This thesis investigates the public sector in Latvia and the research question is “what is the nature of transition of Human Resource Management ideologies and paradigms against the backdrop of larger scale dynamic development in Latvia?” The interest within this research is that of the contextual paradigmatic view of Human Resource Management (HRM) (Brewster et al., 2010; Brewster, 1999; Moreley, 2004) exploring the contextual factors, or surrounding antecedents of HRM (Brewster, et al., 2010). The research is a case study of the public sector within the State of Latvia for what became a journey through the complex history of this country revealing a state with a varied and dramatic past which has been subject to various invasions, occupations and subjected to the control and command society of the Soviet Union for a considerable number of years. The journey from Soviet control of the politically motivated ‘cadre’ system into independence has provided a rich source of research exploring how human resource management (HRM) has developed within the public sector. This was investigated as a case study since it is a ‘constant’ in relation to changes and a good indicator of attitudes to management from a national perspective. As well as past ‘models’ or attitudes to HRM from a Soviet perspective, various models of HRM have been explored and discussed, particularly in relation to the universalistic nature of Westernised typologies. The concept of a European model has been considered and discussed with consideration of various ‘clusters’ of practices which take into account cultural aspects, in particular national culture, as an important element within the study. Overarching this is the growing interest in convergence or divergence of HRM as the Central Eastern European states have developed post-independence (Brewster, 2004). The mixed methods approach used is firmly place within the qualitative field or phenomenological approach and explores aspects such as behaviour, perspectives, experiences and feelings (Atkinson et al., 2001; Marshall and Rossman, 2006). The research utilises grounded theory building (Glaser and Straus, 1967; Charmaz, 2014; Bryant and Charmaz, 2007; Strauss and Corbin, 1997; Glaser, 2002)) combining multiple data collection methods taking a pragmatic approach to research. The level of analysis explores the macro, meso and micro level environments of the Latvian public sector. The macro-level concerns interactions between state and society from a broad perspective, fundamentally this is the level where decision-making takes place, the meso-level explores individual ‘behaviours’ embedded in every day social practices shaped or constrained by material and infrastructural contexts and the micro-level of individual behaviour and action). Exploratory research has considered historical accounts along with what was sparse research within the area. A Soviet perspective was considered for the period immediately preceding independence. Elite interviews were carried out followed by a survey questionnaire. The opportunity to enter the organisation and undertake observations was thwarted by a change of government and therefore ‘access’ afforded to the researcher. The findings are integrated throughout this work as is the nature of grounded theory building, and given the paucity of research has become part of a wider social study of a system finding its identity through difficult times. The results and analysis takes into account not only elite interviews and the survey questionnaire but also background historical research. The result is a fertile breeding ground for investigation which offers many avenues for further research. Various questions for future research are raised within the thesis and remain an interest of the researcher to take forward.

Around 2.5 million utility works (street works) occurred in England in 2016 with a construction cost of approximately £2 billion. Comparative figures for highway works (road works) are not readily available, but are expected to be similarly significant. Unsurprisingly, the volume of road works and street works (RWSW) activity in urban areas is considered to have a negative impact on the road network causing disruption and premature deterioration, blighting the street scene, damaging local business trade, and significantly increasing social, economic and environmental costs. Indeed the social costs of street works alone are estimated to be around £5.1 billion annually. Despite the economic significance of highway infrastructure, the subject of road works and street works management is under-researched, with greater research emphasis on technology-based, as opposed to policy-based management approaches. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of managing the business process of RWSW. Due to limited academic literature in the subject domain, earlier research focused on identifying the industry actors, their motivations, as well as drivers and barriers to RWSW management. Semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders highlighted the industry s complexity and revealed that several issues contributed to ineffective RWSW management. Principal problems included Street Authorities (SA) failing to take enough ownership of the RWSW coordination process, highway legislation not encouraging joint working due to inherent challenges arising from reinstatement guarantees, and entrenched attitudes and adversarial practices in the construction industry encouraging silo working. The Derby Permit Scheme (legislative tool) was intended to improve RWSW management through giving SAs greater control of highway works. Accordingly, RWSW activity was tested through a statistical time series intervention analysis to separately examine the impacts of the Highway Authority (HA) led works and utility industry led works over 6.5 years. The Permit Scheme was found to reduce utility works durations by around 5.4%; equivalent to 727 days, saving between £2.1 - £7.4 million in construction and societal costs annually. Conversely, the Permit Scheme did not noticeable reduce the HA led works. Instead, the introduction of a works order management system (WOMS) to automate some of the back office road works process was found to reduce works durations by 34%; equivalent to 6519 days and saving between £8.3 - £48.3m per annum. This case study highlighted that more considered practices were required by the HA to reduce RWSW. The stakeholder study and the automated WOMS technology found that well-managed business processes tended to lead to better executed highway works on-site. Informed by these experiences, the sponsor was keen to re-engineer its internal business processes. Business process mapping was adopted to identify inefficient practices and improved coordinated working opportunities on three key internal teams involved in the road works process. Findings revealed that silo working was inherent and that processes were built around fragmented and outdated Information Technology (IT) systems, creating inefficiencies. A subsequent validation exercise found that certain practices, such as restricted data access and hierarchal management styles were culturally embedded and also common across other local authorities. Peer reviewed recommendations to improve working practices were made, such as adopting an integrated Highways Management IT system, vertical integration between the customer relationship management IT system and the Highways IT systems, and the provision of regulatory training. In conclusion, based on the finding of this study, a generic logic map was created with potential to transfer the learning to other local authorities and for their use when evaluating road works administrative processes.

An increase in societal challenges is creating more pressure for the public service to meet the needs of its citizens and from the society in general. The greatest challenges that Piteå kommun face are the ageing population and the need of competence provision. This essay aims to examine how Piteå kommun utilizes social innovation. The empiric material has been collected through a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with key figures in Piteå kommun who are well versed in the use of social innovation. The theoretical framework, from which the analysis is based on, is based on Murray, Caulier-Grice och Mulgan’s (2010) theory of the social innovation process. The main results show that the informants share aconsistent view of what an innovation friendly climate should consist of, but how to get there is blurry and difficult to put in to words. The result also show that a politically governed organization faces a challenge when it comes to long-term efforts of social innovation since systematic change is dependent of a stable innovation process to get substantial effect. Among the informants, and in earlier research, social innovation is attributed a wide meaning which can either leads to boosted creativity and ideas or create uncertainty and a disinclination to make use of social innovation in different workplaces since the term seems unfamiliar. Suggestions for further research is examining and comparison of the utilization of social innovation in other municipalities. Another area that can be researched further is how the social innovation process is featured in the nonprofit sector and the private sector, which can lead to insights in how the sectors can collaborate between each other more easily. / De ökade samhällsutmaningarna ställer större krav på offentlig sektor att möta medborgarnas och samhällets behov. De största utmaningarna som Piteå kommun står inför är den åldrande befolkningen och behovet av kompetensförsörjning. Den här uppsatsen har som syfte att undersöka arbetet med social innovation i Piteå kommun. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med nyckelpersoner inom Piteå kommun som har insyn i innovationsarbetet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten som utgör grund för analysenär Murray, Caulier-Grice och Mulgans (2010) teori om den sociala innovationsprocessen. De huvudsakliga resultaten visar att informanterna delar en överensstämmande bild över vad ett innovationsvänligt klimat bör innehålla, men att vägen dit är diffus och svårt att beskriva.Resultatet visar även att en politiskt styrd organisation har en utmaning då det gäller att satsa långsiktigt på social innovation, då systematiska förändringar är beroende av en stabil innovationsprocess för att få reell effekt. Bland informanterna och i tidigare forskning finns det en bred tolkning av termen social innovation, vilket antingen kan sporra kreativitet och idérikedom eller skapa osäkerhet och ovilja att jobba med social innovation i olika verksamheter då begreppet är främmande. Förslag till vidare forskning är undersökning och jämförelse av andra kommuners arbete med social innovation för att analysera hur den sociala innovationsprocessen ser ut i andra kommuners organisationer. Ett annat område som kan undersökas ytterligare är hur den sociala innovationsprocessen ser ut i idéburen sektor och privata sektorn, för att på så sätt lättare kunna se vilka samverkansmöjligheter som finns mellan sektorerna.

Submitted by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2018-02-27T17:41:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CÂMARA, Mauro Araújo_Gestão do conhecimento tácito.pdf: 3206684 bytes, checksum: 1ff9993126fae431d7003490cf5a6b9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2018-02-27T17:41:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CÂMARA, Mauro Araújo_Gestão do conhecimento tácito.pdf: 3206684 bytes, checksum: 1ff9993126fae431d7003490cf5a6b9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T17:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CÂMARA, Mauro Araújo_Gestão do conhecimento tácito.pdf: 3206684 bytes, checksum: 1ff9993126fae431d7003490cf5a6b9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Fundação João Pinheiro / Esta tese teve como objetivo investigar a importância da expertise no contexto de uma organização pública de pesquisa e ensino. Dada a carência de aprofundamento dos estudos sobre conhecimento tácito quando se trata de gestão do conhecimento no campo da Ciência da Informação, propôs-se um estudo para preencher tal lacuna. A literatura da área ilumina as iniciativas que tornam o conhecimento estruturado, explicitado, transformado em algum objeto ou dispositivo, configurando-se uma gestão do conhecimento reificado. A gestão do conhecimento pode ir além, principalmente quando se pretende preservar a expertise desenvolvida em alguma forma de vida pelos trabalhadores. Utilizando-se dos fundamentos da gestão do conhecimento tácito e dos elementos que emergem no seu entorno como percepção, julgamento e imersão, esta pesquisa procurou identificar a existência de habilidades tácitas em uma tarefa estruturada. Para isto, o estudo foi desenvolvido em uma organização pública de pesquisa e ensino de Minas Gerais. A parte empírica se deu por meio da análise de 96 questionários respondidos pelos servidores da área finalística e 08 entrevistas em profundidade com os servidores do grupo de contas regionais, bem como pela análise da tarefa de calcular o PIB trimestral do estado de Minas Gerais, procurando responder ao questionamento: por que esta tarefa não pode ser realizada somente por meio de computadores? Considerando ser esta uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, ela se utilizou dos fundamentos da metodologia da Grounded Theory e do objeto teórico do Curso da Ação. A técnica adotada foi a análise da atividade dos servidores em ação, que consiste no acompanhamento, observação e entrevistas recursivas de autoconfrontação. Por meio desta técnica foi possível identificar habilidades tácitas que interferem na realização da tarefa. Com os resultados alcançados, concluiu-se que, além de não ser possível realizar a tarefa de forma totalmente automatizada, é possível trazer à consciência dos executores as habilidades tácitas que possuem para que possam ser preservadas na organização por meio da aprendizagem focalizada. Concluiu-se também, que é viável a implementação da gestão do conhecimento tácito em organização pública de pesquisa e ensino com vistas ao desenvolvimento de tais habilidades pelos servidores menos experientes, abrindo um vasto campo a ser explorado pela Ciência da Informação. / This thesis aimed at investigating the importance of expertise in the context of a research and education public organization. Due to the lack of deepened studies on tacit knowledge when it comes to Knowledge Management in the field of Information Science, a study was proposed to fill this gap. The literature of the area illuminates the initiatives that make knowledge structured, explicit, transformed into some object or device, turning itself into or becoming a reified knowledge management. Knowledge Management can go further, especially when it is intended to preserve the expertise developed in some form of life by workers. Using the fundamentals of the tacit knowledge management and the elements that emerge in its surroundings as perception, judgment and immersion, this research sought to identify the existence of tacit abilities in a structured task. The study was developed in a public organization of research and education of Minas Gerais. The empirical part was done through the analysis of 96 questionnaires answered by servants and 08 in-depth interviews with regional accounts group servers as well as the analysis of the task of calculating the quarterly GDP of the state of Minas Gerais, trying to answer the question: why cannot this task be done by just using computers? Considering that this is a qualitative exploratory research, the Grounded Theory methodology and the theoretical object of the Course of Action were used. The technique adopted was the analysis of the activity of the employees‟ proceedings in action, which consists of monitoring, observing and conducting recursive self-confrontation interviews. By this technique it was possible to identify tacit abilities that interfere in the accomplishment of the task. With the results achieved, it was concluded that, besides not being possible to perform the task totally in an automated way, it is feasible to bring the tacit abilities the executors possess to their consciousness so that these can be preserved in the organization through focused learning. It was also concluded that it is feasible to implement the tacit knowledge management in a public organization of research and education so as to develop such skills by less experienced servers, opening a vast field to be explored by Information Science. / Governo e Política

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze how fairness and its´ components; the distributive, procedural and interactional influence job satisfaction in the Swedish Public Sector. Our examination places were nursing homes in two Mid-Swedish towns of Gävle and Tierp.  Method: The study is based on ten qualitative interviews with employees in the nursing homes within the Swedish Public Sector. We used a deductive study approach where we let the participants express themselves at the same time having specific questions derived from theory about fair HRM developed by Bowen, Gilliland and Folger (1999). We analyzed the answers question by question in order to reach to a conclusion and achieve the aim of the study. The data is reported through written text, tables, graphs and findings and implications.  Result & Conclusions: We obtained the following: that there are rules and procedures as well as communications that need to be improved, likewise the gender equality and stand-ins´ possibility to influence. The service quality and delivery is not compromised where the employees experience emotional rewards by final customers. Following issues need to be highlighted; the issue of gender equality, rules and procedures and communications.  Suggestions for future research: A study where a quantitative technique can be used to consider the direct impact between fairness and job satisfaction to check the results of qualitative study and generalize. Further research could also include the impact gender has in predominantly men or women- sectors on perceived fairness and job satisfaction as well as the views of stand-ins on topics as fairness and job satisfaction in public sectors.  Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to theoretical knowledge development about the notions of fairness and job satisfaction within the Swedish Public Sector. The topics of interest that we recommend managers to improve are: gender equality, rules and procedures and communications at the same time as that the entry- and working conditions should be made better and easier in order to attract younger workforce into the sector.

To ascertain the purpose and value of audit in the public-sector corporations, this study was done to explore the needs and perception of audit value likewise to analyse the perception of stakeholders like auditees and the society on the value of the audit conducted by the external auditors in Liberia. A qualitative method was used to collect and analyse the empirical data used in this study. The findings of this study have proven that the need of audit in the public-sector corporations is for accountability and transparency but mainly for legitimacy as government must work along with other stakeholders like public entities to respond to the needs of its citizen. Furthermore, this studying has proven that, indeed audit can add value in the public sectors. In Liberia, the audit conducted by GAC is of great value to all stakeholder as auditors are identifying and reporting on the exact performance of the resource allocation and program implemented in the public corporations.

A gestão assumiu grande relevância na atualidade, ultrapassando tanto seu universo de origem, a empresa, quanto o campo científico, responsável pela sua consolidação enquanto corpo objetivo de conhecimento, passando a fazer parte da teia de significados culturais (GEERTZ, 2008) da sociedade contemporânea. Desse modo, o setor público que, em geral, se insere na lógica da burocracia weberiana, vem sendo invadido nas últimas décadas pelas práticas gerencialistas oriundas do setor privado, como conseqüência do boom do management no século XX. No Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (MP-RS) esse cenário não é diferente, sendo que, na última década, passou a adotar diferentes programas de gestão com vistas a compatibilizar seu crescimento institucional no pós-constituinte com uma maior eficiência, eficácia e efetividade no exercício de suas funções. Ademais, os membros da instituição – Procuradores e Promotores de Justiça – além de suas atribuições habituais na execução das atividades-fim, passaram a exercer, cada vez mais, funções de gestão. Sendo assim, o presente estudo versa sobre a construção de representações sociais no âmbito do MP-RS, mais especificamente àquelas relacionadas à gestão, e que se incorporam aos discursos e práticas gerenciais dos seus membros-coordenadores. Neste sentido, busca elucidar elementos simbólicos atinentes à ação gerencial no contexto estudado, bem como relacioná-los com representações circulantes na sociedade, que cada vez mais assume valores da lógica gestionária oriunda do mundo empresarial (GAULEJAC, 2007). Para tanto, a pesquisa seguiu uma orientação qualitativa, adotando-se o estudo de caso como estratégia, e as técnicas da pesquisa documental, entrevistas, observação simples e participante para a coleta de dados, o que permitiu a identificação das noções de gestão formalmente difundidas na instituição, bem como suas significações nas representações sociais dos membros-coordenadores do MP-RS. Os resultados apontam que tanto as noções difundidas como as significações dos membros-coordenadores sobre a gestão são variadas. Todavia, no geral, reforçam a idéia da gestão como um conjunto de técnicas de aplicabilidade universal, cuja utilização encontra-se em um estágio mais avançado no setor privado, se comparado ao setor público, tornando-se, dessa forma, o modelo a ser seguido. Quanto às representações sociais, identifica-se que estas são influenciadas pelas noções difundidas, mas também se constituem como mecanismos de ancoragem dos novos conhecimentos e de proteção das identidades profissionais dos membros-coordenadores. Estas representações circulantes refletem aspectos da cultura brasileira e da sociedade gestionária, os quais se combinam com características da cultura organizacional do MP-RS. / Management has assumed great relevance nowadays, surpassing its origin, the enterprise, and the scientific field, responsible for its consolidation as objective knowledge body, starting to take part in the cultural signification net (GEERTZ, 2008) of the contemporaneous society. Therefore, the public sector, which is, in general, inserted in Weber‘s bureaucracy logic, has been invaded in the last decades by the managerial practices originated in the private sector, as a consequence of the management boom of the 20th Century. In Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (MP-RS) this scenario is not different, meaning that in the last decade it has started to adopt different management programs with aims to adjust its institutional growth of the post-constitutional period with higher efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness in the exercise of its functions. Moreover, the members of the institution – Public Prosecutors – beside their daily attributions in the execution of the main activities, started to develop, more and more, the management functions. Therefore, the present study is about the construction of the social representations in the ambit of MP-RS, more specifically those related to the management, and that are incorporated to the discourses and managerial practices of their coordinators-members. In this sense, it seeks to elucidate the symbolic elements attained to the managerial action in the studied context, as well as relate them to the circulating representation in the society, which is assuming more and more values of the managerial logic of the entrepreneurial world (GAULEJAC, 2007). Then, the research followed a qualitative orientation, adopting the study case as a strategy, and the document research, interview, simple and participating observation to the data collection as technique, which permitted the identification of the managerial concepts that are formally spread in the institution, as well as their signification in the social representation of the coordinators-members of MP-RS. The results point out that both the concepts and the signification of the coordinators-members about the management are varied. However, in general, they strengthen the management idea of a body of techniques of universal applicability, whose use is found in a more advanced degree in the private sector when compared to the public one, being considered, in this way, the model to follow. As to the social representation, we identify that they are influenced by the widespread notions, but they are also constituted as anchorage mechanisms of the new knowledge and of professional identity protection of the coordinator-members. These circulating representations reflect aspects of the Brazilian culture and the managerial society, which are combined with characteristics of the organizational culture of MP-RS.

São inúmeras as alternativas profissionais existentes para os jovens nos dias de hoje, e realizar concurso para bancos públicos é apenas mais uma dentre elas. Neste estudo propõe-se elaborar um panorama sobre as perspectivas de jovens empregados em dois bancos públicos federais, atuando na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Partiu-se de uma abordagem sobre Setor Público, Carreira, Identificação com a Organização, Mercado de Trabalho e Jovem para responder à questão: Quais as razões que levam jovens a buscarem emprego em bancos públicos e suas perspectivas de carreira nesta instituição? Para tanto, foram entrevistados 31 empregados utilizando um roteiro semi-estruturado. Para a análise das entrevistas foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que eles pouco conhecem as empresas e o trabalho que será desenvolvido antes de prestarem o concurso. São levados a elas em busca de estabilidade, salário e outros benefícios, assim como por influencia da família e de pessoas próximas. Estabilidade e segurança acompanham as falas dos entrevistados quando citam suas perspectivas de trabalho dentro dessas organizações. Entendem que sua carreira dentro das instituições depende principalmente de seu próprio esforço e identificam possibilidades de crescimento profissional, apesar de nem sempre terem clareza sobre o que é necessário para este avanço. A decepção com o lado comercial dos bancos foi recorrente. Aspectos de identificação com a instituição estão presentes nas respostas, mas não parece suficiente para que pensem em permanecer nesses bancos por toda sua vida profissional. A grande maioria deles planeja seguir outros caminhos no futuro, sempre buscando estabilidade e segurança, além de maiores ganhos financeiros. Apesar disso, muitos admitem que pouco ou nada fazem para buscar outras colocações e raros dizem buscar a sua auto-realização. / Young adults have multiple professional paths to choose from, public banks being just one of them. Drawing from theories on public sector, career, identification with organization, job market and young adults, this study develops an overview of the perspectives of young employees in two federal banks located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. To develop this overview, 31 employees were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire, and responses were analyzed though content analysis. It was found that these young workers, prior to being hired, know very little about the companies and the jobs they will perform. Their main reasons to work for these banks are utilitarian benefits – e.g., stability and salary – and their main influences are family and friends. They also emphasize stability and job security when talking about professional perspectives in these banks. They believe that their careers within institutions depend primarily on their own efforts and they envision possibilities of professional growth, although they may not be clear on what is needed to achieve this growth. Their disappointment with the commercial aspect of banks is very salient. Their answers point out elements of identification with the institution, but this identification does not suffice to guarantee their unconditional institutional loyalty. The vast majority of these young workers plan to move to other career paths in the future in search of stability, job security, and greater financial gains. Nevertheless, many of them admit doing very little to actually pursue these paths. Very seldom do they mention professional self-realization as an important element in their decisions.

O serviço público passa por um período de reinvenção e mudança em busca dos valores da Nova Gestão pública baseados na aproximação com as demandas da sociedade e incentivo a um ambiente aberto, transparente e inovador. Em consonância, o servidor público se posiciona cada vez mais de maneira ativa e consciente do seu papel, disposto a participar de um desafio aberto, diferente do imposto por um ambiente burocratizado e desumanizado. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa apoiou-se em um estudo de caso que se utilizou de uma observação participante permeada por um estudo teórico dos saberes necessários para entendela e pesquisá-la, envolvendo os conceitos de: inovação no setor público, intelectual orgânico e comunidades virtuais de prática. Para isso, foram acompanhadas e analisadas durante dois anos as interações da comunidade virtual de prática do Núcleo de Gestão Ambiental Integrada da reitoria do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense que se utilizou do e-mail e do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem Moodle para desenvolver práticas no setor público Nesse contexto, a pesquisa sobre a realidade prática durante o período foi permeada pelo estudo teórico que identificou a postura do servidor público como intelectual orgânico, agente da mudança, aberto para a aprendizagem e inovador que se utiliza das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação atuando em comunidade virtuais de prática. Ao final, a pesquisa delimitou um quadro teórico para identificar, caracterizar e posteriormente auxiliar na organização, condução e análise de experiências com comunidades virtuais de prática como ambiente de inovação no serviço público visando o desenvolvimento da postura de intelectual orgânico. / The public service is undergoing a period of invention and changes in search of the New Public Management values-based approach to the demands of society, and encourage an open, transparent and innovative environment. Accordingly, the civil servant positions itself increasingly active and conscious of its role, willing to participate in an open challenge, other than imposed by a bureaucratic and dehumanized environment. In this context, this research was based on a case study that was used a participating observation permeated by a theoretical study of knowledge required to understand it and research it, involving the concepts of innovation in the public sector, organic intellectual and virtual communities of practice. For this, they were monitored and analyzed for two years the interactions of virtual community of practice of the Núcleo de Gestão Integrada of the rectory of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense which used e-mail and virtual learning environment Moodle for to develop practices in the public sector In this context, the research on the practical reality during the period was permeated by theoretical study that identified the attitude of civil servants as organic intellectual, change agent, open to learning and innovator who uses of Information and Communication Technologies when working in virtual communities of practice. At the end, the survey identified a theoretical framework for identifying, characterizing and subsequently assist in the organization, conduct and analysis of experiences with virtual communities of practice and innovation environment in the public service for the development of the organic intellectual’s posture.

L’évaluation des performances individuelles est une pratique managériale qui s’est largement diffusée ces dernières années et qui tend à se généraliser dans le secteur public. Paradoxalement, elle est aussi l’une des pratiques de GRH les plus contestées. L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre pourquoi malgré les critiques, certaines entreprises notamment les entreprises du secteur public au Cameroun ont adopté un système formel d’évaluation des performances individuelles et les formes que prennent les pratiques d'évaluation à l’intérieur de ces entreprises. Pour cela, nous avons mené une étude qualitative basée sur des études de cas et une étude quantitative à l'aide d'un questionnaire administré auprès de 200 salariés dans 10 entreprises du secteur public au Cameroun. Les résultats de l'étude montrent qu’un système formel d'évaluation des performances individuelles est adopté parce que les entreprises sont motivées par un réel souci de performance en particulier le souci d'améliorer la qualité des produits ou des services, la GRH et la productivité des salariés. Mais au-delà de cette logique de performance, il y'a aussi une quête de légitimité se traduisant par la conformité aux pressions exercées par le gouvernement, la professionnalisation des managers et l'effet de mode ou imitation. Cette quête de légitimité ayant conduit les entreprises publiques à adopter un modèle d’évaluation classique et convergent, dérivé du secteur privé et de la culture nord-américaine. Mais dans les pratiques, ce modèle classique d’évaluation est transformé, les entreprises adoptent différentes stratégies d’adaptation qui contribuent à une variation des pratiques dans le secteur public / Performance appraisal is a managerial practice that has been widely diffused in recent years and which tends to become widespread in public sector in Cameroon. Paradoxically, it is also one of the most contested HRM practices. The aim of this study is to understand why, despite the criticisms, public enterprises in Cameroon have adopted a formal system of individual performances evaluation and the forms that the practices of evaluation within the companies use. To this end, we carried out a qualitative study on the case studies and a quantitative study through a questionnaire administered to 200 employees in 10 companies of public sector in Cameroon. The results of the study show that a formal system of individual performances evaluation has been adopted because companies are motivated by a real concern for performance, in particular the concern to improve the quality of products or services, HRM and productivity of employees. Nevertheless, beyond this logic of performance, there is also a quest for legitimacy resulting in compliance with the pressures exerted by the government, the professionalization of managers and the effect of fashion. This quest for legitimacy has led public enterprises to adopt a classic and convergent evaluation model, derived from the private sector and North American culture. But in practice, this classic evaluation model is transformed, companies adopt different coping strategies that contribute to a variation of practices in the public sector