och beskrivningen/tolkningen av materialet är av kva-litativt slag.</p><p>Rapport och Nyheterna hade i genomsnitt 15 gemensamma händelser/ämnen per vecka, där utrikesnyheter dominerade. Under de tre veckorna som undersöktes hade Rapport och Nyheterna 46 gemensamma nyheter. Efter utrikesnyheter var politik och nyheter kring brott de som dominerade. Nyheterna i TV4 har mer gemensamt med SVT: s Rapport än tvärtom. Rapport har alltid längre sändningar än Nyheterna.</p>

<p>Journalists´ role in society has traditionally been of representative nature with a task to distribute news and scrutinize those in power. But technological changes have created a new publishing world outside the traditional media institutions. In today’s redactional society anyone can become a publisher in a blog or through other channels on online. This process can be seen as contributing to increased democratization giving everyone the opportunity to publish. However for those used to having monopoly on distributing news and scrutinizing society these changes are forcing journalists to adapt to a new competitive environment.</p><p> </p><p>There have been several previous studies of how this new digital milieu is affecting journalism from societal, organizational and news room perspectives. Little or no focus has been on how journalists themselves experience their changing professional status as a result of this new media world. Journalists employed by the public service broadcasters have got the most specified and explicitly expressed task with their responsibilities for contributing to a democratic society and an active citizenship, as stipulated by the government. How do these journalists deal with citizens now challenging the journalists´ previous well-guarded access to publishing?</p><p> </p><p>This essay examines the affect of these changes on journalists within two public service organizations in Sweden, asking journalists to reflect on the impact on their professional roles. The study is based on ten interviews with regional journalists employed by the Swedish public service radio and television corporations: Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Television. The analyze is based on theories on public service, professionalism and boundary maintenance.</p><p>The study shows that the interviewed journalists identify more strongly with being a part of a public service ethos than being a journalist as such. They value the relationship with the audience and express a wish for even more contact with listeners and viewers. At the same time they want to continue to keep the in-house control over the journalistic process where they are the producers of the content. It is clear that the journalists appreciate publishing initiative allowing the general public to ‘be journalists’ but they warn against mixing the citizen reports with journalism. Citizen contribution in terms of user generated content or citizen journalism, is considered as something to satisfy people’s “creativity and wish to express themselves” – not a valuable contribution to journalism.</p><p>Boundary maintenance mechanisms can be clearly observed among the journalists in an attempt to keep their journalistic authority and the arguments used refer to the “other´s” lack of credibility, accountability and impartiality. A similar role hierarchy can also be identified within the occupational group, where some characteristics and qualities are considered to contribute to a more “genuine” journalism than other. Nevertheless, a journalistic “us” always appears when boundaries are marked against what is looked on as non-journalism, for example user generated content and grass root journalism.</p>

<p>Even though the goals of Swedish disability-politics are equality, full participation and autonomy, people with disabilities almost every day encounter discrimination and oppression. This thesis deals with the question of the public service-medias role in this discrepancy between political rhetoric and practices. The study of mass media’s role is interesting considering its cultural impact and the importance of cultural values in all kinds of communication situations. The focus of the study is on Swedish public service-television and the aim is to investigate the role of SVT in the implementation of the political goals of disability-politics. To what extent do SVT promote these goals and to what extent do they counteract them? The study’s ambition is both descriptive and analytical. Theoretically the study takes as its point of departure a social constructionist perspective. The only reality we thus can get in contact with is one that, via our language, has passed through our former knowledge and experiences. Language is therefore the main object of study. Another theoretical point of departure is a normative view on the role of mass media in society. This approach is characterized by the assumption that mass media has a certain usefulness for society as a whole, which in itself is a central purpose for public service-media.</p><p>The study is based on data consisting of programme descriptions and video copies of programmes from the start of SVT in 1956 until 2 000. Altogether it represents more than </p><p>2 000 TV-programmes and over 40 000 broadcasting hours. Furthermore, the data consist of official political documents regarding media and disability matters. The data are approached from a discourse-analytical perspective and investigated in three studies. One of the data clusters was used to carry out a quantitative outline of SVT’s representations of disability. Another was used in an analysis of the socio-historical context and its changes over time and yet another was an analysis of the contents and narratives of the programmes.</p><p>The main conclusions are that disabled persons and programmes that deals with disability issues are, and has been, rare in SVT, not more than 1-2 hours per 1 000 broadcast hours. The amount is the same today as it was in 1956. Another conclusion is that even though it seems like SVT is trying to promote the goals of disability-politics the consequences appears to be that SVT instead counteract them. One reason might be that the dominating representation in SVT has been of disability and disabled persons as normal. But because of journalistic practices, the outcome becomes portrays of deviance and The Other. This solution, however, is too simplistic. There is also a problem with the political rhetoric. As long as political goals, formulated in terms of ideals, which by definition are impossible to achieve, there will always be a discrepancy between political rhetoric and practices. The final conclusion therefore, is that reflections need to be done and consciousness needs to be raised in order to discover the discrepancy and from that point, try to create a change. </p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Purpose/Aim: To study the effect competition from commercial-TV has had on public-service-TV in Sweden in terms of quality and diversity.</p><p>Material/Method: Literature study</p><p>Main results: The SVT Corporation continues to offer a wide range of quality programming. Its new digital-TV ventures also show clear characteristics of high ambitions in regards to quality and diversity. The company’s investment in light entertainment is not in conflict with its public service commitments. TV4 has shown a clear tendency to move towards a more commercial outline. Its programming shows a smaller diversity-profile and light entertainment has increased substantially. Its digital-TV ventures are also of lesser ambitions in regards to quality and diversity than those of SVT.</p><p>Keywords: Public Service, Media, Quality, Commercialisation, Diversity</p>