A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar nos romances O outro pé da sereia (COUTO, 2006) e Yaka (PEPETELA, 2006) a representação da situação colonial e os resultados da dicotomia colonizador e colonizado nas sociedades moçambicana e angolana, ficcionalizadas por Mia Couto e Pepetela nessas obras. Objetiva-se, ainda, verificar a forma como os romances mergulham no passado colonial de seus países de origem para problematizar questões acerca das sociedades citadas, avaliando as perspectivas que figuram no tempo presente. Estabeleceu-se, então, uma leitura a partir de um processo histórico comum, a colonização portuguesa, para explicitar as contradições resultantes desse período. Para tanto, nos apoiamos no diálogo entre literatura e história, presente nos romances estudados, para identificar e destacar as contradições coloniais, sobretudo em relação às representações da violência e do racismo nas duas obras. / This study aims to analyze the representation of the colonial situation and which are the results of the dichotomy colonizer and colonized in Mozambican and Angolan societies through the novels O outro pé da sereia (COUTO, 2006) and Yaka (PEPETELA, 2006). In addition, it aims to examine how the novels rely on colonial past of its countries to discuss issues about the societies mentioned, evaluating the prospects contained in the present. It was established an analysis of the novels from an historical process in common, which is the Lusitanian colonization, to explain the contradictions resulting from this situation. For that, we rely on a dialogue between literature and history, present in the reading of O outro pé da sereia and Yaka, to identify and highlight the colonial contradictions, especially the ones related to the representations of violence and racism in both novels.

Oral history’s purposes have metamorphosed from a record of lifeways and stories of the elite to a means of healing for minority communities oppressed by trauma. This dissertation focuses on the power of oral history to catalyze the restorative justice process of moral repair for victims—in this case the Mexican Americans of Texas—who were traumatized by the Jim Crow laws and practices prior to 1965. I researched the racial, socio-cultural history of Texas from its colonial days up to the Jim Crow historical era of 1876-1965 and utilized archival, legal, and historical sources for my study. Additionally, I explore theories and frameworks of trauma, structural violence, and restorative justice, and analyze twenty-eight oral histories from the Voces Oral History Collection (University of Texas, Austin). Lastly, I apply oral history methodology to collect seventeen oral histories for my own project, Project Aztlan. My findings reveal a community suffering from structural violence—a theory that argues unjust laws harm individuals as much as physical violence. The oral histories unearth several issues: first, both groups of narrators were victims of structural violence as a result of traumatic racism. I anticipated finding traumatic racism, but not on such a broad scale. The results reveal it occurred in all four corners of Texas. Second, these Jim Crow laws and practices targeted members individually and collectively through racially restrictive housing covenants, segregation of schools/public facilities, job discrimination, and disfranchisement or poll taxes. Thirdly, the oral histories demonstrate and legitimize the fact that the Mexican American community deserves atonement, apology and reparation from historically guilty institutions. The State of Texas battered them with mass lynchings, disfranchisement, racially restrictive housing covenants, school segregation, and discrimination, oppressing them for over 100 years. My dissertation concludes that the oral history process helps victims attain moral repair because, similar to moral repair, it also allows them the space to voice their stories of injustice. In turn, the oral historian validates their claims and reconciliation occurs when narrators received vindication through this reparatory process. This acknowledgment fuses broken moral bonds by equalizing members of society. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a Comunidade Cafuza, cujo objetivo é compreender a organização do grupo em torno de um projeto de produção coletiva de erva-mate, elaborado pelos Cafuzos em conjunto com várias pessoas que lhes prestam assessoria.Os Cafuzos estão assentados há seis anos no município de José Boiteux, em Santa Catarina. Totalizam 180 pessoas e constituem um grupo familiar extenso cuja origem é o casamento de um negro e uma índia no final do século passado. Viveram e sobreviveram à Guerra do Contestado, no início deste século, após a qual migraram do Planalto Catarinense para o Vale do Itajaí, onde, mais uma vez, foram expulsos da terra. Para compreender os impasses que surgiram na condução do projeto coletivo se busca a história do segmento populacional do qual este grupo faz parte, o campesinato aqui denominado brasileiro, e suas relações com outros segmentos e classes sociais. Também se considerou a relação interétnica conflitiva que têm com os colonos da região e a forma como se constrói a identidade étnica do grupo. Todo este conjunto é, então, confrontado com as diretrizes do projeto coletivo e consegue perceber-se como os Cafuzos as reinterpretaram adaptando-as aos valores e às contradições que elaboraram ao longo de sua história. / This study about the Cafuzo Community aims a comprehension of the project of organization of the group to produce collectively "erva-mate" (Ilex paraguaiensis). The Cafuzo Community, settled by the government in the years of 1992 on a land in the city of José Boiteux, state of Santa Catarina. They are na extense family group originated with the union of na african-descendant man and an indigenous woman at the end of the 1800’s. They lived and survived to the War of Contestado, migrating, thereafter, to the Highlands of Santa Catarina. To comprehend the conflicts and tensions aroused by the collectivization of the work, we considered the cultural characteristics of the wider segment they take part called brazilian peasantry in the south region of Brazil. I show the tension between the Cafuzo tradition, which is peasant, and the new organizational guidelines, as well as the tension between this group and the involving society. The theory used for interpretation was the one about the tension between two ideal society types: communitary and societary.

Orientador: Silvio José Benelli / Banca: Alessandro de Oliveira dos Santos / Banca: Lúcia Helena Oliveira Silva / Resumo: Nessa dissertação interrogamos e analisamos o modo como os acontecimentos históricos, tais como a abolição da escravidão, a difusão do racismo científico e os projetos de Nação formulados nesse contexto, se interseccionam com a política socioeducativa, com a invenção da personagem menor delinquente e com a regulação da vida de jovens negros que cumprem medidas socioeducativas de liberdade assistida e de prestação de serviços à comunidade. Utilizamos procedimentos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, bem como de análise de dados estatísticos referentes ao Sistema Socioeducativo (SINASE), às desigualdades raciais e à violência praticada contra a juventude negra. Adotamos a genealogia foucaultiana como perspectiva teórica possível para interrogar e compreender a forma como o Estado intervém na vida de jovens negros por meio do sistema de responsabilização penal juvenil e de outros mecanismos, o que permitiu eleger a raça e o racismo científico como categorias fundamentais para entender e explicar a política socioeducativa enquanto fenômeno histórico atual, bem como para a problematização de seus efeitos. Identificamos que os discursos, práticas e procedimentos se atualizaram ao longo do século XX de acordo com a reorganização do Estado que, em sua configuração moderna, demandou tanto um reposicionamento prático-discursivo, quanto a alteração dos mecanismos de controle, de regulação e de governo da população. O biopoder, a biopolítica e a necropolítica compõem as novas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this dissertation we interrogate and analyze how historical events, such as the Emancipation proclamation, the diffusion of scientific racism and the projects of Nation formulated in this circumstances, intersect with socio-educational politics, with the invention of the juvenile delinquent persona and with the control of the life of young blacks who comply with socio-educational actions including assisted freedom and communitarian services. We used bibliographic and documentary research procedures, as well as statistical data analysis regarding the Socio-Educational System (SINASE), racial inequalities and violence practiced against black youth. We have adopted the foucauldian genealogy as a possible theoretical perspective to interrogate and understand the way the State intervenes in the lives of young blacks through the system of juvenile criminal responsibility and other mechanisms, which has allowed to choose race and scientific racism as fundamental categories to understand and explain socio-educational policy as a current historical phenomenon, such as for the problematization of its effects. We identified that the ideologies, practices and procedures were updated throughout the twentieth century according with the reorganization of the state, which, in its modern configuration, demanded both a practicaldiscursive repositioning and the alteration of the mechanisms of control, legislation and governance. biopower, biopolitics and necropolitics integrate the new technologies of power inaugurated in the transition from the classical form of governance in which the exercise of power was directed towards the body-organism, into the modern form of governance in which power is directed to the body-species both considering a politics of life, as well as an economy and death politics. Indeed, we found that the entire black population... (Complete abstract click electronic acess below) / Mestre

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis I investigate the reconstruction of the life history of Sandra Laing and the recreation of the apartheid context by analyzing two artefacts. These main artefact for investigation is the movie Skin, by Anthony Fabian which is based on the book "When She Was White: A Family Divided By Race" by Judith Stone, which is the second artefact for investigation. The latter artefact is based on the life of Sandra Laing. Sandra Laing was born to white parents in the apartheid era, but she did not ascribe to the physical description of a person who was classified 'white' in accordance with legal and social framing thereof in apartheid South Africa. This posed many legal, social and political difficulties for her family. I was particularly interested in the composition of information sources and how semiotic resources are re-enacted, reused and repurposed in the movie ‘Skin.’ The study is more theoretical than applied in that it seeks to answer the question posed by Prior and Grusin (2010: 1): "How do we understand semiotics/multimodality theoretically and investigate it methodologically?" In the study I develop Prior and Grusin’s (2010) thesis by working with notion of semiotic remediation as a focus on semioticity helps me to focus on the signs across modes, media, channels and genres. Therefore, the book on Sandra Laing and the movie are used as databases from which to extract semiotic resources in the exploration and extension of multimodality theory through multisemiotic analysis using semiotic remediation as 'repurposing' in particular. In the process, the notion of semiotic remediation becomes the tool for extending theory of multimodality, by demonstrating the repurposing of semiotic material from the book, such as apartheid artefacts, racialised discourses, dressing, racialised bodies and bible verses, for example, into the recreation of apartheid in the movie 'Skin.' I employed a multisemiotic discourse analysis to analyse the data, which is multimodal, and because I was interested in the complexity of the meaning making process involving multiple modes of representation. This framework was useful in analyzing the complex interaction between the various modes for meaning making. I used resemiotisation and remediation as conceptual tools to trace the translation of events across artefacts and how the material and generic traces are reframed and repurposed within its new contexts for new meanings in the movie 'Skin'. This study makes important contributions to research on the race debate in South Africa in particular. Although apartheid laws have been repealed and new democratic order is in place, the issue of race has flared in the media and South African society generally. The recurrent debates on lack of transformation in former whites only universities, the #FeeMustFall Movement and recent debates in parliament about revisiting the land redistribution issue all have racial undertones – the continued disempowerment of the non-white South Africans. The focus on the recapturing of the complexities surrounding the race debates and the implications of the racialised society, particularly how they are conceptualized and rematerialized within the semiotic limitations of book and a film contributes to a novel understanding of the making and lifestyles of inequality in apartheid South Africa. From a theoretical and analytical perspective, the study feeds on and extends the notion of multimodality to multisemioticity using the extension, semiotic remediation, not in the ordinary sense of mediating a new, but on the notion of the reframing and particularly repurposing of a particular social, political, cultural and historical semiotic material in new contexts in the recreated new worlds in the film and book. In this regard, the study provides interesting insights into the remediated reconstructions of race and racial inequalities, and the remodeling of artefacts and semiosis that are used in this reformation of the apartheid material cultures and contexts. In analysing the remaking of the apartheid culture in the film and the book, I theorefore make a unique contribution in identifying the semiotic materials that are indicative of the flawed nature of biological arguments for racial classification and race-based social structuring. I discuss the implications of this by analysing the remediation of the body as a racial scape, and the apartheid material culture as providing the semiotic landscape on which meanings are produced and consumed. The study thus contributes to research on recent developments in multimodality through its extension of semiotic remediation, which is designed to uncover the intricate interaction between semiotic resources in various media as well as their translation and repurposing across artefacts. In this regard, the study adds to extending the theoretical framing of multimodality thus: resemiotization accounts for the circulations of texts from mode to mode or one context to another, while semiotic remediation accounts for the repurposing of semiotic resources for different purposes and for their multiple meaning potentials. / National Research Foundation

While research suggests that blatant expressions of racism are on the decline, more subtle forms of bias persist (Dovidio & Gartner, 2004; Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002). These biases can be automatic and unintentional, often occurring outside conscious awareness. Studies suggest that developing awareness is the first step to moderating discriminatory thoughts and behaviors (Divine & Monteith, 1993; Dovidio & Gaertner, 2004; Durrheim, Hook, & Riggs, 2009; Monteith & Voils, 1998). When White Americans are aware of their biases, they are more likely to adjust their attitudes and alter their behaviors. Crucially, when biases go unacknowledged, there are fewer opportunities to combat unintentional racism. As a result, the tendency to disavow racial biases demands scholarly attention. In order to further research in this area, a way of measuring awareness of racial bias is needed. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop and initially validate the Disavowal of Racial Bias Scale (DRB). A review of the research on racial bias helped generate 38 initial items. An empirical approach was then used to determine an optimal version of the scale. In Phase 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of data from 579 participants suggested a 2-factor model with a total of 24 items. The first factor was named Bias Examples because it included statements referring to specific examples of racial bias. The second factor was named Bias Existence because it included statements referring to the general phenomenon of racial bias. In Phase 2, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of data from a second subsample of 579 participants was used to confirm the factor structure identified in Phase 1. Both subscales demonstrated high internal consistency, providing evidence of the DRB's reliability. Further psychometric evaluations provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. However, the 2-factor model did not appear to be reasonably consistent with the data as evidenced by a poor model fit. Although there are many promising aspects of the final 24-item DRB, more work is needed to make it a valid measure for future use. Limitations of this study and recommendations for future scale development in this area will be discussed.

The rise of black and minority ethnic (BME) populations in the UK and US in recent years has led to the introduction of cultural diversity communication strategies within the advertising industry. These strategies draw on beliefs, and cultural and religious values to specifically target BME audiences. This thesis examines the processes involved in creating these strategies, by analysing the discourse and working practices of advertising practitioners. By drawing on interviews and ethnographic observations in eight advertising agencies in the UK and US, it compares the differences in producing cultural diversity communication strategies between a) the general market agencies targeting mass audiences, and b) the emerging cultural diversity agencies only targeting BME audiences. I argue that the creation of these strategies is subject to powerful constraints and institutional racism, limiting market opportunities for advertising. The thesis starts by bringing together Bourdieu's theories of habitus and field theory (1977; 1984; 1993) with contemporary studies of the relationship between 'race' and media practices. This union sets the foundation for my adaption of field theory to analyse contemporary advertising practices and to examine how discourse, working practices and 'professional advertising organisations' reinforce racist ideologies and audience exclusion. In the second part of the thesis, this theoretical framework is applied to the fieldwork. Firstly, my analysis evidences the manifestation of racism across the field and how racial stereotypes are developed. Secondly, these attitudes shape the exclusionary practices that affect how CD communication strategies are executed, particularly in the UK. Lastly, I examine two 'diversity' events run by 'professional advertising organisations', analysing how they set 'good practice' standards and the power they have in shaping working practices across the industry. Ultimately, this thesis goes beyond existing studies on racial representations, and investigates the relationship between racism and intentionality amongst the industry's powerful constraints.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The immigration process of Africans to Brazil and Cearà for the purpose of studying has been straightening in the last decades, especially since 2012, after the first selection processes for the Universidade da IntegraÃÃo Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-brasileira (UNILAB). These young people have suffered the daily experience of prejudice and racism, related to their condition of belonging to a social minority, being the psychosocial implication the research problem of this dissertation. The general objective, then, was to analyze the psychosocial implications of the prejudice and racism in the UNILAB Africans students; and the specific objectives are to identify the demonstrations of prejudice and racism from the reports about the experience of immigration for the purpose of studying, to analyze the psychosocial implications - such as thoughts, actions and feelings from these demonstrations and to describe strategies developed by African students at UNILAB in order to face prejudice and racism. This investigation has a qualitative approach, being fourteen the interviewed students, belonging to different African nationalities of Portuguese as official language (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, SÃo Tomà and PrÃncipe). All of them are students at UNILAB, living in Cearà as beneficiaries of social programs for student assistance. The data were run through Content Analysis with software Atlas Ti. Our main results describe different exclusion practices, as much as individual, institutional and cultural manifestations of racism, predominantly understood as cordial racism. These practices are related to processes of social categorization and stigmatization, which, by its turn, result in the assignment of social stereotypes, as well as processes of social discrimination and social suffering (shame, humiliation, fear, rejection). As a way to face this reality, we observe the importance of assertion policies for black and african identity by these young people, as much as support offered by established social networks and collective organization in search of acknowledgment and respect. We conclude that racism suffered by these young people in Brazil is enhanced by processes of distinction between Brazilian and African groups, which have a strong impact upon the psychosocial experience of migration for educational purposes. / O processo imigratÃrio ao Brasil e ao Cearà de jovens africanos para fins estudantis vem se fortalecendo nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, contexto que ganha forÃa maior a partir de 2012, apÃs os primeiros processos seletivos da Universidade da IntegraÃÃo Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-brasileira (UNILAB). Estes jovens sofrem a cotidiana experiÃncia do preconceito e do racismo, relacionados à sua condiÃÃo de pertencentes a uma minoria social, sendo nosso problema de pesquisa as suas implicaÃÃes psicossociais. Nosso objetivo geral, assim, foi analisar as implicaÃÃes psicossociais do preconceito e do racismo nos estudantes africanos da UNILAB; e nossos objetivos especÃficos: identificar as manifestaÃÃes de preconceito e racismo a partir dos relatos sobre a experiÃncia de imigraÃÃo para fins estudantis; analisar as implicaÃÃes psicossociais â pensamentos, aÃÃes e sentimentos provenientes destas manifestaÃÃes; descrever estratÃgias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes africanos da UNILAB para o enfrentamento do preconceito e do racismo. Esta investigaÃÃo possuiu carÃter qualitativo, onde foram entrevistados quatorze estudantes de diferentes nacionalidades africanas de lÃngua oficial portuguesa (Angola, Cabo-verde, GuinÃ-Bissau, MoÃambique, SÃo Tomà e PrÃncipe). Todos os participantes sÃo estudantes da UNILAB no Cearà e beneficiÃrios de programa de assistÃncia estudantil. Os dados foram trabalhados atravÃs de AnÃlise de ConteÃdo, com auxÃlio do software Atlas Ti. Nossos resultados principais descrevem diferentes prÃticas de exclusÃo, alÃm de manifestaÃÃes individuais, institucionais e culturais de racismo, predominantemente compreendidas a partir do racismo cordial. Estas prÃticas relacionam-se aos processos de categorizaÃÃo social e estigmatizaÃÃo, que, por sua vez, resultam na atribuiÃÃo de estereÃtipos sociais, em processos de discriminaÃÃo social e em sofrimentos sociais (vergonha, humilhaÃÃo, medo, rejeiÃÃo). Como forma de lidar com esta realidade, observamos a importÃncia de estratÃgias de afirmaÃÃo da identidade negra e africana por parte destes jovens, assim como o apoio prestado pelas redes sociais estabelecidas e a organizaÃÃo coletiva em busca de reconhecimento e respeito. ConcluÃmos que o racismo sofrido por estes jovens no Brasil à potencializado pelos processos de distinÃÃo entre os grupos âos/as brasileirosâ e âos/as africanosâ, impactando sobremaneira na experiÃncia psicossocial de imigraÃÃo para fins estudantis.

An extensive body of research suggests that increasing access to contraception can improve the health of women and children and increase their socioeconomic mobility through increased wages and labor force participation. In the United States, however, contraception and childbearing has historically been used as a form of racist and eugenic population control. This thesis outlines the history of contraception in an intersectional context, inspired largely by the work of Martha Bailey and Dorothy Roberts, from forced childbearing during chattel slavery, to the forced and or coercive sterilization of large populations of Black and Brown women in the modern era. Given the historical racism of contraception, combined with the possibilities for increased socioeconomic mobility and self-determination that accompany increased access to contraception, leads this thesis to ask: who lacks access to contraception in the U.S. today? An original analysis of data from the Guttmacher Center determines that Hispanic women are the most likely to lack access to birth control, followed by younger women and impoverished women. These findings, in conversation with the current implications of the racist past of contraception, imply the need for anti-racist contraception programs that prioritize informed consent and patient autonomy. Such programs could improve women’s and child health, decrease government spending, and contribute to increasing economic and racial equality.

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine depression, experiences of work-related racism, and occupational stress among black nurses. Nursing is a highly stressful and demanding profession that can negatively affect health. Underscoring this is the high rate of depression experienced by nurses. In fact, nurses experience depression at a rate twice that of individuals in other occupations. Examining depression in nurses can provide insights that can inform measures addressing the psychological health of this group. This may be particularly important in black nurses who, in addition to the already high occupational stress associated with nursing, may experience additional stress due to experiences of racism in the work environment. To better understand these factors, the specific aims of this dissertation were to: (1) evaluate the current state of the science of depression in registered nurses; (2) examine the psychometric properties of the two racism on the job subscales of the Perceived Racism Scale in black registered nurses; and (3) evaluate whether past-year or lifetime experiences of work-related racism and occupational stress predicted depressive symptoms and whether, controlling for depressive symptoms, past-year and lifetime experiences of work-related racism predicted occupational stress in a cohort of black registered nurses. For specific aim one a systematic review of the literature on depression in nurses was conducted. This review highlighted factors that underlie the high rates of depression among nurses, and the individual as well as work-related variables that contribute to nurses’ susceptibility to depression. For specific aim two the psychometric properties of two subscales of the Perceived Racism Scale in a sample of black registered nurses were evaluated. The two subscales were past year experiences of racism on the job (ROTJ-Y) and lifetime experiences of racism on the job (ROTJ-L). Reliability for each of the subscales was assessed by examining internal consistency. Construct validity was examined using principal components analysis to evaluate the factor structure of each subscale and by testing the hypothesis that job-related racism is predictive of workplace stress. These analyses demonstrated that the ROTJ-Y and ROTJ-L are valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of yearly and lifetime experiences of racism on the job in black registered nurses. Specific aim three was addressed by examining whether past-year or lifetime experiences of racism on the job and occupational stress were predictive of depression and whether work-related racism predicted occupational stress in a sample of black nurses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine if (1) either past-year or lifetime experiences of work-related racism, and occupational stress predicted depression and (2) either past-year or lifetime experiences of racism predicted occupational stress, with control variables depressive symptoms, years of experience as a registered nurse, primary nursing practice position, work setting, work shift, and work status. Results indicated that experiences of work-related racism and occupational stress were not significant predictors of depression but that both past-year and lifetime experiences of racism were significant predictors of occupational stress. The results of the research conducted for this dissertation highlight the effects of depression on nurses as well as the relationship between race-based discrimination at work and occupational stress among black registered nurses. This evidence can inform the development of future strategies to improve the well-being of nurses in the workplace in general and especially of black nurses.