O receptor canabinoide CB1, altamente expresso em várias regiões do sistema límbico, possui um importante papel na regulação da plasticidade sináptica implicada nas diferentes fases da memória emocional. Em roedores, embora já estejam bem caracterizados os efeitos da manipulação farmacológica do receptor CB1 na amígdala, no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal medial sobre a modulação de memórias aversivas, sua função no córtex retrosplenial (RSC) permanece desconhecida. Neste trabalho, usando o paradigma pavloviano de condicionamento aversivo ao contexto em ratos, exploramos o papel do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre as fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória. Demostramos que a infusão intra-RSC imediatamente pós-treino de AM251 (11 μg/μL), um antagonista seletivo CB1, causa amnésia retrógrada no teste de retenção da memória conduzido 48 h após o condicionamento, enquanto que a infusão bilateral de CP55940, um agonista canabinoide CB1/CB2 (5μg/μL), facilita a consolidação da memória. No protocolo de reconsolidação (injeção intra-RSC após uma sessão de reativação de 4 min, conduzida 48 h depois do condicionamento) foram encontramos efeitos opostos no teste de retenção da memória realizado 24 h após a reativação: o bloqueio dos receptores CB1 facilita, enquanto que sua ativação prejudica o fenômeno de reconsolidação da memória. Além disso, quando o AM251 é injetado intra-RSC 20 min antes de uma reexposição prolongada (de 30 min), observamos que a consolidação da memória de extinção é prejudicada, enquanto que o CP55940 acelera a extinção e impede sua recuperação espontânea ao longo do tempo. Concluindo, nossos resultados apresentam novas evidências sobre a função do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre a modulação das fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória emocional. / The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in many regions of the limbic system, having an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity implicated in different phases of emotional memory processing. In rodents, although are well characterized the effects of the pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex upon the modulation of aversive memories, their function in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) remains unknown. In this study, using pavlovian contextual fear conditioning in rats, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. We showed that posttraining intra-RSC infusion of AM251 (11 μg/μL), a selective CB1 antagonist, causes retrograde amnesia during the test for memory retention conducted 48 h after learning, whereas the bilateral infusion of CP55940 (5 μg/μL), a CB1/CB2 agonist, enhanced fear memory consolidation. In the reconsolidation protocol (postreactivation intra-RSC infusions conducted 48 h after training) we found opposite effects in the test session performed 24 h after memory reactivation: blocking CB1 receptors enhanced, whereas the activation of cannabinoid receptors impaired memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, when AM251 was infused intra-RSC 20 min before a prolonged reexposure (30 min), memory extinction was impaired, whereas the infusion of CP55940 accelerates memory extinction and prevents spontaneous recovery, maintaining memory extinguished over time. In conclusion, these data shed new light about the function of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on the role of contextual-fear related memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T13:24:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGS.pdf: 2043932 bytes, checksum: 2dbd0889b9f3fb31e59390124abd82bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-24T19:29:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGS.pdf: 2043932 bytes, checksum: 2dbd0889b9f3fb31e59390124abd82bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-24T19:29:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGS.pdf: 2043932 bytes, checksum: 2dbd0889b9f3fb31e59390124abd82bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T19:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGS.pdf: 2043932 bytes, checksum: 2dbd0889b9f3fb31e59390124abd82bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The endocannabinoid neurotransmission has been reported as an important neurochemical mechanism involved in behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Previous studies provided evidence of endocannabinoid release in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) during aversive stimuli. Nevertheless, a possible involvement of this neurochemical mechanism in stress responses has never been evaluated. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the involvement of endocannabinoid neurotransmission within the BNST, acting via local CB1 receptor, in cardiovascular responses evoked by acute restraint stress in rats. We found that microinjection of the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1, 30, and 100 pmol/100 nL) into the BNST enhanced the heart rate increase caused by restraint stress, without affecting the arterial pressure increase and the sympathetic-mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction response. Conversely, increase in endogenous levels of anandamide in the BNST evoked by local treatment with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor URB597 (30 pmol/100 nL) decreased restraint-evoked tachycardia. Inhibition of the hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the BNST by local microinjection of the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzyme inhibitor JZL184 (30 pmol/100 nL) also decreased the HR response to restraint. Effects of BNST treatment with either URB597 or JZL184 were inhibited by local pretreatment with the CB 1 receptor antagonist AM251. These findings indicate an involvement of BNST endocannabinoid neurotransmission, acting via CB1 receptor, in cardiovascular adjustments during emotional stress. Furthermore, present findings provide evidence that this control may be mediated by local release of either anandamide or 2-AG. / A neurotransmissão endocanabinóide tem sido reportada como um importante mecanismo neuroquímico envolvido em respostas comportamentais e fisiológicas ao estresse. Estudos anteriores forneceram evidências da liberação de endocanabinóides no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) durante os estímulos aversivos. No entanto, um possível envolvimento deste mecanismo neuroquímico do NLET nas respostas ao estresse nunca foi investigada. Portanto, no presente estudo nós investigamos o envolvimento da neurotransmissão endocanabinóide no NLET, agindo via receptor CB1 local, nas respostas cardiovasculares desencadeadas pelo estresse de restrição agudo em ratos. A microinjeção de AM251 (antagonista seletivo do receptor CB1) (1, 30 e 100 pmol/100 nL) no NLET aumentou a resposta de taquicardia causada pelo o estresse de restrição agudo, sem afetar as respostas de aumento da pressão arterial e a de vasoconstrição cutânea. Por outro lado, o aumento dos níveis endógenos do endocanabinóide anandamida (AEA) no NLET causado pelo tratamento local com URB597 (inibidor da enzima ácido graxo amino hidrolase -FAAH) (30 pmol/100 nL) atenuou o aumento da frequência cardíaca desencadeada pelo o estresse de restrição agudo. O aumento nos níveis locais de 2-araquidonoilglicerol (2-AG) no NLET causado pelo tratamento local com JZL184 (inibidor da enzima monoacilglicerol lipase - MAGL) (30 pmol/100 nL) também reduziu a resposta taquicárdica desencadeada pelo o estresse de restrição agudo. Os efeitos tanto do URB597 quanto do JZL184 foram abolidos após o pré-tratamento local do NLET com o antagonista seletivo do receptor CB1 (AM251). Estes resultados indicam um envolvimento da neurotransmissão endocanabinóide no NLET, agindo via receptor CB1 , nos ajustes cardiovasculares durante o estresse emocional. Além disso, nossos achados fornecem evidências de que este controle pode ser mediado pela liberação local tanto de anandamida quanto de 2-AG.

O receptor canabinoide CB1, altamente expresso em várias regiões do sistema límbico, possui um importante papel na regulação da plasticidade sináptica implicada nas diferentes fases da memória emocional. Em roedores, embora já estejam bem caracterizados os efeitos da manipulação farmacológica do receptor CB1 na amígdala, no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal medial sobre a modulação de memórias aversivas, sua função no córtex retrosplenial (RSC) permanece desconhecida. Neste trabalho, usando o paradigma pavloviano de condicionamento aversivo ao contexto em ratos, exploramos o papel do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre as fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória. Demostramos que a infusão intra-RSC imediatamente pós-treino de AM251 (11 μg/μL), um antagonista seletivo CB1, causa amnésia retrógrada no teste de retenção da memória conduzido 48 h após o condicionamento, enquanto que a infusão bilateral de CP55940, um agonista canabinoide CB1/CB2 (5μg/μL), facilita a consolidação da memória. No protocolo de reconsolidação (injeção intra-RSC após uma sessão de reativação de 4 min, conduzida 48 h depois do condicionamento) foram encontramos efeitos opostos no teste de retenção da memória realizado 24 h após a reativação: o bloqueio dos receptores CB1 facilita, enquanto que sua ativação prejudica o fenômeno de reconsolidação da memória. Além disso, quando o AM251 é injetado intra-RSC 20 min antes de uma reexposição prolongada (de 30 min), observamos que a consolidação da memória de extinção é prejudicada, enquanto que o CP55940 acelera a extinção e impede sua recuperação espontânea ao longo do tempo. Concluindo, nossos resultados apresentam novas evidências sobre a função do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre a modulação das fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória emocional. / The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in many regions of the limbic system, having an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity implicated in different phases of emotional memory processing. In rodents, although are well characterized the effects of the pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex upon the modulation of aversive memories, their function in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) remains unknown. In this study, using pavlovian contextual fear conditioning in rats, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. We showed that posttraining intra-RSC infusion of AM251 (11 μg/μL), a selective CB1 antagonist, causes retrograde amnesia during the test for memory retention conducted 48 h after learning, whereas the bilateral infusion of CP55940 (5 μg/μL), a CB1/CB2 agonist, enhanced fear memory consolidation. In the reconsolidation protocol (postreactivation intra-RSC infusions conducted 48 h after training) we found opposite effects in the test session performed 24 h after memory reactivation: blocking CB1 receptors enhanced, whereas the activation of cannabinoid receptors impaired memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, when AM251 was infused intra-RSC 20 min before a prolonged reexposure (30 min), memory extinction was impaired, whereas the infusion of CP55940 accelerates memory extinction and prevents spontaneous recovery, maintaining memory extinguished over time. In conclusion, these data shed new light about the function of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on the role of contextual-fear related memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction.

Acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes the intracellular synthesis of cholesteryl esters (CE). Both ACAT isoforms, ACAT1 and ACAT2, play key roles in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and ACAT inhibition retards atherosclerosis in animal models. Rimonabant, a type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonist, produces anti-atherosclerotic effects in humans and animals by mechanisms which are not completely understood. Rimonabant is structurally similar to two other cannabinoid receptor antagonists, AM251 and SR144528, recently identified as potent inhibitors of ACAT. Therefore, we examined the effects of Rimonabant on ACAT using both in vivo cell-based assays and in vitro cell-free assays. Rimonabant dose-dependently reduced ACAT activity in Raw 264.7 macrophages (IC50=2.9±0.38μM) and isolated peritoneal macrophages. Rimonabant inhibited ACAT activity in intact CHO-ACAT1 and CHO-ACAT2 cells and in cell-free assays with approximately equal efficiency (IC50=1.5±1.2μM and 2.2±1.1μM for CHO-ACAT1 and CHO-ACAT2, respectively). Consistent with ACAT inhibition, Rimonabant treatment blocked ACAT-dependent processes in macrophages, oxysterol-induced apoptosis and acetylated-LDL induced foam cell formation. From these results we conclude that Rimonabant is an ACAT1/2 dual inhibitor and suggest that some of the atherosclerotic beneficial effects of Rimonabant are, at least partly, due to inhibition of ACAT.

Os receptores canabinoides do tipo 1 (CB1) e vaniloides de potencial transitório 1 (TRPV1) presentes no córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) modulam de maneira oposta a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) no modelo do medo condicionado contextual (MCC). Enquanto a ativação de receptores CB1 reduz as respostas comportamental e cardiovascular da REC, a ativação de TRPV1 aumenta tais parâmetros. Além destes receptores, receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA e o sistema nitrérgico no CPFMv estão envolvidos na modulação da REC. Possivelmente, tanto a resposta modulada pelo receptor CB1 quanto pelo TRPV1 estão ligadas à modulação da liberação de glutamato e produção de óxido nítrico (NO). Outro neurotransmissor que também possui papel importante na REC é a acetilcolina (ACh) e que provavelmente atua via NO e eCBs. O favorecimento desta neurotransmissão no CPFMv aumenta a REC por meio da ativação de receptores muscarínicos M3. É descrito que a ativação de receptores muscarínicos induz a produção de NO, o qual pode aumentar a liberação de glutamato e, assim, aumentar a REC. Além disso, a ativação de receptores muscarínicos também podem induzir a produção de endocanabinoiodes (eCBs), como a anandamida (AEA), neuromoduladores que podem influenciar a liberação de glutamato, via CB1 ou TRPV1 e, consequentemente, podem afetar a REC. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se um antagonista CB1 (NIDA41020) e um agonista TRPV1 (capsaicina) atuam através da via NMDA/NO e se o aumento dos níveis de ACh modula a neurotransmissão gluatamatérgicapor meio de eCBs e NO. Ratos wistars com cânulas direcionadas para o CPFMv foram submetidos ao protocolo de medo condicionado ao contexto. No dia seguinte, cateter de polietileno foi implantado na artéria femoral para posterior registro cardiovascular. 24h após, as drogas foram administradas no CPFMv e o tempo de congelamento e a resposta autonômica foram avaliados durante a reexposição ao contexto. Tanto o NIDA quanto a capsaicina aumentaram a expressão da REC, independentemente de a administração ser na porção PL ou IL. A resposta do antagonismo de CB1 parece depender da ativação de TRPV1 e a resposta do antagonismo TRPV1 depende da ativação de CB1. O aumento da REC induzida por antagonista CB1 ou agonista TRPV1 foi prevenida com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA ou inibidor da enzima nNOS. A administração de um sequestrador de NO ou de um inibidor da enzima guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) preveniu apenas a resposta do antagonismo CB1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo agonista TRPV1 foi prevenido com a microinjeção de antioxidante/sequestrador de radicais livres. Desta maneira, os resultados demonstram que no CPFMv o receptor CB1 modula a expressão da REC através da via NMDA/NO/GCs e o receptor TRPV1 através da via NMDA/NO/Estresse nitrosativo. Além disso, a administração de um inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) aumentou a REC, sendo este efeito prevenido com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA, inibidor da nNOS, sequestrador de NO, inibidor da GCs e antagonista de receptores TRPV1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo antagonista CB1 e agonista TRPV1 não foi prevenido pela administração local prévia de antagonista de receptores M3. Este resultado indica que a resposta promovida pela ACh modula a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica possivelmente através da produção de NO e ativação de TRPV1pela AEA e que os eCBs não modulam a transmissão colinérgica no CPFMv. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo aumenta os níveis de ACh no CPFMv e, assim, ativa receptores M3 que, por sua vez, induzem a produção de eCBs, possivelmente AEA, e NO. O NO atuaria pré- sinapticamente aumentando a liberação de glutamato, e a AEA ativaria receptores TRPV1 pós-sinápticos que ativaria mecanismos de estresse nitrosativo decorrentes da produção do NO. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been related in the modulation of defensive behavior, as fear conditioning response. In contextual fear conditioning, CB1 and TRPV1 antagonism increase and decrease, respectively, the behavior and autonomic response during the reexposure to aversive context. CB1 and TRPV1 activation lead to decrease and increase of glutamate release, respectively. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in vmPFC involve in cardiovascular and behavioral response. NMDA activation can promote nitric oxide (NO) production, and this mediator could regulate the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic signaling. Another important neurotransmission related to REC and eCBs/NO is Acetylcholine (ACh). AChE inhibitor in vmPFC increase conditioned response expression through M3 receptor activation. Muscarinic activation leads to NO production and this event can increase the glutamate release. Moreover, muscarinic activation also can induce endocannabinoid (eCBs) production and modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Thus, NO and eCBs production by muscarinic activation probably affect conditioned response through glutamate release. Our aim in this study was to investigate if CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism promote an increase in conditioned response by NMDA/NO pathway. In addition, AChE inhibitor inject in vmPFC modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by NO and eCBs. Male wistars rats with guide cannulas invmPFC were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. 1 day after conditioning, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording. Following 24h, drugs were administrated in vmPFC and freezing behavior and autonomic response was recorded during context reexposure. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism increased the expression of conditioned emotional response and the response was not different when injected in PL or IL subareas. The response of CB1 antagonism depends on TRPV1 activation and response of TRPV1 antagonism depends on CB1 activation, demonstrating the relation of these receptors. The effect induced by CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism were prevented by an NMDA antagonism and preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In case of CB1 antagonism, NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC) also prevented this response, but not response induced by TRPV1 agonism. Effect of TRPV1 agonism was prevented by administration of antioxidant/free radical scavenger. In addition, inhibition of AChE in vmPFC increased the conditioned response and this effect was prevented by NMDA antagonist, nNOS inhibitor, NO scavenger, sGC inhibitor and TRPV1 antagonist. CB1 antagonist and TRPV1 agonist increased conditioned response and M3 antagonist was not able to prevent this effect. Our results demonstrated that the response promoted by ACh modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through NO and TRPV1 activation (by AEA). Moreover, endocannabinoid system did not affect cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we suggest that reexposure to aversive context increase ACh concentration in vmPFC and thus induce activation of the M3 receptor. M3 receptor promote NO and eCBs production. NO act in pre-synaptic terminalenhancing glutamate release and AEA activate the TRPV1 receptor in the postsynaptic terminal that act by nitrosative stress in NO pathway.

Os receptores canabinoides do tipo 1 (CB1) e vaniloides de potencial transitório 1 (TRPV1) presentes no córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) modulam de maneira oposta a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) no modelo do medo condicionado contextual (MCC). Enquanto a ativação de receptores CB1 reduz as respostas comportamental e cardiovascular da REC, a ativação de TRPV1 aumenta tais parâmetros. Além destes receptores, receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA e o sistema nitrérgico no CPFMv estão envolvidos na modulação da REC. Possivelmente, tanto a resposta modulada pelo receptor CB1 quanto pelo TRPV1 estão ligadas à modulação da liberação de glutamato e produção de óxido nítrico (NO). Outro neurotransmissor que também possui papel importante na REC é a acetilcolina (ACh) e que provavelmente atua via NO e eCBs. O favorecimento desta neurotransmissão no CPFMv aumenta a REC por meio da ativação de receptores muscarínicos M3. É descrito que a ativação de receptores muscarínicos induz a produção de NO, o qual pode aumentar a liberação de glutamato e, assim, aumentar a REC. Além disso, a ativação de receptores muscarínicos também podem induzir a produção de endocanabinoiodes (eCBs), como a anandamida (AEA), neuromoduladores que podem influenciar a liberação de glutamato, via CB1 ou TRPV1 e, consequentemente, podem afetar a REC. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se um antagonista CB1 (NIDA41020) e um agonista TRPV1 (capsaicina) atuam através da via NMDA/NO e se o aumento dos níveis de ACh modula a neurotransmissão gluatamatérgicapor meio de eCBs e NO. Ratos wistars com cânulas direcionadas para o CPFMv foram submetidos ao protocolo de medo condicionado ao contexto. No dia seguinte, cateter de polietileno foi implantado na artéria femoral para posterior registro cardiovascular. 24h após, as drogas foram administradas no CPFMv e o tempo de congelamento e a resposta autonômica foram avaliados durante a reexposição ao contexto. Tanto o NIDA quanto a capsaicina aumentaram a expressão da REC, independentemente de a administração ser na porção PL ou IL. A resposta do antagonismo de CB1 parece depender da ativação de TRPV1 e a resposta do antagonismo TRPV1 depende da ativação de CB1. O aumento da REC induzida por antagonista CB1 ou agonista TRPV1 foi prevenida com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA ou inibidor da enzima nNOS. A administração de um sequestrador de NO ou de um inibidor da enzima guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) preveniu apenas a resposta do antagonismo CB1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo agonista TRPV1 foi prevenido com a microinjeção de antioxidante/sequestrador de radicais livres. Desta maneira, os resultados demonstram que no CPFMv o receptor CB1 modula a expressão da REC através da via NMDA/NO/GCs e o receptor TRPV1 através da via NMDA/NO/Estresse nitrosativo. Além disso, a administração de um inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) aumentou a REC, sendo este efeito prevenido com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA, inibidor da nNOS, sequestrador de NO, inibidor da GCs e antagonista de receptores TRPV1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo antagonista CB1 e agonista TRPV1 não foi prevenido pela administração local prévia de antagonista de receptores M3. Este resultado indica que a resposta promovida pela ACh modula a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica possivelmente através da produção de NO e ativação de TRPV1pela AEA e que os eCBs não modulam a transmissão colinérgica no CPFMv. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo aumenta os níveis de ACh no CPFMv e, assim, ativa receptores M3 que, por sua vez, induzem a produção de eCBs, possivelmente AEA, e NO. O NO atuaria pré- sinapticamente aumentando a liberação de glutamato, e a AEA ativaria receptores TRPV1 pós-sinápticos que ativaria mecanismos de estresse nitrosativo decorrentes da produção do NO. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been related in the modulation of defensive behavior, as fear conditioning response. In contextual fear conditioning, CB1 and TRPV1 antagonism increase and decrease, respectively, the behavior and autonomic response during the reexposure to aversive context. CB1 and TRPV1 activation lead to decrease and increase of glutamate release, respectively. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in vmPFC involve in cardiovascular and behavioral response. NMDA activation can promote nitric oxide (NO) production, and this mediator could regulate the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic signaling. Another important neurotransmission related to REC and eCBs/NO is Acetylcholine (ACh). AChE inhibitor in vmPFC increase conditioned response expression through M3 receptor activation. Muscarinic activation leads to NO production and this event can increase the glutamate release. Moreover, muscarinic activation also can induce endocannabinoid (eCBs) production and modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Thus, NO and eCBs production by muscarinic activation probably affect conditioned response through glutamate release. Our aim in this study was to investigate if CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism promote an increase in conditioned response by NMDA/NO pathway. In addition, AChE inhibitor inject in vmPFC modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by NO and eCBs. Male wistars rats with guide cannulas invmPFC were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. 1 day after conditioning, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording. Following 24h, drugs were administrated in vmPFC and freezing behavior and autonomic response was recorded during context reexposure. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism increased the expression of conditioned emotional response and the response was not different when injected in PL or IL subareas. The response of CB1 antagonism depends on TRPV1 activation and response of TRPV1 antagonism depends on CB1 activation, demonstrating the relation of these receptors. The effect induced by CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism were prevented by an NMDA antagonism and preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In case of CB1 antagonism, NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC) also prevented this response, but not response induced by TRPV1 agonism. Effect of TRPV1 agonism was prevented by administration of antioxidant/free radical scavenger. In addition, inhibition of AChE in vmPFC increased the conditioned response and this effect was prevented by NMDA antagonist, nNOS inhibitor, NO scavenger, sGC inhibitor and TRPV1 antagonist. CB1 antagonist and TRPV1 agonist increased conditioned response and M3 antagonist was not able to prevent this effect. Our results demonstrated that the response promoted by ACh modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through NO and TRPV1 activation (by AEA). Moreover, endocannabinoid system did not affect cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we suggest that reexposure to aversive context increase ACh concentration in vmPFC and thus induce activation of the M3 receptor. M3 receptor promote NO and eCBs production. NO act in pre-synaptic terminalenhancing glutamate release and AEA activate the TRPV1 receptor in the postsynaptic terminal that act by nitrosative stress in NO pathway.

A pesar de que el uso del cannabis y el alcohol como sustancias psicoactivas es muy antiguo y que su uso como drogas recreacionales está muy extendido, los mecanismos a través de los cuales producen sus efectos psicoactivos se han empezado a conocer hace relativamente poco tiempo. En la presente tesis se estudia como afectan distintos tratamientos sistémicos, tanto con etanol como con distintos compuestos cannabinoides, simultáneamente sobre la síntesis de las distintas monoaminas en diferentes regiones cerebrales de rata. Además, se analizó como afectaban estos tratamientos a los distintos componentes de la vía de señalización intracelular de las MAPK en la corteza frontal de rata. Se realizaron distintos tratamientos agudos con estos compuestos así como tratamientos a más largo plazo (crónicos) y además se estudiaron estos parámetros durante el llamado síndrome de abstinencia que aparece una vez que se detiene esta administración crónica.

Lors de cette étude, nous avons d’abord localisé les récepteurs CB1 et CB2 sur les structures neuronales. Nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 et CB2 sont présents sur les dendrites et les axones et les filopodes. Dans le même ordre d’idée, nous avons localisé le récepteur DCC sur les structures neuronales. Celui-ci est aussi présent sur les dendrites, les axones et les filopodes. Ces résultats suggèrent que le récepteur DCC serait impliqué non seulement dans le processus de synaptogenèse médié par le récepteur CB1, comme cela a été montré dans le laboratoire du professeur Bouchard, mais aussi dans celui, éventuellement, médié par le récepteur CB2. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet des ligands du récepteur CB2. Nous n’avons détecté aucun effet clair des agonistes inverses (AM630 et JTE907) et des agonistes (JWH015 et JWH133) quant à la médiation du processus de synaptogenèse en terme de variation de la densité des filopodes et des points de contacts synaptiques. Nous avons obtenu des résultats variables. Ceux-ci furent non reproductibles. Nous avons obtenu des résultats différents des résultats originaux lorsque nous avons requantifié visuellement les mêmes photos à deux reprises Nous avons développé une méthode informatisée de quantification qui nous a permis d’obtenir des résultats reproductibles. Cependant, nous n’avons toujours pas détecté d’effets sur la synaptogenèse médiés par le récepteur CB2. Ces résultats préliminaires ne nous permettent ni d’infirmer, ni de confirmer d’éventuels effets sur la synaptogenèse médiés par le récepteur CB2. Une étude exhaustive serait nécessaire pour le déterminer. / During this study we first localised the receptors CB1 and CB2 on neuronal structures. We have shown that those receptors expressed on dendrites and filopodia. Likewise and based on Bouchard’s previous laboratory results showing an implication of the netrin-1 receptor, Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), on the synaptogenesis process mediated by the receptor CB1 we localized the receptor DCC on neuronal structures. We have shown that the receptor DCC is expressed on dendrites, axons and filopodia. These results suggest an implication of the receptor DDC in a synaptogenesis process that would be mediated by the receptor CB2. We then evaluated the effects triggered by the receptor CB2’s ligands on the synaptogenesis process. We found no evidences of any effects on synaptogenesis mediated by the receptor CB2 inverse agonists (AM630 and JTE907) and agonists (JWH015 and JWH133) in term of filopodia density and synaptic contacts density variations. We witnessed highly variable results that were irreproducible. Visual quantifications of filopodia and synaptic contacts density were variable as we quantified two times the same set of photos. We have therefore developed a computer based quantification method by which we were able to obtained reproducible results. Nevertheless we found no evidence of any implication of the receptor CB2 on the synaptogenesis process. These preliminary results do not allow us neither to rule out nor to confirm eventual CB2 receptor effects on synaptogenesis. An exhaustive study is required to access possible CB2 receptors effect on synaptogenesis.

La adicción es un trastorno crónico de la conducta caracterizado por la búsqueda y el consumo compulsivos de la droga, la pérdida de control para limitar dicho consumo, a aparición de un estado emocional negativo cuando el acceso a la droga está impedido y la recaída en el proceso incluso tras largos períodos de abstinencia. El sistema dopaminérgico mesolímbico cortical ha sido propuesto como la principal base neurobiológica de la adicción, sin embargo existen otros sistemas de neurotransmision que participan en la consolidación del proceso adictivo.El sistema endocannabinoide, a traves del receptor CB1, participa en las propiedades adictivas de diferentes drogas de abuso como el delta9-tetrahidrocannabinol, la nicotina y la morfina. Sin embargo, hasta el momento de iniciar este trabajo, pocos estudios han demostrado una clara implicación del sistema endocannabinoide en las propiedades reforzantes de los psicoestimulantes. Mediante el uso de ratones CB1 knockout, hemos demostrado que el receptor CB1 participa en la eficacia reforzante de la cocaína. Además, la presencia de dicho receptor es necesaria para los procesos de consolidación de una conducta operante mantenida por la autoadministración de cocaína. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de dicho receptor CB1 en las propiedades adictivas de la cocaína, confirmando que el sistema endocannabinoide es un sustrato común para la adicción de drogas de abuso. Por otra parte, el sistema purinérgico modula numerosos sistemas de neurotransmisión en el SNC. La estrecha relación a nivel celular y funcional entre los receptores de adenosina y los receptores dopaminérgicos proporciona evidencias de que el sistema purinérgico podría modular los sistemas de recompensa. Utilizando diferentes modelos animales, hemos demostrado que los receptores de adenosina A2A son necesarios para que las propiedades adictivas de las drogas de abuso como los cannabinoides, los opioides, la nicotina y los psicoestimulantes se produzcan de un modo completo.Nuestros estudios nos permiten afirmar que ambos sistemas, el cannabinoide y el purinérgico podría suponer la existencia de nuevos sistemas de modulación común de los procesos adictivos. Asi, sería de gran interés desarrollar nuevas estrategias de bloqueo de los receptores A2A y CB1 para atenuar e incluso prevenir el desarrollo de la adicción. / Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that is defined by a compulsion to take the drug intake, a loss of control in limiting intake and a withdrawal-negative affect state when the access to the drug is interrupted. Mesolimbic dopaminergic system has been proposed as a fundamental neurobiological substrate for drug addiction. However, there is evidence for other neurotransmitter systems involved in the consolidation of the addictive process. The endocannabinoid system, through the activation of CB1 receptor, participates in the addictive properties of different drugs of abuse such as delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine and nicotine. Nevertheless, few studies have revealed an important implication of CB1 receptor in the reinforcing properties of psychostimulants. By using CB1 knockout mice, we have demonstrated that CB1 receptor participates in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Moreover, this receptor is necessary for the consolidation processes involved in cocaine maintained intravenous self-administration. Therefore, this study reveals an essential role of CB1 receptor in cocaine addictive properties, confirming that the endocannabinoid system is a common substrate of addiction to drugs of abuse.On the other hand, the purinergic system modulates different neurotransmitter systems in the CNS. Adenosine receptors are closely related to dopaminergic receptors at both cellular and functional levels, suggesting that purinergic system could modulate the reward systems. By using different animal models, we have demonstrated that A2A adenosine receptors are necessary for the development of the addictive properties of drugs of abuse such as opioids, cannabinoids, nicotine and cocaine. Our studies suggest that both cannabinoid and purinergic systems could represent new and common modulatory systems of addictive processes. Thus, it would be of interest to develop new therapeutic targets blocking CB1 and A2A receptors to attenuate the development of addiction.

Lors de cette étude, nous avons d’abord localisé les récepteurs CB1 et CB2 sur les structures neuronales. Nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 et CB2 sont présents sur les dendrites et les axones et les filopodes. Dans le même ordre d’idée, nous avons localisé le récepteur DCC sur les structures neuronales. Celui-ci est aussi présent sur les dendrites, les axones et les filopodes. Ces résultats suggèrent que le récepteur DCC serait impliqué non seulement dans le processus de synaptogenèse médié par le récepteur CB1, comme cela a été montré dans le laboratoire du professeur Bouchard, mais aussi dans celui, éventuellement, médié par le récepteur CB2. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet des ligands du récepteur CB2. Nous n’avons détecté aucun effet clair des agonistes inverses (AM630 et JTE907) et des agonistes (JWH015 et JWH133) quant à la médiation du processus de synaptogenèse en terme de variation de la densité des filopodes et des points de contacts synaptiques. Nous avons obtenu des résultats variables. Ceux-ci furent non reproductibles. Nous avons obtenu des résultats différents des résultats originaux lorsque nous avons requantifié visuellement les mêmes photos à deux reprises Nous avons développé une méthode informatisée de quantification qui nous a permis d’obtenir des résultats reproductibles. Cependant, nous n’avons toujours pas détecté d’effets sur la synaptogenèse médiés par le récepteur CB2. Ces résultats préliminaires ne nous permettent ni d’infirmer, ni de confirmer d’éventuels effets sur la synaptogenèse médiés par le récepteur CB2. Une étude exhaustive serait nécessaire pour le déterminer. / During this study we first localised the receptors CB1 and CB2 on neuronal structures. We have shown that those receptors expressed on dendrites and filopodia. Likewise and based on Bouchard’s previous laboratory results showing an implication of the netrin-1 receptor, Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), on the synaptogenesis process mediated by the receptor CB1 we localized the receptor DCC on neuronal structures. We have shown that the receptor DCC is expressed on dendrites, axons and filopodia. These results suggest an implication of the receptor DDC in a synaptogenesis process that would be mediated by the receptor CB2. We then evaluated the effects triggered by the receptor CB2’s ligands on the synaptogenesis process. We found no evidences of any effects on synaptogenesis mediated by the receptor CB2 inverse agonists (AM630 and JTE907) and agonists (JWH015 and JWH133) in term of filopodia density and synaptic contacts density variations. We witnessed highly variable results that were irreproducible. Visual quantifications of filopodia and synaptic contacts density were variable as we quantified two times the same set of photos. We have therefore developed a computer based quantification method by which we were able to obtained reproducible results. Nevertheless we found no evidence of any implication of the receptor CB2 on the synaptogenesis process. These preliminary results do not allow us neither to rule out nor to confirm eventual CB2 receptor effects on synaptogenesis. An exhaustive study is required to access possible CB2 receptors effect on synaptogenesis.