Syftet med denna strukturerade litteraturstudie är att beskriva och analysera tidigare forskning om främlingsfientlighet och rasism. Vi väljer att studera forskning om detta eftersom skolan har i uppdrag att motverka all form av främlingsfientlighet och rasism. Undervisningen i SO-ämnet syftar till att utbilda demokratiska medborgare med förståelse för de mänskliga rättigheterna. Studien syftar därför till att bidra med ökad kunskap för yrkesverksamma och framtida lärare genom att besvara frågeställningarna: Hur kan främlingsfientlighet och rasism yttra sig? Varför uppstår främlingsfientlighet och rasism? Hur kan främlingsfientlighet och rasism förebyggas och vem har ansvaret för detta? På grund av begränsad tillgång av forskning om hur undervisning på området genomförs i grundskolan har vi valt att studera forskning i en mer generell kontext. Vi har därför valt att bädda in vårt valda ämne i en ämnesdidaktisk kappa där vi lyfter hur rasism och främlingsfientlighet skulle kunna knytas till en skolkontext och inte minst till undervisningen i SO F-3. Urvalet av de vetenskapliga artiklar som har bearbetats riktar sig mot både en nationell och internationell publik med fokus på främlingsfientlighet och rasism i Sverige. Resultatet har visat att främlingsfientlighet och rasism enligt tidigare forskning kan uttryckas i form fysiskt våld, verbala hot, utfrysning och diskriminering. De orsaker till att detta uppstår som forskningen lyfter är terrordåd, mediers påverkan, högerradikala partier och sociala faktorer. I den forskning vi analyserat tilldelas implicit ett antal aktörer som ansvariga för att rasism och främlingsfientlighet förebyggs och motverkas. Dessa aktörer är medier, partier, vårdnadshavare, skola och staten.

This paper examines the preaching at Washington National Cathedral as a response to the dual pandemic of COVID-19 and systemic racism in the United States. Drawing on research from over forty sermons from high church traditions and comparing it with analysis of sermons on Palm Sunday and Easter this paper will show how preachers in high church traditions, accustomed to preaching in the presence of eucharist, adapted their proclamation to respond to a virtual congregation and the absence of in-person communion. Then, the paper examines how Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde and Presiding Bishop Michael Curry further develop elements of eucharistic preaching in Pentecost and Trinity Sunday sermons to respond to the murder of George Floyd. Among other things, Budde and Curry’s sermons call for confession, evoke anamnesis, employ liturgical music, invite embodiment, and offer Christ as broken body and resurrected hope to target systemic racism. These sermonic examples show how the theology and rhetoric of the eucharistic liturgy can be a resource for preaching that more effectively confronts the challenges of a dual pandemic.

This thesis is a study of race and ethnicity in culture and the arts. It discusses whiteness and racism in ballet and addresses a gap in the literature for both disciplines Ballet and Race and Ethnic Studies. Even if ballet is a privileged art form that for centuries has served statecraft, survived revolutions, and political instability the problem of race in ballet is jeopardizing its validity and acceptance in the contemporary world. I ask if racism in ballet is more than behaviors, if it designates ideology, or if it is a matter of visuality and aesthetics. I do this to provide insight into how race is projected in and through the art form in question. The need to transcend the scope of a single discipline brought me to adopt interdisciplinary research to analyze ballet right at the intersection with crossing perspectives linked to the body, aesthetics, performance, privilege, race, and gender. The thesis shows that ballet gives material expression to whiteness as ideology and is compliant with an exclusive approach to an idea of the body and beauty that presupposes racist attitudes and behaviors. At the institutional level, the experience of ballet is whiteness -unnamed, unmarked, universal. But for those bodies outside the constructs of whiteness, the experience is marked by racism and objective barriers. The study informs that an exclusive discourse of the body, often disguised as aesthetic discourse, translates into limited access to ballet education, body shaming, harassment, and fewer job opportunities. However, ballet is an art form, it is more than whiteness or racism. It creates beauty in the body of the dancer which is both instrument and object of art. Ballet dancers invest their lives learning and performing an art form that some other people cherish, but how come a space of whiteness and racism is perceived as beautiful? The thesis elucidates the importance of this reflection also.

This thesis examines the unequal employment opportunity that women and people of color face in the American film and television industry and the rhetoric of meritocracy that justifies the marginalization of racial and gender minorities in Hollywood workplace. I argue that the sanitized language of meritocracy obscures racist and sexist practice with box office numbers and assessments of competency by White and male decision makers. Using historical records of Hollywood, I begin deconstructing the racist and sexist roots of the industry. Supplemented by quantitative research cross-referencing box office performance and worker diversity, this thesis debunks the myth of meritocracy which the industry still perpetuates today. In addition, the thesis explores brand image and award shows as forces of change to Hollywood’s inclusivity in a neoliberal ecopolitical landscape.

La haine a laissé dans nos sociétés de douloureuses cicatrices à travers les siècles. L'explosion du terrorisme et l'essor des tensions communautaires laissent craindre le retour d'une déstabilisation durable de notre société. C'est notamment au droit pénal qu'il appartient d'être en mesure d'endiguer ce phénomène, mais une telle entreprise n'est pas sans difficultés. En premier lieu, celle de comprendre et définir la haine, tant dans ses effets sur le psychique que sur les formes multiples de ses manifestations. Les vecteurs modernes de transmission de la haine sont étroitement liés à la capacité de la haine à avoir de l'emprise sur les plus vulnérables. La maîtrise d'internet est une des clés de cette lutte mais est loin d'être chose aisée. La complexité technologique et juridique de ce contrôle ralentit considérablement le travail du législateur. Cet obstacle, associé à l'explosion du terrorisme, place les juridictions pénales dans une situation particulièrement ardue. Si le seul moyen de désamorcer la haine est d'intervenir avant qu'elle n'atteigne un point de non retour, sa prévention est une tâche complexe. L'équilibre avec le respect des libertés publiques est extrêmement précaire, la liberté d'expression étant bien souvent la première à être altérée. Sanctionner les propos incitant à la haine ou encore négationnistes conduit pourtant nécessairement à censurer des propos. Les modalités de cette censure font l'objet de multiples débats et se confrontent souvent à des fortes oppositions. La place des institutions régionales et internationales est en l'espèce fondamentale, notamment pour orienter un droit français vieillissant. La législation en matière de haine est en effet encore largement enfermée dans le droit de la presse alors que la haine utilise de nos jours bien d'autres moyens de se propager. L'éducation et le renseignement sont les deux clés qui permettront de se projeter dans un futur où la haine sera suffisamment maîtrisée, à la condition bien entendu que l'ensemble des acteurs de la lutte contre la haine travaillent de concert, tant sur le plan national qu'international. / Hate left painful scars in our societies that will never be forgotten. The rise of terrorism and the growing tensions among communities raise concerns about a possible long term instability of our society. Criminal law is the one able to stop this phenomenon but such a task is not without difficulties. The first of them is to understand and define hate, both on its effects on the mind and the shaped of its demonstrations. The modern means of hate transmission are tightly tied to the hate ability to have a strong hold on the most vulnerable people. The control of internet is one of the key to succeed but is far from an easy thing. The complexity of it, both technological and legal, slows down the legislator work. This obstacle, associated with the wave of terrorism, put the criminal courts in a tough situation. If the only way to prevent hate is to stop it before reaching the point of non return, preventing it is complex. The balance with the fundamental liberties is very delicate and the freedom of speech is often the first one hurt. Punishing incitement to hatred or denial of crimes against humanity leads necessarily to censorship. The conditions of this censorship are the subject of many debates and strong oppositions. In this case, the role of regional and international institutions is fundamental, especially to direct the aging french law towards the right direction. The criminal law regarding hate is indeed still widely limited to the press legislation while hate now used many different means to spread. The legislator and justice need to work together in order to create new offenses, improve the already existing offenses and prevention, always respecting fundamental liberties. Globally, it is all the countries together that must face together these new threats.

The diploma thesis deals with the evolution of race theory and its relation to Jews in the Czech lands during the period of the second republic. Apart from mapping the evolution of race theory in the Czech lands in said period coherently, the thesis also focuses on the premises of the second-republic policy and its accompanying government regulations. The aim of the thesis is to show the characteristics of Czech antisemitism and especially the connection between political and race theory which appeared at the political sphere of the second republic. The thesis points out the fact that not everyone acted upon antisemitism, even though it was quite widespread.

<p>My dissertation is divided into five relatively freestanding yet thematically linked essays, investigating a number of ways in which social norms and the question of racism are related. In these chapters, I aim to show the vital influence of social norms on our interpersonal relationships, going beyond the futile binary between individual (moral philosophy) and state (political philosophy), thereby affirming the primacy of the social over the political. Considering social norms can help us to see how individual agents are socially and culturally mediated, shaped, and distorted. In the dissertation, I discuss the racial contract (John Rawls and Charles Mills), racism as volitional states (Jorge Garcia), racism as ideology (Tommie Shelby and Sally Haslanger), and anti-racism through social movements (Elizabeth Anderson). By engaging them, I argue that racism as a socially harmful norm should be understood in the context of broader social environments. My thesis is that racism as a socially harmful norm should be understood as a manifestation in broad social environments where the mechanisms of social norms function structurally. In conclusion, I argue for the relevance of social critique instead of a narrow moral critique of racism. In this regard, my solution is not intended as a complete solution for the termination of all forms of racism, rather as certainly a needed viable approach both morally warranted and pragmatically efficacious.</p>

Thesis (D. Min.)--Boston University, 1994.

Thesis advisor: Janet E. Helms / The present study explored the ways in which Black women college students support themselves emotionally in the face of racism and sexism at their predominantly White colleges and universities (PWIs). Intersectional theory (Crenshaw, 1991) and invisibility theory (Helms, 2017) were used to guide the study. Intersectional theory proposes that Black women college students at PWI colleges and universities experience intersectional racism-sexism in the form of hostile climate factors. Invisibility theory proposes that Black women college students may feel invisible because they experience racist-sexist, hostile climate factors and, as a result, may be at risk for developing mental health issues. Participants were eight Black women college students, ages 18 to 22 years, who identified with a range of sexual orientations, locations of origin, and academic interests, and were attending universities that varied in terms of prestige and cost. Narrative inquiry and analysis of interviews was used to allow Black women’s narratives to center their individual life experiences of coping with racism-sexism. Four research themes that guided the study were (a) the nature of Black women college students’ perceived racist-sexist hostile climate factors at their PWI colleges and universities, (b) the extent to which their experiences with racism-sexism influenced their emotional health, (c) what services or activities the women used to cope with emotional issues if they occurred, and (d) the extent to which shame and stigmatization influenced their use or nonuse of formal mental health treatment when experiencing emotional health problems. Results demonstrated that consistent with intersectional theory, participants experienced racist/sexist, hostile climate factors before and during college— primarily through academic microaggressions from teachers and college professors. Consistent with invisibility theory, many of the participants experienced emotional health problems that they linked to their experiences of racist/sexist, hostile climate factors. Implications include the need for further research on Black women college students’ experiences of racism/sexism and their subsequent mental health experiences and the need for clinicians to address Black women college students’ experiences of racism-sexism in treatment. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

The incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the African American (AA) and Hispanic or Latino American populations in the United States (US) is twice as high compared to non-Hispanic White Americans. The study of race-related factors to explain the disparity in the incidence of AD and other health outcomes has been of growing interest. African Americans in the US experience higher discrimination due to race on a daily basis than any other minority group, and race-based discrimination (racism) is a known chronic stressor. It has been shown that in humans and rodents, chronic stress negatively affects hippocampal-dependent memory and reduces hippocampal volume. Pattern separation (PS), the ability to create distinguishable memory traces for similar information and thus avoiding interference to discriminate between similarly patterned visual percepts, is known to rely on the dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal subfield integrity. Although the detrimental effects of chronic stress have been documented before, the effects of racism-related chronic stress (RRCS) on hippocampal-dependent memory system remain understudied. This pilot/preliminary study tested the hypothesis that higher frequency of experiences of discrimination in AA older adults would correlate with deficits in a behavioral PS task and with DG/CA3 volume. Seven African American older residents from the greater Boston area participated in both the cognitive testing to examine behavioral PS and structural MRI to examine DG/CA3 volume. Contrary to our hypothesis, a Spearman correlation analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between discrimination scores and behavioral PS performance or DG/CA3 volume. However, a significant correlation was found between performance on the behavioral PS task and right DG/CA3 volume. These results are consistent with previous studies on PS. Continued future research on the impact of RRCS on the hippocampal memory system among AA older adults as an important modulating factor in health for this population is needed.