La littérature québécoise de l’époque contemporaine semble être hantée par les données de l’histoire, chargée du reflet de la réalité, mais aspirant à la délivrance tant du peuple que de l’écrivain ou du texte lui-même. Le couple écriture et pouvoir acquiert dans ce sens le statut du thème prédominant, traduisant le conflit entre l’opinion progressiste et les différentes instances contraires à toute liberté, à l’indépendance, au progrès…Des conditions étouffantes et des autorités opiniâtres jalonnent le combat salvateur de l’écrivain qui choisit l’espace linguistique et textuel pour défaire la stagnation et le passéisme. Le contexte de la Révolution Tranquille inspire en effet aux romanciers québécois un souffle engagé, suscite la question du nationalisme ou d’identité et installe la révolution dans la littérature comme thème et comme style d’écriture. Des personnages cyniques et révoltés, un langage qui bafoue les figures d’autorité, des scènes qui parodient la réalité ; la fiction annonce la déchéance institutionnelle, le rejet du conformisme, de la domination et des principes désuets. De même, la forme du texte, le schéma narratif, le langage employé s’insurgent contre les canons et la tradition. Un vocabulaire nouveau, une structure remodelée, tons et procédés agencés pour la littérarité et une autre langue qui perce et qui se défend…. L’écriture qui insiste sur l’idée d’inventivité et d’originalité, qui démontre l’emprise de l’écrivain sur la réalité est en somme conçue comme l’instrument de réaliser l’apothéose de l’intellectuel et le salut du peuple, comme la preuve ainsi que la voie d’accéder à la modernité. / Quebec literature of modern time seems to be haunted by the data of history, responsible for the reflection of reality, but longing for deliverance of the people as that of the writer or the text itself. The couple writing and power acquires in this sense the status of the predominant theme, reflecting the conflict between progressive opinion and the various bodies contrary to any freedom, independence, progress ... scorching conditions and stubborn authorities punctuate the fight savior of the writer who chooses linguistic and textual space to defeat the stagnation and traditionalism. The context of the Quiet Revolution inspired Quebecker novelists indeed a committed breath, raises the question of nationalism and identity, and installs the revolution in literature as theme and writing style. Cynical and rebellious characters, a language that violates the authority figures, scenes that parody the reality and fiction announces the institutional deprivation, rejection of conformity, domination and obsolete principles. Similarly, the forms of text, the narrative outline, the used language are railing against the canons and tradition. New vocabulary, a remodeled structure, tones and processes designed to literariness and another language that pierces and defends itself… Writing that emphasizes the idea of inventiveness and originality, which demonstrates the influence of the writer in reality is in fact designed as an instrument to achieve the apotheosis of the intellectual and the salvation of people, as the evidence and the way of access to modernity.

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It has been consistently shown in the literature that when gaze is directed to a specific location, for a long enough duration, at the correct time relative to the motor execution, high-levels of performance are possible. In recent years, a particular gaze called quiet eye (QE) has gained growing attention among researchers investigating aiming tasks and has become accepted within the literature as a measure of optimal attentional control. Previous studies consistently displayed that longer QE is associated with superior performance however there is lack of understanding how QE exerts its positive effect on performance. Therefore the overriding aim of the current program of research was to explore the mechanisms behind the QE by experimentally manipulating the separate aspects of the QE definition in ways that have not been explored by previous researchers. In study 1 (Chapter 2), two experiments were conducted to examine the key characteristics of the QE in golf putting; duration and location. Novice participants were randomly allocated to training groups of experimentally longer or shorter QE durations (experiment 1) and training groups of different QE locations (experiment 2). A retention-pressure-retention design was adopted, and measures of performance and QE were recorded. All groups improved performance after training and the levels of performance achieved were robust in a pressure test. However there were no significant group effects. Study 1 provided partial support for the efficacy of QE training, but did not clarify how the QE itself underpins the performance advantage revealed in earlier studies and suggested that the QE should perhaps not be reported simply as a function of its duration or its location. In study 2 (Chapter 3) an examination of the timing of the QE was performed, using an occlusion paradigm. This provided an experimental manipulation of the availability of visual information during the putting action. Expert participants performed a putting task under three different conditions, namely full, early, and late vision conditions. The results showed that putting accuracy was the poorest when late visual information was occluded (early vision condition). Therefore study 2 suggested that the correct temporal placement of gaze might be more crucial to successful performance, and that putting accuracy was poorer when the latter component of QE which ensures precise control of movement was occluded. Previous research has revealed that anxiety can attenuate the QE duration, shortening the latter component which was shown to be important in study 2. Therefore the final study in the thesis examined the influence of anxiety on attentional control (QE). Expert golfers participated in a putting shootout competition designed to increase levels of anxiety and continued putting until a missed putt occurred. The results revealed that duration of QE was shorter on the missed putt, while there was no difference in QE duration for successful putts (first and penultimate putts). The results are therefore supportive of the predictions of attentional control theory. Furthermore this reduction in QE duration was result of latter component of QE being attenuated, supporting models of motor control that point to the importance of online visual information for regulating control of movements. The results of this series of studies conclude that the timing of the QE – maintaining a steady fixation through the unfolding movement to ensure precise online control - seems to be the strong candidate for how QE exerts a positive effect on performance.

The plasma drifts or electric fields and their structures in the ionosphere affect the accuracy of the present-day space-based systems. For the first time, we have used ionospheric plasma drift data from Jicamarca radar measurements to study the climatology of altitudinal variations of vertical and zonal plasma drifts in low latitudes during daytime. We used data from 1998 to 2014 to derive these climatological values in bimonthly bins from 150 km to 600 km. For the vertical plasma drifts, we observed the drifts increasing with altitudes in the morning and slowly changing to drifts decreasing with altitude in the afternoon hours. The drifts change mostly linearly from E- to F-region altitudes except in the morning hours of May-June when the gradients are very small. The zonal drifts show a highly nonlinear increase in the westward drifts at the lower altitudes and then increase slowly at the higher altitudes. We see a break in the slopes at lower altitudes during the morning hours of March-April and May-June. The E-region zonal drifts, unlike vertical drifts, show a very large variability compared to F-region drifts. We also explored the altitudinal profiles of vertical drifts during late afternoon and evening hours when the electrodynamic properties in the ionosphere change rapidly. For the first time using drifts up to 2000 km, we have shown the drifts increase and decrease below and above the F-region peak before becoming height independent. These structures arise to satisfy the curl-free condition of electric fields in low latitudes. The altitudinal gradients of vertical drifts are balanced by a time derivative of the zonal drifts to satisfy the curl-free condition of electric fields. We have shown how these structures evolve with local time around the dusk sector and change with solar flux. During solar minimum, the peak region can go well below 200 km. The present-day electric field models do not incorporate these gradients, particularly in the evening sectors when they change very rapidly. Very often their results do not match with the observations. Including these gradients along with proper magnetic field models will improve the model results and accuracy of our navigation, communication, and positioning systems.

Cognitive radio network has emerged as a prevailing technique and an exciting and promising technology which has the potential of dealing with the inflexible prerequisites and the inadequacy of the radio spectrum usage. In cognitive radios, in-band sensing is fundamental for the protection of the licensed spectrum users, enabling secondary users to vacate channels immediately upon detection of primary users. This channel sensing scheme directly affects the quality-of-service of cognitive radio user and licensed user especially with the undesirable delay induced into the system. In this thesis, a combination of different delay reduction schemes from different papers has been introduced, the first paper [47] argues about performing fine sensing for non-real time traffic, while real time traffic continues transmission in the channel. The second paper [46] argues about performing fine sensing after multiple alarms that have been triggered. Both schemes have combined with applying data rate reservation as well in order to reduce as much as possible this crucial factor of delay for IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network and to improve the channel utilization. Data rate reservation for real time users has been applied in order to reduce the queuing delay for real time services [47]. The average packet delay for the proposed scheme combination has been analyzed, with both numerical and simulation results. The results show that the scheme combination considerably reduces the average packet delay for both real time and non-real time services and hence satisfies the performance of IEEE 802.22 wireless regional networks. Index terms–Channel sensing, Cognitive radio, energy and feature detection, IEEE 802.22, quiet period. / Kognitiv radio nätverk har vuxit fram som en rådande teknik och en spännande och lovande teknik som har potential att hantera de oflexibla förutsättningar och den bristfälliga Radiospektrumanvändningens. I kognitiv radio, är i-band Sensing grundläggande för skyddet av de licensierade spektrumanvändare, möjliggör sekundära användare att utrymma kanaler omedelbart vid detektering av primära användare. Denna kanal sensing system påverkar direkt kvaliteten på tjänsterna för kognitiv radio användare och licensierade användaren särskilt med oönskad fördröjning induceras i systemet.   I denna avhandling har en kombination av olika system delay minskning från olika tidningar införts, den första papper [47] argumenterar om att utföra fina avkänning för icke-realtid trafik, medan realtid trafiken fortsätter sändningen i kanalen. Den andra artikeln [46] argumenterar om att utföra fina avkänning efter flera larm som har utlösts. Båda systemen har i kombination med tillämpning datahastighet bokning samt för att minska så mycket som möjligt denna avgörande faktor för försening för IEEE 802,22 trådlös regionala nätverk och förbättra kanalutnyttjandet. Datahastighet reservation för realtidanvändare har tillämpats för att minska den queuing fördröjningen för realtidstjänster [47]. Den genomsnittliga paket fördröjning för det föreslagna systemet kombinationen har analyserats, med både numeriska och simulering resultat. Resultaten visar att systemet kombinationen avsevärt minskar den genomsnittliga paket fördröjning för både realtid och icke-verkliga tjänster tiden och därmed uppfyller prestanda IEEE 802,22 trådlösa regionala nätverk. / Kungsmarksvagen 71, karlskrona +4520939959

The aim of this study is to examine how preschools contribute to the forming of identity in children, with a specific focus on the quiet and socially withdrawn child. How do the teachers describe the quiet child and the socially withdrawn child? Are there any opportunities for children to be quiet/withdrawn in preschools? These questions have also been analysed from a gender perspective. The method chosen is qualitative method. Nine preschool teachers from two Swedish preschools have been interviewed. Two theories are presented, social constructionism and a theory of personality traits in order to compare different views on identity and personality. The analysis was conducted by using the concepts of positioning and "the constructions of situations" have been analysed. The preschool teachers place quiet children in passive positions like calm, listener etc. Social interactions are very important in a preschool context and children are expected to play and interact with others. If they don’t participate, they are invited to join other children’s play. If a child wants to be left alone, without being invited to play, they have to choose a specific place or activity, like a sofa, a window or reading a book. By choosing those places and activities the child signals their desire to be alone. The teachers' descriptions of the quiet child as passive and the outgoing child as active, is similar to the traditional belief of girls being passive and boys being active. They are not, however, saying that it is only negative to be quiet or socially withdrawn, but there seem to be difficulties not being outgoing and active in the preschool.

Use and effectiveness of the quiet eye (QE) technique has been a topic of interest in sport, exercise, and performance psychology. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of QE self-training on college students' internal processes associated with performing a novel task. Specifically, college students' internal processes were examined to understand how QE self-training influenced performance on a novel aiming task. College students (N = 106; M = 21.84 ± 1.79) voluntarily participated in QE self-training intervention. Participants' self-efficacy, self-regulation, and mindfulness was examined before and after QE self-training intervention over a 7-week period, with performance being measured weekly. Following intervention, interviews and follow-up survey were used to gather information about perceptions of using QE self-training instruction. Results indicated outcome performance improved from pre- to post-intervention. Additionally, participants mindfulness acting with awareness and non-judging of inner experiences was influenced by QET self-training. Findings from this study may help sport coaches and performance psychology professionals provide attentional focus training instruction to individuals with diverse levels of skills while also providing future directions for applied practice and research.

In this thesis, we investigate how preschool educators view the children’s outdoor activities in preschool, and for what purposes the educators bring the children outside. Outdoor activities are seen as an obvious part of the Swedish preschool, and the local environment is of great importance as a complement to preschool yards for the educators’ daily work. Extensive research indicates that there are a number of advantages having preschool activities outdoors, both from a health and a learning perspective. At the same time, there seems to be a discrepancy between theory and practice regarding the purpose and organization of outdoor activities in preschool. We affirm that this discrepancy exists, and investigate how it manifests itself. The study’s research approach is phenomenographic. We have gathered material by qualitative interviews, where we have let the informant explain, describe, and give their own view of the children’s outdoor activities and the outdoor environment. The concepts “silent knowledge” and “child perspective” are used as additional tools. The study shows that there is a difference in how outdoor activities in woods and similar environments are managed, versus outdoor activities in the preschool yard. During activities in wood like environments, there is a greater focus on creating situations promoting health and learning, compared to yard activities. The purpose of children’s yard activities is often to split large child groups, separate certain individuals, or to solve work schedule deficiencies. It could also be to give the educators time for administrative duties, such as planning, documentation, or operations development. In their statements, the educators show that they possess knowledge about outdoor activities and the benefits thereof, both from health and learning perspectives, but also that this knowledge is not put into practice for a number of reasons.

Early research on just why it might be the case that “the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation” suggested that denial of relevance was a significant factor. Asking why denial of relevance would be significant and how it might be resolved began to raise issues of the very nature of questions. Pursuing the nature of questions, in light of denial of relevance and Thoreau’s “quiet desperation” provoked a journey of modeling questions and constructing a biography of the initial question of this research and its evolution. Engaging literature from philosophy, neuroscience, and retrieval then combined with deep interviews of successful lawyers to render a thick, biographical model of questioning.

The complex interactions between the Sun and Earth are referred to as Space Weather. Key parameters include magnetic indices which quantitatively describe geomagnetic activity by determining a baseline that removes the background magnetic field and allows quantification of the remaining activity during geomagnetic events. However, most used indices have a low temporal resolution and rely on a sparse and frozen network of ground magnetic observatories. This thesis introduces a novel way of determining the baseline for future high temporal and spatial resolution magnetic indices. Firstly, the main phenomena and effects of Space Weather are outlined, followed by a review of currently used magnetic indices and their derivation. The computation of a novel baseline introduced in this work relies on basic statistical methods which are applied on magnetic data from a dense and flexible network of ground observatories for the period 1991-2016. The focus is on the investigation of geomagnetic quiet periods for which average annual activity at each observatory is determined. A global latitudinal normalisation function with dependency on solar activity for quiet periods is found. The analysis of the newly derived baseline shows that it provides the temporal, spatial and amplitudinal resolution needed to characterise geomagnetic disturbances adequately. The residual signal has the capability of being used as the basis for further quiet period studies. A first attempt of new indices based on the introduced derivation shows a good agreement with already existing high temporal and spatial resolution magnetic indices. Future indices derived with this baseline lay a favourable fundament for the application of articial intelligence methods.