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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

公共服務倫理研究 / The Ethics of Public Service

張翠菱, Chang, Tsui Ling Unknown Date (has links)
自一九八○年代起,公共行政倫理即成為美國學界與聯邦政府共同關心的議題;而我國也由於近年來公部門組織許多弊案接二連三的發生,使得公務倫理、行政中立以及肅貪的問題再次被提出討論。一般民眾對政府常是一方面充滿著批評;一方面卻又充滿著期待,不滿的是行政效率的不彰,公共資源的浪費以及官僚體制下的腐敗。但卻希望政府能藉由不斷的改革與變遷,而能提供令人滿意的公共服務(Public Service)。公共服務,廣義而言有四種意義:「第一種是公務制度,指公務員的選拔任務的規制與實施,即所謂的公務人事制度;第二種是當作政府員工,包含所有替公共部門工作的人也可以概稱為公務人員;第三種是當作一種概念、一種態度、一種責任甚至是一種公共道德的感覺;第四種是相對於民間服務,由政府單位所提供的服務或事務如衛生、教育、社會福利等。而若依Public Service的英文字面看它是公共服務,在我國可能指的是各單位櫃台的便民服務,也可能擴大為由政府所提供的各種服務的環保、衛生、戶政、稅捐等」。在不同的意義中,本論文將公共服務定義為「相對於民間服務,由政府單位所提供的服務或事務;並且是一種概念、一種態度、一種責任甚至是一種公共道德觀。」因此,公共服務倫理,在於強調公部門所提供的各項服務中公共道德的面向;而以倫理的角度觀之,公共服務的提供必須滿足倫理的原則,以責任、公平與公道為期許,將人民所託付的權力應用於公共服務事業的完善上,確保所有必要性的公共服務事項皆能公平地提供。我國正從威權政體轉型到民主政體,行政官僚民主化、責任行政、及行政政治中立等相關問題成為公共行政研究上的主要方向。另一方面,公共服務的新觀念也正不斷透過變遷與改革,試圖使行政改革更具有公共道德的特性。因此,本論文研究的目的有三:一、回顧過去公共服務倫理的研究,試圖找出倫理的共識及公務倫理的建立基礎。二、倡導由組織與個人方面的努力,建立起更具倫理特性的公共服務。三、理論與實踐上的調和,嘗試將倫理化為行動力,使公共服務成為一種責任與道德的實踐。
2

依法行政與公共服務品質之權衡:以臺北市大安區戶政事務所為例 / Weighing factors of administration pursuant to law and public service quality:The Case Study of Daan Household Registration Office,Taipei City

洪旭良 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究最主要之目的乃探討依法行政要求在公務人員為民服務過程產生的影響與改善的策略。以臺北市大安區戶政事務所為個案,進行實證研究。本研究根據個案進行研究結果與分析討論後之發現,從認知、權衡原因、民眾之評價、影響及認知落差之情況及改善策略分別整理出其結論。 一、就「依法行政」與「公共服務品質」之認知: (一) 依法行政是人民與政府間共同認知的最小公約數 (二) 公共服務品質的認知已隨時代演變,而有所提升 二、「依法行政」與「公共服務品質」之間權衡因素: (一) 權衡因素以是否造成損害為優先考量。 (二) 是否具有裁量權是權衡關鍵。 (三) 在不可歸責事由的情況下,採取對民眾有利之公共服務。 三、專業程度與權宜方式會影響民眾對服務品質之評價:若戶政人員不知有其他法規之權宜方式,而令民眾感到專業性不足,民眾亦有可能給予不滿意之評價。 四、「依法行政」對「公共服務品質」之影響 從正面影響來看:(一)避免違法亂紀,穩定公共服務品質、(二)放心提供服務、(三)提供完整資訊,減少抱怨情緒、(四)創造雙贏。 從負面影響來看:(一)期望落差而產生質疑及不滿、(二)僵化與冷酷無情之誤解、(三)法令不合時宜或限制過多時,無法積極保障民眾利益、(四)法令多如牛毛,民眾難以完全瞭解法令所有規定。 五、「公共服務品質」落差因素與改善策略 (一)從民眾本身之因素來看,落差會因為:1.因不能辦理而情緒失控、2.無法提出法定證明文件、3.涉及其他機關申請案件的壓力因素,而受到影響。在改善策略上:政府亦應透過多種管道建立民眾尊重公務人員之觀念,增加公務人員投入的動機與熱忱。主動為民眾向上級機關請示或建議准許民眾之請求。 (二)從戶政機關之因素來看,落差會因為:政策因素、戶役政資訊系統設定因素而有影響。在改善策略上:透過教育訓練公務人員在溝通過程中,為民眾設法尋求可行之方式。 / The main purpose of the study is to explore influence and the improvement strategy generated by administration pursuant to law in the process of requesting public servants to serve citizens. This empirical research is conducted with Household Registration Office, Daan District, Taipei City as a case.After conducting a research and having an analysis discussion pursuant to a case, the study separately arranges conclusion from cognition, weighing reason, appraisal, influence and cognition drop of the common people and improvement strategy. 1. Cognition of “administration pursuant to law” and “public service quality”: (1) Administration pursuant to law is the maximum common divisor of common cognition between citizens and the government. (2) Cognition of public service quality has risen with times evolution. 2. Weighing factors of “administration pursuant to law” and “public service quality”: (1) The weighing factor takes whether to cause damage into prior consideration. (2) Discretion is critical to weighing. (3) Under circumstances of not attributable particulars of a matter, adopt public service beneficiary to the common people. 3. The professional extent and way of weighing will influence appraisal of the common people to service quality: If household registration personnel does not know weighing way of other regulations to as to make the common people feel insufficiency of profession, the common people may also give an unsatisfied appraisal. 4. Influence of “administration pursuant to law” and “public service quality”: In the view of positive influence: (1) avoid breach of law and disturbance to discipline to stabilize public service quality, (2) provide service at ease, (3) provide complete information to release complaint emotion, and (4) create a win-win situation. In the view of negative influence: (1) an expectant drop generates query and dissatisfaction, (2) misunderstanding of petrifaction and grim apathy, (3) an ordinance is out of date or has too many limits and is unable to aggressively secure benefit of the common people, (4) an ordinance is so many as the hairs on an ox that the common people have difficulty in completely understanding all the regulations of it. 5. Drop factor and improvement strategy of “public service quality”: (1) From factor of the common people per se, a drop is influenced by: 1. emotion out of control on account of inability to transact, 2. inability to present legal certification document, and 3. involvement in the pressure factor of applying for a case by other agencies. In an improvement strategy, the government shall establish the concept that the common people respect public servants via many kinds of channel to add to motivation and enthusiasm involved of public servants. Instruct automatically to a higher authority for the common people or suggest approving their request. (2) From the factor of household registration, a drop is influenced by a policy factor and setting of household registration information system. In an improvement strategy, public servants get to search for feasible ways for the common people in the process of communication via educational training.
3

民間組織管理給予公部門之啟示 -以保護性業務為例 / Lessons Drawn from the Management of Civilian Organzations for the Public Sector: A Case Study of Domestic Violence Prevention Service

徐意善, Hsu, Yi Shan Unknown Date (has links)
面對治理環境複雜,如何提升公共服務的效率與效能成為政府主要課題。本文以從事家庭暴力防治業務的公部門、非營利組織、社工師事務所為研究對象,比較不同組織的社工在公共服務動機、激勵因素、人力招募重點、組織管理方式上的不同,並檢視成員的工作滿足與服務產出,來對新公共管理主張的市場模式與新公共服務提倡的協力觀點進行驗證。 研究過程中,發現社工師事務所的存在是一複合概念,是新公共管理之下代理化(agencification)觀點的體現,也是新公共服務組織人本主義的管理概念。本文並未對其明確定義,只關注於「良好組織管理」的特徵。社工師事務由於其具備彈性、目標單一的結構特質,再加上推行的授能式管理讓成員在工作上有較正面的情緒,更可凝聚成員向心力。相較於政府天生結構缺陷帶來的層級節制溝通不易,本文以為:代理化組織的鬆綁、彈性,或許不是一蹴可及,但在組織管理方式上使用Y理論授能式的激勵觀點,強調以人為本的管理技術,由內而外漸進式實施,是政府可以學習的方向。 / When the government faces governance crisis, new public management (NPM) and new public service (NPS) try to use two different ways to cure government failure. NPM emphasizes market-oriented to cure bureaucracy, while NPS prefers inter-sector cooperation. This study compares three different kinds of organizations: government agency non-profit organization and social service agency and all of them offers services of domestic violence protection. By comparing these three organization staff members, this study not only helps us to assess whether NPM or NPS is better but also gives government some advice on human resource management . The study finds that the social service agency is practicing one of NPM’s concepts: agencification, which is a flexible way to provide public service and NPS’s concept “organizational humanism” as its management skill. This study will not simply define whether the social service agency belongs to the public sector or the private sector. It just tries to suggest something helpful to employees and organization’s efficiency. The study finds out social workers in the social service agency are more positive in their work attitude and have high commitment to their organization due to its empowerment management while other organizations’ staff members have more complaints. Thus, the study concludes that joining NPM’s concepts- deregulation, flexibility and theory Y would make a win-win game between staff and organization.
4

電子化政府公共服務評估之探討 / A Study on Assessing Public Services of e-Government

林純如, Lin, Chun Ju Unknown Date (has links)
電子化政府(e-Government)入口網站扮演的角色,在於提供使用者透過網路取得與利用政府資訊及服務的整合窗口;所謂公共服務(Public Services)則是政府提供一般民眾、企業或非營利組織的經常性施政作為。從文獻以及相關研究、評估報告中可以發現,公共服務確實為電子化政府建置發展的一個重要環節。本研究以資訊提供者的角度出發,著重於以公民為服務對象的公共服務,進行電子化政府公共服務之評估研究。 研究先以文獻探討與內容分析法,探究各國電子化政府公共服務的建置情形,包含電子化政府公共服務之分類以及重要公共服務項目,整理歸納出現代化國家針對公民提供的公共服務應該包含之21個類別,並透過分析的過程決定本研究欲評估的21項電子化政府公共服務。 本研究應用評估研究法,提出一套評估電子化政府基本公共服務項目之準則,包括21項基本公共服務之內涵以及各項服務透過線上實施的四個層次(資訊提供層次、單向互動層次、雙向互動層次與交易處理層次)之操作型定義,並考量評估需求設計了八個版本的電子化政府公共服務評估量表;繼之實際評估臺灣電子化政府入口網、臺北市政府網站、高雄市政府全球資訊網三個政府機關入口網站,驗證本研究建構的評估準則之可行性,同時檢視目前臺灣電子化政府提供公民公共服務之情形。實際使用評估量表發現,評估量表可以適切地使用於入口網站的評估,且評估者可以彈性調整權重;評估結果顯示,中央政府入口網站的整體表現較佳,臺北市與高雄市政府入口網站的表現尚可。 / Web portal of e-Government plays the role as providing terminal users an integrated gateway to access government information and services. Public services means routine policies delivered to general citizens, businesses, or non-profit organizations by the government. The aim of this study is to investigate the assessment of public services for citizens from the viewpoint of information providers. Literature review and content analysis are adopted in the study to make a thorough examination on the development of e-Government in different countries. The classification of important public services is surveyed in particular. 21 public services are identified as the core services in this study. A set of measures on assessing public services of e-Government is proposed by utilizing evaluation research method. We carefully define each public service and corresponding measure. The operational definitions of four-level interaction (information providing level, one-way interaction level, two-way interaction level, and transaction processing level) for each measure are also provided. In addition, 8 assessment forms are designed with considering the flexibility of assessment. In order to verify the feasibility of measures and the assessment forms, Taiwan central government portal, Taipei city government portal, and Kaoshiung city government portal are evaluated using the proposed measures and assessment forms. The results show that these assessment forms are appropriate for tasks of assessing e-Government portals. In addition, the assessors could flexibly adjust weights for measures. The overall performance of e-Government portals of Taiwan central government is better than that of Taipei city government and Kaoshiung city government, while the latter two perform fair.
5

新公共服務理論之探討-公共性與倫理之途徑

呂添富 Unknown Date (has links)
在2000年時,學者R.Denhardt提出了一個新的概念”新公共服務”,其介紹新公共服務的源起、其內涵要義、與學者們對其的了解與判讀,接著希望能以之來進行檢視,並且希望能夠進一步討論出新公共服務的未來發展,及瞭解其是否真能符合政府當前所面臨的危機與治理模式的需要與可行性。 此外將探討新公共管理與新公共服務兩者之間的共通性,並推衍出兩者所面臨到的問題_公共性。公共性的存廢與否都將會牽涉到公部門對於其所服務對象(不論是公民頭家或者是顧客消費者)的重視,並且筆者將會在本章中提出幾個重建公共性的方法或途徑。 然而經由兩者互相比較的過程中引導出“倫理”不僅是新公共服務理論,更是實為貫穿公部門治理的本質。因為不論公部門採行何種治理模式都需服膺其專業倫理,順從其內在責任與外部課責。並期望能夠經由一連串對於公共行政學相關理論中人性論的推衍,進而導引出新公共管理、新公共服務與公共性及倫理等相互的連結,並且將公共行政學視為一個「人」來加以探討,最後由信任觀點的途徑加以整合和強化,使整篇論文能夠加完善,此其一。經由論文的推論引用到企業倫理、信任觀點等使公司部門能夠在管理主義與社群主義的互動上能有更深的交流。
6

非營利組織參與文化創意產業之研究─以財團法人溫世仁文教基金會個案為例 / A reaserch on nonprofit organizations participation in culture and creative industries:a case study of sayling wen cultural & educational foundation.

何能裕 Unknown Date (has links)
在民主社會中,政府的公共服務,必須使符合必要條件的人皆能獲得其所需,但是政府的服務對象難以釐清導致無可避免的混淆,又因為排除的成本過高,使得一些不需要的人亦因而受惠,而應該受惠的人卻被排除在外。另外,政府服務講求普遍性,但是人民因收入、宗教、種族背景、教育等的差異性,產生不同的需求,所以服務勢必無法滿足每一個人,因而造成政府失靈。 非營利組織則具有自發性,能夠滿足被服務者不同的需求。政府將責任授與非營利組織,則在相同的支出下將有更多人受惠,總成本亦可降低。而且在人員配置上,非營利組織的成本亦較政府的人事支出成本節省。 當政府部門所提供的集體性消費財受到限制,而市場供應的產品亦不能滿足需求者時,則非營利組織無疑是一劑解決的良藥。有鑑於此,本文試圖以財團法人溫世仁文教基金會個案為例,探討非營利組織參與文化創意產業發展。藉由此第三部門的一平台協助,以文化創意產業為媒介,增加文創交流、展演平台及擴大行銷市場,期望能達到減輕政府公共服務及社會福利之負擔、且為第三部門提供更多服務領域、以及協助輔導社會弱勢文創團體提升競爭技能的三贏勝局。 / In democratic society, the public service of government has to fill the requirement of those people who fit the essential conditions. However, it is hard to recognize the object of public service, for those who deserves cares will be excluded from the specific area. Due to the diversity of salary, religion, races and education, government is incapable to satisfy everyone, which makes Government service doesn’t show the character of generality. Nonprofit organizations have spontaneity, which can satisfy diverse needs of consumers. The government grants nonprofit organizations the responsibility; therefore, there will be more and more people benefited in spite of the same expenditure, and the total costs will also be reduced. Furthermore, nonprofit organizations are more cost effective than the government in the expenditures of deploying staff. When the Collective Consumer Goods which Government provides has been limited, products that Market supply unable to meet the demand, Nonprofit Organizations undoubtly is the best solution to deal these problems. In view of this, this article attempts to argue how the nonprofit organizations participate in the culture and creative industries by viewing Sayling Wen Cultural & Educational Foundation case. Through the assistance of third sector as a platform, culture and creative industries as a medium, hope to increase the communication, expand the alleviate the burden of the public service, for the third sector to provide more services, and assisting counseling socially creative cultural vulnerable groups for living skills.
7

貝里斯公共服務之績效評定:評量方法檢測

康栢玲 Unknown Date (has links)
貝里斯公共服務之績效評定:評量方法檢測
8

編定工業區公共服務評價之研究

張端益, Chang, Duan-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
台灣工業用地供給體系下的編定工業區,不僅提供完整的土地、完善的公共設施、良好的生產環境、且提供各項優惠措施、並有服務中心進行工業區的管理維護,使編定工業區及廠商更具生產力及競爭力,不同於都市計畫工業區及購地自建的廠商,因此,編定工業區提供的各項服務對工業區內之廠商是具有價值或經濟效益的。然而編定工業區廠商承購或承租編定工業區土地或廠房之承購價格或承租價格,係由工業主管機關依據開發成本審定而成,屬於訂定價格而非市場交易價格,而依成本審定之價格亦未納入編定工業區提供給廠商服務的價值,使這些服務價值隱含在審定價格中無法反映出其效益,且無法從現有的審定價格及一般市場財貨的供需理論求出其價值或經濟效益,因此本研究藉由非市場評價方法推估出編定工業區公共服務的價值或經濟效益。 本研究分為五個部分,第一部份為理論基礎與文獻回顧,藉此瞭解非市場評價理論的發展及選取研究方法;第二部分為編定工業區公共服務的探討,瞭解編定工業區公共服務的發展歷程及服務內容,及個別工業區特性的差異性比較,以作為編定工業區公共服務的分類及後續變數選取的基礎;第三部分為問卷調查及分析,調查結果發現,公共服務願付價格會因廠商重視程度、滿意程度及廠商基本特性的差異而不同;第四部分為實證分析,實證結果發現,編定工業區公共服務願付價格以環保服務價值最高,平均願付價格為8,637元,其次為雜項服務,平均願付價格為6,625元,再其次為生產服務價值,平均願付價格為6,148元,而研發服務價值最低,平均願付價格為5,570元,顯示四類公共服務在廠商心目中的願付價格並不相同,各類公共服務價值之間存有差異性;第五部分依據前述研究結果做成本研究之結論及建議。 依據上述,本研究獲得兩部分結論:經由問卷調查及非市場評價方法之實證分析,驗證編定工業區公共服務對廠商具有價值,且發現各類公共服務價值間存有差異性。其次,透過多元迴歸模式校估結果發現,四個模式通過的顯著性變數量分別為:線性(18項)、雙對數(16項)、逆半對數(20項)、半對數(12項),顯著影響編定工業區公共服務之願付價格;另外,以各類公共服務之最適模式所通過的顯著性變數量,則有22項變數顯著影響編定工業區公共服務之願付價格,因此可驗證編定工業區公共服務願付價格,確實存在影響變數,且四類公共服務願付價格之影響變數存有差異性。而本研究針對未來編定工業區公共服務收費方面,根據研究結果提出以下幾點建議:1.編定工業區公共服務收費,應考慮廠商對公共服務之評價;2.收費標準不應僅考慮單一變數,應納入其他顯著影響變數;3.針對廠商問卷調查結果,進行編定工業區公共服務的改善;4.針對廠商願意付費之項目,調整或增設公共服務項目;5.編定工業區公共服務之提供可採取不同方式,如市場化或公私合作,提高廠商對公共服務的付費意願及改善工業區公共服務的內容及服務水準。
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國會聯絡推動策略之研究:新公共服務研究途徑 / A Study for Impetus of Strategy by Congressional Liaison:New Public Service Approach

方志雄 Unknown Date (has links)
立法院由立法委員所組成,依據憲法之規範,負責審議行政機關函送之議案,而行政機關為增進雙方互動,順暢相關法案、預算案之審議,設有國會聯絡人負責前揭事項之推動與協調,以期完成政策合法化之作業。因各部會業務迥異,國會動態變化莫測,導致國會聯絡工作困難度增加,故如何尋求良方,提升政策合法化之成效,並促進國會聯絡工作經驗之累積與傳承,實為本研究關注之焦點。   2000年Denhardt氏提出新公共服務之概念,適逢我國首次完成政黨輪替,在意識形態掛帥、政黨情勢緊繃、行政立法互動不佳之情況下,可否藉由新公共服務所倡導之信任合作、公共利益、服務、共享等核心價值,來改善行政立法之互動關係,及促進國會聯絡工作與推動策略之進行,實值得進行探討,故本研究乃以新公共服務之面向切入,期能建構出具體之國會聯絡工作推動策略。   本研究以深度訪談及參與觀察等質化研究方法,蒐集多位立法委員、資深國會助理、資深議事人員、資深國會聯絡主管及人員之寶貴意見,並經由內容分析法進行資料分析,發現新公共服務所倡導的信任合作、公共利益、服務、共享等理念,確能增進行政機關首長、國會聯絡人與立法委員、國會助理間之互信、互動,也能凝聚為民服務之共識,在維護公共利益之前提下,共同完成政策合法化的目標。   最後,本研究呼籲應建立新公共服務之國會聯絡工作、掌握化解法案及預算案之負面因素,並對機關首長、業務單位、國會聯絡人及議事運作等方面,提出順暢國會聯絡之具體建議;期能拋磚引玉,與行政機關國會聯絡先進相互討論,並提供新進人員之參考運用。 / The Legislative Yuan is composed of legislators, and according to the stipulations of constitution the legislature will deliberate the bills submitted to it by the executive branch. In order to facilitate mutual interaction, speed up review of relevant drafts, deliberation of appropriation bill, congressional liaison personnel is established at the executive branch and they will be responsible for the facilitation and coordination of the above-mentioned issues so as to complete the operation of policy legitimation. Since the business of every department varies and trends of development at the congress fluctuate, it has led to further difficulty for congressional liaison. Therefore, it is the crux of this study as what resolution can be achieved to enhance the efficiency of policy legitimation as well as facilitate the accumulation and pass-over of liaison work in the congress.   In year 2000, Robert Denhardt and Janet Denhardt put forth the concept of the new public service, and then it happened to be the time of the first rotation of political party in our country. Nonetheless, under the context of ideology that commands all, tensed relationship between parties, unfavorable interaction between the legislative and the executive branch it is wondered that if such core values as trust, cooperation, public interest, service, and sharing proposed by the new public service can be exploited to improve the interactive relationship between the legislative and executive as well as to facilitate congressional liaison work and impetus of strategy. It is, indeed, a task that deserves much investigation, and it is why this study has attempted to cut into the investigation from the aspect of the new public service, and hope to construe substantial impetus strategy for congressional liaison work.   This study would employ qualitative research methods as in-depth interview and participant-as-observation to collect precious opinions from several legislators, senior congress’ assistant, senior session staff, and senior congressional liaison head and personnel. Then, content analysis method is used to conduct information analysis, and it is found that ideas as trust, cooperation, public interest, service, and sharing proposed by the new public service can enhancing the interaction and mutual trust among heads of executive branch, congressional liaison personnel, legislator, congress’ assistant as well as coalesce the consensus to render service to the mass. Therefore, the objective to jointly furnish policy legitimation can be done under the pretext to maintain and preserve public interest.   At length, this study calls upon the establishment of congressional liaison work for the new public service so as to master and resolve those negative factors for legislation draft and budget bill, and put forth substantial suggestions that can help smoothen congressional liaison with regard to department head, business branch, congressional liaison personnel, and session operation. It would hope that it can turn itself as pioneer in this regard to solicit further opinions and advices so as conduct mutual discussions with those seniors, and the results of which can be cited as reference for novice of the congressional liaison.
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臺灣地區中高齡失業問題之探討

杜娟 Unknown Date (has links)
我國自1996年失業率突破2%後不斷上升,2002年高達5.17%,其後雖逐漸下降,2007年仍達3.91%,平均失業人數超逾41萬餘人。 本研究係運用描述性統計,採取文獻分析法、次級資料分析法及訪談法,分析臺灣地區中高齡者的勞動情勢、彙整2001年至2007年政府對中高齡失業者施行的主要促進就業措施,並以其中之就業保險法及公共服務擴大就業計畫,探討其可改進之處。 研究發現,中高齡失業特徵如下:失業期間比其他年齡層長,再就業困難,極易永久退出勞動市場;男性失業率比女性高、失業期間比女性長;教育程度愈高,失業期間愈久,學歷在國中以下,失業期間最短;45至64歲,大學以上與不識字者,失業率低於高中、高職、國中以下者;65歲以上,大學及以上者失業率最高,國中程度失業率最低。 針對中高齡失業人口,就業保險法及公共服務擴大就業計畫,僅提供短期經濟協助,並未積極實施職業訓練與就業輔導。 建議政府應加強宣導就業保險法令常識、擴大該法適用範圍、修正失業給付領取條件、整合中央機關職業訓練與就業服務行政體系、強化職業訓練內容與就業服務機構媒合能力、促進就業方案應積極開發民間工作機會。

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