The purpose of the study is to investigate how articles in Helsingborg's daily newspaper that dealt with rationing can say something about how the view of femininity is constructed at the beginning of the Second World War during 1939-1942. The articles deal with everything from tips on recipes to violations of rationing, topics taken from everyday life and are therefore good sources for everyday life, the rationing system, consumption habits, and gender during this specific period in Helsingborg. The question is what knowledge about everyday life, rationing, consumption history, and gender during the Second World War can the sources contribute to? The essay is arranged as follows: The background consists of an account of the Second World War and rationing. The method chosen is qualitative content analysis. It was chosen because the method allows one to analyze the material in depth. The material was divided and coded through the method to understand the purpose of each article. In this study, gender theory is used because the articles in the newspaper contain a lot of information about women and their roles during World War II. The previous research in this study consists of literature that all relates to the subject of the study. Since the study contains information about several different areas, the literature is used for different purposes. The survey is divided into different topics. The study examines how the articles have conveyed information about the rationing system and rationing violations, consumption and housekeeping, and also gender and housewife ideals. The conclusion of the work with the material provides further information about everyday life, rationing, consumption history, and gender in Helsingborg during the years 1939-1942. The material also shows the position of women during the war and the limited role they had. This leads to gender roles being reinforced during this period. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur artiklar i Helsingborgs dagblad som behandlade ransoneringarna kan säga något om hur synen på kvinnlighet konstruerades i början av andra världskriget under 1939-1942. Artiklarna behandlar allt från tips på recept till brott mot ransoneringen, ämnen hämtade från vardagslivet och är därför bra källor till vardagslivet, ransoneringssystemet, konsumtionsvanor och genus under denna specifika tidsperiod i Helsingborg. Frågeställningen är vilken kunskap om vardagslivet, ransoneringarna, konsumtionshistoria och genus under andra världskriget kan källorna bidra till? Uppsatsen är disponerad på följande sätt: bakgrunden består av en redogörelse om andra världskriget och ransoneringen. Metoden som är vald är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilken bidrar till en djupare analys. Materialet delades upp och kodades genom metoden för att förstå vad syftet är med varenda artikel. I denna studie används genusteori eftersom artiklarna i tidningen innehåller en hel del information om kvinnor och deras roll under andra världskriget. Den tidigare forskningen i denna studie består av litteratur som alla förhåller sig till studiens ämne. Eftersom att studien innehåller information om flera olika områden används litteraturen till olika syften. Undersökningen är uppdelad i olika ämnen. Studien undersöker hur artiklarna har förmedlat information om ransoneringssystemet och ransoneringsbrott, konsumtion och hushållning och även genus och husmorsideal. Slutsatsen i arbetet med materialet ger vidare information om vardagslivet, ransoneringarna, konsumtionshistoria och hur kvinnligheten konstruerats i Helsingborg under åren 1939-1942. Materialet visar även på kvinnornas ställning under kriget och vilken begränsad roll de hade. Det ledde till att könsrollerna förstärktes under denna period.

Bakgrund: Sömn är grundläggande för alla människor, en av förutsättningarna för en god hälsa är en god sömn. Idag är det vanligt förekommande med sömnsvårigheter hos ungdomar. Främja hälsa och en god sömn, är en del i skolsköterskans profession. Idag finns det begränsad forskning på hur skolsköterskor arbetar med ungdomars sömnsvårigheter. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa hur skolsköterskor arbetar med ungdomar som har sömnsvårigheter. Metod: För att besvara syftet användes en kvalitativ metod med innehållsanalys. Datamaterialet utgörs av nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolsköterskor som arbetar med ungdomar på högstadium och gymnasium. Resultat: Resultatet mynnar ut i fyra kategorier, tio underkategorier och ett övergripande tema. Kategorierna påvisar att hur skolsköterskorna arbetar med ungdomars sömnsvårigheter är genom att främja en relation, att identifiera sömnsvårigheter, att stödja ungdomar och att motivera till förändring. Det övergripande temat genom dessa kategorier är den meningsfyllda dialogen. Konklusion: Skolsköterskorna arbetar med ungdomars sömnsvårigheter genom en dialog. Dialogen sker i samtal med ungdomar för att stödja dem i att få en förståelse för deras sömnsvårigheter och sambandet med hälsan. Att främja en relation är viktigt för att kunna samtala. I samtalet är delaktighet betydande. Att motivera till förändring är en stor del av skolsköterskans arbete med sömnsvårigheter, vilket görs genom motiverande samtal. / Background: Sleep is fundamental for all humans, one of the requirement for a good health is a good sleep. Today, sleep difficulties are common among adolescents. To promote health and a good sleep is a part of the school nurse’s profession, but today there is limited research on how school nurses work with adolescents’ sleep difficulties. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to illustrate how school nurses work with adolescents who have difficulty sleeping.  Method: To answer the purpose a qualitative content analysis was used. The data material consists of nine semi-structured interviews with school nurses who work with adolescents at high school and senior high school.  Result: The results were categorized in four categories, ten subcategories and an overarching theme. The categories demonstrate that school nurses work with adolescents’ sleep difficulties by means of fostering a relationship, identifying sleep difficulties, supporting adolescents and motivating change. The overarching theme of these categories is the meaningful dialogue. Conclusion: The school nurses work with adolescents’ sleep difficulties by means of dialogue. The dialogue takes place in conversation with adolescents to support them to gain an understanding of their sleep difficulties and the connection with health. To foster a relationship is important to be able to talk. In the conversation, participation is important. Motivating change is a large part of the school nurse’s work with sleep difficulties, which is done through motivational talks.

Bakgrund: I hemsjukvården utför sjuksköterskor hälso- och sjukvårdsinsatser i patienters hemmiljö vilket ställer krav på sjuksköterskors kunskap att kunna kommunicera vid komplexa situationer. Studier visar att sjuksköterskor på grund av hög arbetsbelastning och brist på tid inte hinner kommunicera fullt ut med patienter i hemsjukvården och att det saknas rutiner för en personcentrerad kommunikation i hemmiljön. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av personcentrerad kommunikation utifrån Four Habits modellen vid hembesök med patienter i hemsjukvården. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med deduktiv ansats tillämpades, utgångspunkt var Four Habits modellen. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med 10 sjuksköterskor i mellersta Sverige utgjorde datainsamlingen. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenterades utefter Four Habits modellens fyra kategorier: Investera i början genom att lyssna och skapa förtroende. Uppmärksamma patientens perspektiv genom att göra patienten delaktig, Visa empati både icke verbalt och verbalt. Investera i slutet för att säkra samförstånd och etablera partnerskap. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor har erfarenhet av att kommunicera med patienter vid olika situationer i hemmiljön men erfar att hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist kan hindra dem från att kommunicera personcentrerat. Four Habits modellen kan användas av sjuksköterskor och distriktssköterskor som ett vägledande kommunikationsverktyg för att uppnå en personcentrerad kommunikation. / Background: In home health care, nurses perform health care interventions in patients home environment, which places demands on the nurses´ knowledge to be able to communicate in complex situations. Studies show that nurses´ in home health care due to high workload, lack of time and missing routines can’t fully communicate based on a person-centered approach. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses´ experiences of person-centered communication based on the Four Habits model during house calls in the home health care. Method: A qualitative interview study with a deductive approach was applied based on the Four Habits model. Semi-structured interviews with 10 nurses in central Sweden constituted the data collection. Data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The result was presented according to the Four Habits model´s four categories: Invest in the beginning by listening and building trust. Elicit the patient´s perspective by making the patient involved. Demonstrate empathy both non-verbally and verbally. Invest in the end to secure consensus and establish partnership. Conclusion: Nurses have experience in communicating with patients in various situations in the home environment but experience that high workload and lack of time can prevent them from communicate based on a person-centered approach. The Four Habits model can be used by nurses and district nurses as a guiding communication tool to achieve a person-centered communication.

The aim of this study is to examine the factors and perceptions surrounding the privatization and outsourcing of governmental military functions to Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), with a specific focus on Blackwater’s involvement in Iraq. It analyzes a 2007 Congressional hearing, a significant event in the PMSC discussion. Applying Lobell’s neoclassical realist theory of threat assessment, the study explores the hearing participants’ perception of threats and shifts in power dynamics within the U.S., and how these influenced the policy implementation. Through a directed content analysis of the hearing, the study identifies constraints at both domestic and systemic levels, posing challenges for the United States. Key actors exhibited differing viewpoints on how to manage the U.S. operation in Iraq, the role of PMSCs, and whether their presence assisted or undermined U.S. efforts. Perceptions of the most imminent threat varied, with some seeing privatization and outsourcing as a domestic threat while others prioritized the mission in Iraq. Several other constraints were discussed during the analysis, including cost, military logistics, public support, partisan interests, and the control of force, providing an insight to important factors in the decision-making process.

With the aim of contributing to the theoretical discussion of small state behaviour, this thesis investigates the Nordic state’s security strategies concerning the Arctic region. The applied theoretical framework is based upon a traditional state-centric understanding of security to investigate if the predicted behaviour derived from small state theory can be captured in the Nordic states' security strategies in the Arctic region. The study is conducted by a qualitative content analysis utilising Jacob Westberg’s theorisation of security strategies through the categories of context, ends, means and ways. The state-centric security focus is steered by the traditional realist focus of small states and motivated by the deteriorating geopolitical sphere currently occurring in the Arctic region, where the small Nordic states operate next to great powers. The results demonstrate that several aspects can be argued to coincide with the assumptions derived from small state theory, albeit some do not fully conform. Most apparent are the aspects relating to the importance of alliances and cooperation. Differences are also deductible between the small state's strategies, primarily between Denmark and Norway vis-a-vis Finland and Sweden. This incoherency enables a discussion of the relevance of states' size in the case of the Arctic theatre and of the noticeable shift in the states' referent security object. The analytical framework captures issues that point towards a more state-centric security understanding, presenting new threats to the state's survival in the Arctic region.

This thesis studies news media published by Lithuanian, Polish and Russian news outlets on the Suwałki Gap and the Kaliningrad Oblast. It analyses whether and how these online news articles portray a risk for conflict in this geopolitical area for English-speaking audiences. The methodology uses qualitative content analysis and a theoretical framework based on the theory of strategic narratives and both the Copenhagen School approach and the sociological approach to securitization to code the content that has been published. The timeframe spans from 2021 to 2023, which corresponds to the Russian and Belarusian ‘Zapad exercises’ in the region. Analysis of the online news articles finds a series of narratives. Some confirm that Russia’s main goal is to either justify Russian (military) actions towards ‘the West’, or to spread chaos through malign information influence. Others, against the expectations of the literature, show that Polish and Lithuanian uses of securitization are significantly different, especially due to a different kind of portrayal of vulnerability in the securitization process. However, the large-scale invasion of Ukraine has also caused strengthened (military) cooperation between the two countries. This study contributes to developing a better understanding of securitizing narratives that national and state-owned media outlets use to portray risk, especially when Russia is involved.

Bakgrund: Ofrivillig barnlöshet drabbar många kvinnor globalt och medför en rad negativa känslor, såsom sorg och hopplöshet, vilket i sin tur leder till ett lidande för kvinnorna. Sjuksköterskan ska kunna främja en god personcentrerad vård genom att tillgodose patientens behov av stöd, främja hälsa och lindra lidande. De är därför nyckelpersoner i mötet med kvinnor som genomgår IVF-behandling. Syfte: Beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet som leder till IVF-behandling. Metod: Studien genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Inlägg från sex instagramkonton analyserades till studien. Resultat: Drömmen om ett barn var ständigt närvarande. Kvinnorna upplevde många känslor kopplat till den ofrivilliga barnlösheten samt IVF-processen, bland annat sorg, oro, hopp, glädje och besvikelse. Behovet av stöd från partner, vården och andra som genomlever samma sak ansågs betydelsefullt och ledde till att de inte kände sig lika ensamma i krisen. Med hjälp av Instagram kunde kvinnorna dela med sig av sina upplevelser samt ta del av andras liknande berättelser. Genom detta upplevde kvinnorna ett meningsfullt stöd och en gemenskap. Konklusion: Ofrivillig barnlöshet samt IVF-behandling är en påfrestande process, både fysiskt, psykiskt och emotionellt. Kvinnorna beskrev processen som en kris i livet vilket kan liknas med ett lidande. / Background: Infertility affects many women globally and brings with it a range of negative emotions, such as grief and hopelessness, which leads to suffering for the women. The nurse must be able to promote good patient-centred care by meeting the patient's need for support, promoting health and alleviating suffering. Aim: Describe women's experiences of infertility leading to IVF treatment. Method: This study was based on a qualitative content analysis with a manifest approach. Six Instagram accounts were analyzed for the study. Findings: The dream of a child was constantly present. The women experienced many emotions connected to the infertility and the IVF process, including grief, anxiety, hope, joy and disappointment. The need for support from partners, healthcare and others going through the same thing was considered significant and led to them not feeling as alone in the crisis. When using Instagram, the women were able to share their experiences and take part in similar stories of others. Through this, the women experienced meaningful support and community. Conclusion: Infertility and IVF treatment is a stressful process, physically, mentally and emotionally. The women described the process as a crisis in life, which can be compared to suffering.

No description available.

Climate change can exacerbate violent conflict, create risks to human security, and prevent conflict recovery and peacebuilding in different contexts. Climate change nor conflict is rarely fair and have been argued to have different impacts on gender.In 2000, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1325 on ‘Women, Peace and Security’ which promoted the advancement of women’s position in national agendas of peace and security. It has become increasingly clear that the climate-gender-conflict nexus is critical to both peacebuilding efforts and developing strong communities resilient to climate change impacts. While previous research on the nexus has been dominated by statistical quantitative studies, this seeks to contribute to qualitative research by adopting a qualitative content analysis. Of concern for this study is the implication of vulnerabilities and capacities in National Action Plans that support the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Leaning on the CAV Analytical Framework by March et al. 1999, vulnerabilities and capacities have been identified along different categories that focus on different dimensions of power dynamics. The study finds that climate change has primarily been recognized as contributing to the intensification and exacerbation of conflicts over access to natural resources, which in turn has caused vulnerabilities to become greater within all categories of the analysis. Other findings point to a major focus on women's vulnerabilities above those of men, and lastly how implementing bodies have developed promising methods for successful implementation.

This study aims to map the individual competence of graphic designers in the social context within the creation of book covers. The ambition of this study is thus to increase understanding of the use of graphic design in strategic processes such as book campaigns. To investigate this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six active graphic designers and the data were then analyzed in a qualitative content analysis with the help of sensemaking theory and campaign theory. The analysis resulted in the categories experiences as interpretive frameworks, the social process as practice shaping, the function of the book cover, understanding of the book's context and visual elements. The study's conclusion is that the designers adapt their work role according to other actors within the campaign and it is thus the social process that shapes the graphic designers' understanding of their mission. The graphic designers also express that their experiences are considered a resource that can contribute to a functional book cover, but it appears that they do not always get the opportunity to share this understanding. The need to understand the target audience and the book's context thus seems to be based on the order of responsibility that places the graphic designer in a role where the only official responsibility is to create visual communication based on the wishes of the publisher, the marketing department and the author. In line with earlier research, the results from this study show that intuition is used as a helping hand for the creative and free choices they face in this work process.