Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho, partindo de antecedentes históricos, aborda a regularização fundiária e os direitos de propriedade da terra rural, com base, tanto em uma espacialização referenciada na área de estudo do Estado de Roraima, quanto, uma periodização que abrange o intervalo temporal entre os anos de 1980 a 2010 intercalando os fatos históricos legiferantes do Estado Nacional Brasileiro. Assenta-se a pesquisa nos campos epistemológicos de Desenvolvimento Regional e de Análise de Políticas Públicas explorando a insegurança jurídica dos direitos de propriedade da terra no caso do Estado de Roraima por meio da identificação das diferentes óticas dos três poderes. E tem como objetivo geral explicar e caracterizar as forças dinâmicas que influenciam na formação dos conflitos fundiários em Roraima e repercutem na restrição dos raios de manobra para o seu desenvolvimento regional, estruturando-se metodologicamente a partir de uma pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica, baseada principalmente em textos acadêmicos de diversas áreas do conhecimento, sendo caracterizada como um estudo exploratório, descritivo, explicativo e dedutivo quanto aos fins, bem como um estudo qualitativo quanto aos meios, no qual é utilizada a revisão bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso. Perpassa a pesquisa pelos estudos de casos judiciais e bibliográficos ao analisar as três esferas dos Poderes do Estado Brasileiro buscando identificar as consequências geradas para a sociedade e para o desenvolvimento econômico e social, quer pelo abuso de poder do Executivo, omissão do Legislativo em promover o processo legislativo, bem como atuação do Poder Judiciário em papel atípico, agindo ativamente na implementação dos direitos de propriedade. Verificou-se que a demanda de desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade na Amazônia encontra problemas devido à indefinição e omissão governamental para garantir dos direitos de propriedade da terra. Concluiu a pesquisa que a presença de conflitos de interesses decorrentes de diferentes stakesholders, tais como entes federativos (Estado de Roraima e União) e movimentos específicos (indigenista, ambientalista e de agronegócio) tende a se materializar em ações judiciais que se arrastam ad eterno nos tribunais devido a uma latência da insegurança jurídica dos direitos de propriedade que repercute como entrave estrutural ao desenvolvimento regional do Estado de Roraima no longo prazo. / This work based on historical facts discusses land property regularization and rural property rights taking for granted references to the spatialization area of the State of Roraima as well as its periodization from 1980 to 2010 while cruising to the federal historical lawmaking landmarks in the Brazilian State. This research focus on the epistemological fields of Regional Development and Public Policy Analysis exploring juridical insecurity of land property rights as a case study in the State of Roraima through the identification of the different dimensions of the Three Public Powers. The overall objective of this dissertation has been oriented in order to explain and characterize the dynamic forces that influence the emergence of land conflicts in Roraima and that resonate in the constraint of the maneuver to its regional development. Methodologically structured through a research of bibliographical revision nature based primarily on academic texts from various fields of knowledge this dissertation has been characterized as an exploratory descriptive, explanatory and deductive study according to its ends as well as a qualitative study according to its means due to the use of literature review and case study. This research focus on court cases and bibliographic studies while analyzing the Three Dimensions of Public Power of the Brazilian state in order to identify the consequences generated for society and for economic and social development due to Executive abuse of power, Legislative omission promoting lawmaking or even atypical Judicial activism regulating property rights. It has been placed as a result from the research that the sustainability demands in the Amazon face problems due to the uncertainty and the governmental omission to regulate the land property. As a conclusion this dissertation states that the presence of conflicts of interest arising from different stakeholders such as the federative levels (State of Roraima and Union) and specific movements (environment and agribusiness, indigenous groups) tend to materialize ad eternal lawsuits in courts due to the latency uncertainty of property rights reflecting on structural restrictions to the regional development of State of Roraima in the long term.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-13T19:29:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Sheila Maria Palza Silva.pdf: 2855051 bytes, checksum: 660e683b46464032dd86b6313252848c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T19:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Sheila Maria Palza Silva.pdf: 2855051 bytes, checksum: 660e683b46464032dd86b6313252848c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / CAPES / This thesis discusses the government politics of the ?Frente Popular? of state of Acre (Brazil) during the period 1999-2010, facing encouraged the development of an economy based agroforestry and guided by the principle of sustainable development and the florestania and neoestrativismo concepts. We rely on studies of federal policies implemented in the Amazon region since the 1970s until the 2000s. From there, we analyze the consequences of these policies in state of Acre, with emphasis on the period between 1999-2010, which correspond the first three Frente Popular governments. We seek to examine the government?s strategy in order to promote economic and social development of the state of Acre, based on the forestry sector (especially through the practice of forest management), while seeking to reconcile support for traditional economic activities such as farming, logging and resource extraction. The thesis also analyses state policies to encourage forest timber and livestock, highlighting the experience of Development Project supported by the International Tropical Timber Organization ? ITTO ? and its social and economic implications for agroextractivist producers of Antimary State Forest, localized in Bujari municipality, next to the state capital, Rio Branco. / Este trabalho discute a pol?tica de desenvolvimento do Governo da Frente Popular do Acre implementada no per?odo 1999-2010, voltada para o desenvolvimento de uma economia de base agroflorestal e orientada pelo princ?pio do desenvolvimento sustent?vel e pelos conceitos de florestania e neoextrativismo. A partir de um estudo das principais pol?ticas federais aplicadas na Amaz?nia desde os anos setenta at? os anos dois mil, analisa os desdobramentos dessas pol?ticas no estado do Acre com ?nfase no per?odo 1999-2010, que corresponde ao per?odo em que a Frente Popular do Acre assumiu o executivo acreano. Procura examinar a estrat?gia governamental de promover o desenvolvimento econ?mico e social do estado a partir do setor florestal (especialmente atrav?s do manejo florestal), ao mesmo tempo em que busca conciliar o enfrentamento do avan?o do desmatamento das florestas acreanas e a manuten??o do apoio ?s atividades econ?micas tradicionais, como a pecu?ria, o extrativismo e a explora??o madeireira. Analisa as pol?ticas estaduais de incentivo ao manejo florestal madeireiro e ? pecu?ria, com destaque para a experi?ncia do Projeto de Desenvolvimento da International Tropical Timber Organization ? ITTO e suas implica??es econ?micas e sociais para os agroextrativistas da Floresta Estadual do Antimary.

Uma das abordagens mais utilizadas atualmente para se estudar o metabolismo e a transdução de sinais hormonais é o uso de mutantes com alterações nos genes que codificam os principais componentes desses processos. A cultivar miniatura de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) denominada Micro-Tom (MT) possui porte reduzido (8 cm) e ciclo de apenas 75 dias, constituindo-se em um excelente modelo para uma abordagem genética de estudos fisiológicos. Mutantes com alterações no balanço auxina/citocinina, ou na capacidade de resposta a esse balanço, podem ser utilizados para desvendar o papel da interação entre esses hormônios no controle do desenvolvimento, inclusive no que se refere à capacidade de regeneração in vitro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo criar um modelo para se estudar o papel do balanço auxina/citocinina endógeno na competência para regeneração in vitro, através da incorporação das mutações dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls e bu, as quais sugerem alterações no metabolismo e/ou sensibilidade hormonal, na cultivar MT. Essas mutações foram caracterizadas quanto à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina através da obtenção de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de AIA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) e TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), em segmentos de pecíolo e plântulas germinadas em gerbox, respectivamente. As mutações caracterizadas para auxina e citocinina, bem como o controle MT, foram testadas in vitro, quanto à sua capacidade de regeneração, em meio de cultura MS, suplementado com 5µM de BAP (explantes cotiledonares e segmentos de hipocótilo) e 4,5 µM de Zeatina (segmentos de raiz). Os mutantes lutescent, gf e bu, apesar de possuírem fenótipo bastante interessante, não parecem ser relacionados à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, bem como ao etileno. Já os mutantes dgt e brt apresentaram respostas típicas de mutantes com pouca sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, respectivamente. Dessa forma, a resposta ao balanço AIA/Cks é alterado nesses mutantes, afetando o processo de regeneração. Nos segmentos de hipocótilo, houve formação de calos em todos os explantes, entretanto, poucos explantes formaram gemas adventícias, sendo que o mutante dgt foi o que apresentou menor taxa de regeneração. Nos explantes cotiledonares, a taxa de regeneração foi menor ainda no MT e no mutante dgt, e ausente no mutante brt. Não houve regeneração em nenhum dos genótipos em segmentos de raiz. Esses resultados sugerem que, embora a competência para regeneração in vitro possa ser dependente do balanço AIA/Cks, ou da resposta a esse balanço, existem interações mais complexas entre esses hormônios e seus efeitos na regeneração. A exemplo disso, era de se esperar uma maior formação de gemas caulinares em dgt, já que sua capacidade de resposta ao balanço está voltada para Cks. Um estudo mais aprofundado para a correta interpretação dessa interação deve levar em conta que a sensibilidade à auxina é necessária também no processo de desdiferenciação. Além disso, auxinas e citocininas não só atuam na diferenciação, mas também podem interferir na regeneração, independente do balanço AIA/Cks, já que são necessárias para a expansão e divisão celular. / To date, one of approaches more used to study the metabolism and transduction of hormone signals are the mutants with alterations in genes which encode the principal components of this process. The miniature cultivar of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) named Micro-Tom (MT) possesses reduced size (8 cm) and a life cycle of just 75 days, constituting an excellent model for a genetic approach of physiology studies. Mutants with altered auxin/cytokinin ratio, or in the response capacity to this ratio, can be used to clear up the role of interactions between these hormones in the control of development, including those concerning the in vitro regeneration capacity. The current work aimed to produce a model to study the role of endogenous auxin/cytokinins ratio in the competence for in vitro regeneration, through incorporation of the dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls and bu mutations, which concern altered hormone metabolism and/or sensibility, in the MT cultivar. These mutations were tested for the hypothesis of being related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility by means of dose-response curves, using different concentrations of IAA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) and TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), in petiole segments and gerbox-germinated seedlings, respectively. The mutations confirmed to be auxin and cytokinin related, as well the MT control, were tested in vitro for regeneration capacity, in MS culture media, with either 5µM de BAP (cotyledon explants and hypocotyl segments) or 4,5 µM Zeatin (root segments). The luescent, gf and bu mutants, despite showing an interesting phenotype, do not seem to be related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility, as well as to ethylene. However, the dgt and brt mutants showed typical responses of reduced auxin and cytokinin sensibility, respectively. Thus, the response to auxin/cytokinin is altered in these mutants, affecting the regeneration process. Calli were observed in all hypocotyl segments, however few explants formed adventitious buds, with the dgt mutant presenting the least regeneration ratio. In the cotyledon explants, the regeneration ratio was even less than in MT and in dgt, and absent in the brt mutant. There was no regeneration whatsoever from root segments in any genotype. These results suggest that, although the competence for in vitro regeneration might be dependent on the IAA/Cks ratio, or the response to this ratio, interactions far more complex exist between these hormones and their effects on regeneration. For instance, a greater adventitious buds formation was expected in dgt, because its response ability is biased toward Cks. A deeper study for the correct interpretation of these data should consider that the sensibility to auxin is also necessary in the process of undifferentiation. Besides, both auxins and cytokinins have roles not only in differentiation, but also can interfere with regeneration independent of the IAA/Cks ratio, as they are required for cell division and expansion.

Tendo como justificativa a relevância econômica dos arranjos produtivos regionais no capitalismo informacional, a pesquisa se propôs a analisar os modelos de desenvolvimento de quatro pólos regionais de tecnologia da informação, dois internacionais e dois nacionais, sob a perspectiva do conceito de desenvolvimento sistêmico. Os pólos abordados foram do Vale do Silício (Califórnia), Bangalore (Índia), Campinas e São Carlos (Brasil). Foi utilizada a metodologia de análise qualitativa cross-case de múltiplos casos. Os resultados foram comparados com o modelo ideal de desenvolvimento sistêmico. Como conclusão, foi possível verificar que os clusters nacionais funcionam sob poucos valores voltados para o empreendedorismo, o que culminou no estabelecimento de modelos mononucleados de relações entre agentes, diferente dos modelos multinucleados observados nos clusters internacionais, mais próximos das premissas do desenvolvimento sistêmico. / This research is justified by the economic relevance of the regional productive arrangements for the informational capital, and analyses the developments model of four regional information technology poles, Silicon Valley (California), Bangalore (India), São Carlos and Campinas (Brazil). The research was developed using the qualitative multiple cross-case analysis methodology and the results were compared with the ideal model of systemic development. The conclusion signalizes the low incidence of entrepreneurship elements in the Brazilian organizational culture, which corroborates to the formation of mono-nucleated models of relations among the national clusters agents, contrasting to the international clusters, which have multi-nucleated models of relations among their agents, closer to the systemic development premises.

Les représentations identitaires du Semi-aride brésilien ont été pendant longtemps incarnées dans des images de pauvreté, sécheresses et sous-développement. En dépassant ces stéréotypes, les politiques publiques actuelles appliquent une nouvelle approche du développement régional en l’articulant davantage au développement local afin de réduire les inégalités sociales et spatiales. Les politiques d’appui aux Arrangements Productifs Locaux-APL font partie de cette stratégie, visant à augmenter la compétitivité des territoires en y stimulant l’organisation productive, l’innovation, le renforcement du capital social, et tout ce qui contribue à redynamiser l’identité régionale. De leur coté, les acteurs sociaux organisés revendiquent le droit de participer à l’instauration d’un modèle de développement propre à la région tout en insistant sur l’adoption de mesures fondées sur la notion de développement durable traduite par l’expression « Vivre avec le Semi-aride ». Une telle posture a comme base le renforcement de la production familiale, l’éducation adaptée à la réalité locale, l’organisation communautaire et les solutions hydrauliques décentralisées de faible gabarit. Parallèlement, le grand projet d’’intégration du São Francisco avec les bassins hydrographiques du Nordeste septentrional, si cher au président Lula, ouvre le débat sur l’usage efficace et durable des eaux du fleuve pour l’irrigation pérenne des zones semi-arides. Au sein des enjeux de ce processus de [re]construction identitaire, la vitiviniculture – héritière de la fruiticulture irriguée dans la Vallée du São Francisco - est prise comme un exemple symbolique d’un APL soutenu par les gouvernements fédéral et de l’Etat du Pernambouc. Cet APL exprime la dialectique entre modernité et tradition, global et local, puisque la production d’un vin tropical contribue à infléchir les identités avec des images de progrès et d’innovation, mais cela implique également des risques de valorisation différenciée des territoires. C’est pourquoi une telle métamorphose, en même temps qu’elle apporte du nouveau, a aussi tendance à relancer l’habituel comportement d’enrichissement individuel conduisant à la concentration des terres et de l’eau aux dépens des productions villageoise et familiale qui sont au coeur des identités collectives sertanejas. / The Semi-Arid Region of Brazilian Northeast have been constantly associated to the image of poverty, periodical dries, and undervelopment. Avoiding this label, public policies of today are carrying out a new approach articulating regional and local development in order to reduce social and regional inequalities. The Arranjos Produtivos Locais [Local Productive Agreements] APL Program is part of this strategy, attempting to make local enconomies and territories more dynamic and competitive, through the encouragement of productive organization, inovation and strenghtening of social capital. The social actors claim the right to participate in the implementation of a model of development tailored to the region and based on the notion of sustainable development, which can be found in the expression “Livelihood in the Semi-Arid”. Such position is based in the strenghtening of familiar production, an education adapted to the local conditions, community organization and tailored and decentralized hydraulic solutions. Concurrently, the great project of integrating the São Francisco River Basin with the northern basins, so desired by the Lula Government, ignites the debate over the efficient and sustainable use of water for the irrigation of semi-arid zones. The wine industry, an outgrow of the irrigated fruit production of the São Francisco Valley, presents itself as a excellent example of an APL, supported by the Federal and Pernambuco State Government. This APL express the relationship between modernisty and tradition, global and local since the production of a tropical wine help to transform local identities through the image of progress and innovation, which also involve the risk of different valorization of the territories. For this reason, this transformation, at the same time that innovates, reinforces the common habit of individual enrichment, leading to the concentration of land and water in a few hands, which, at the end, acts against the valorization of local and familiar production.

Dans l’ensemble des cinq massifs préalpins français septentrionaux auquel il appartient, le massif des Bornes-Aravis présente un trait distinctif qui intrigue : celui de ne comporter qu’une réserve naturelle très restreinte, située sur la marge lacustre. En cela, il se démarque de ses homologues et voisins, dotés de vastes parcs naturels régionaux et de géoparcs, garants du maintien d’un cadre de vie de qualité. Rétifs à toute mesure de protection territoriale, les élus locaux affirment que l’empirisme guidé par la sagesse, ainsi que le savoir-être traditionnel des populations locales, se substituent avantageusement à l’établissement d’espaces protégés dont les effets seraient, à leurs dires, préjudiciables au développement économique. Dans ce contexte, on est fondé à éprouver quelques craintes quant à la pérennité de l’esthétique paysagère, qui constitue le facteur indispensable à l’attractivité touristique, moteur essentiel de l’économie alpine. On peut aussi s’interroger sur les chances de voir se maintenir une situation de « double mise en valeur équilibrée » (Bätzing, Rougier, 2006). Bien que s’adaptant volontiers aux impératifs de l’économie contemporaine, la société locale a su jusqu’ici limiter l’altération de sa culture et de son patrimoine naturel. En témoigne un système agro-pastoral dynamique et relativement prospère, indispensable au maintien de la qualité du cadre de vie. Les habitants des Bornes-Aravis déclarent vouloir éviter que leur massif ne devienne un espace de loisirs pour citadins. Les schémas de cohérences territoriales récemment élaborés prennent en compte ces enjeux.L’analyse menée tout au long de cette étude portera une attention toute particulière à l’évolution des dynamiques spatiales influant sur le devenir de la beauté paysagère, qui constitue la richesse essentielle de ces montagnes de moyenne altitude. Celle-ci devrait être valorisée notamment par une médiation scientifique non pas sporadique et fragmentaire telle qu’elle l’est actuellement, mais conçue selon une cohérence en lien avec l’identité du territoire. / Of the five northern french pre-Alpine ranges to which it belongs, the mountains of Bornes-Aravis has a distinctive feature that is intriguing: it has only a very small nature reserve situated on the fringes of Lake Annecy. In this it differs from larger neighboring parks, and more recently, geoparks, all guarantee of maintaining a high quality of life.Reluctant to adopt any measure of territorial protection, local officials say that empiricism guided by wisdom, and traditional know-how of native populations, outweigh the establishment of protected areas whose effects would be prejudicial to their priority of economic development. In this context, it is reasonable to harbour fears about the sustainability of landscape aesthetics, which is an essential factor attracting tourists, a key driver of the alpine economy. Native societies readily adapting to the demands of the modern economy, whilst limiting alterations to their cultural and natural heritage. As a result of that process, one can notice the existence of a dynamic and relatively prosperous agro-pastoral system, essential to maintaining the quality of life. The inhabitants of the country say they want to prevent it forbecoming a land of leisure for city dwellers. However in the absence of specifically protected areas guaranteeing environmental quality, one can only wonder about the chances that the « dual balancing improvement » (Bätzing, Rougier, 2006) will be maintained. Patterns of territorial coherence that have recently been developed aware of these stakes. That is why the analysis conducted throughout this study will pay particular attention to the evolution of spatial dynamics affecting the future of scenic beauty, which constitues the essential richness of these highlands. This matter should be valued notably by a scientific mediation not sporadic and fragmentary such as it is it at present, but conceived according to a coherence in link with the identity of the territory.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The geographical science analyzes the space produced and/or reproduced by society throughout the history, which is rearranged in the face of demands imposed by capital and the economic actors. In this sense, the current research aims to verify the rural space transformations of the geographical micro-region called Campanha Meridional, its origin, changes and permanency as also the socioeconomic (re)articulation, and the prospects for regional development. Specifically, it sought to: (a) recover the socio-spatial evolution of the geographical micro-region Campanha Meridional; (b) analyze the productive space of the spatial area under study to understand the current situation of the agricultural sector, and (c) identify the economic potential and fragility to be explored. The analyzed micro-region is located in the southern half of Rio Grande do Sul state, which is composed of five counties (Aceguá, Bagé, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Negra and Lavras do Sul), and it is considered one of the most backward micro-regions compared with other micro-regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This spatial area, that combines the perspective of culture, politics, with the formation of regional leaders who perpetuate themselves in power and local/regional economy through the coexistent traditional extensive livestock and integration of new economic actors, marking the influence of capital as an agent who "tries to" break down the barriers imposed by secular traditions. Thus, it is justified to rereading the geographical space of Campanha Meridional, which will allow identify the economic potential and/or fragility to be explored, linking the physical and natural, social and cultural aspects as assumptions to propose development alternatives, contributing with studies that aim to promote its productive structure. Methodologically the research was organized in steps: 1st bibliographic survey; 2nd the collection of data (secondary sources); 3rd field work; and 4th the analysis and interpretation of results. In this sense, was intended to investigate the changes in this spatial area, seeking to understand its spatial dynamics and the changes brought about by capital, which are aimed at its socioeconomic reorganization. / A ciência geográfica analisa o espaço produzido e/ou reproduzido pela sociedade ao longo da história, o qual é reorganizado frente às exigências impostas pelo capital e pelos atores econômicos. Neste contexto, a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral verificar as transformações do espaço rural da Microrregião Geográfica da Campanha Meridional, a sua origem, as mudanças e permanências, bem como as (re) articulações socioeconômicas. Especificamente, buscou-se: (a) resgatar a evolução socioespacial da Microrregião Geográfica da Campanha Meridional; (b) analisar o espaço produtivo do recorte espacial em estudo, para que se possa compreender a atual situação do setor agropecuário e (c) identificar as potencialidades e as fragilidades econômicas a serem exploradas, bem como as perspectivas de desenvolvimento regional. A Microrregião em análise está localizada na Metade Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a qual é constituída por cinco municípios (Aceguá, Bagé, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Negra e Lavras do Sul), sendo considerada uma das microrregiões mais atrasadas economicamente, se comparada a outras microrregiões do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse recorte espacial alia sob a ótica da cultura, a política, com a formação de lideranças regionais que se perpetuam no poder e na economia local/regional por meio da coexistência da pecuária extensiva tradicional e da inserção de novos atores econômicos, que marcam a influência do capital como um agente que tenta romper as barreiras impostas por tradições seculares. Desta forma, justifica-se a releitura do espaço geográfico da Campanha Meridional, a qual permitirá identificar as potencialidades e/ou as fragilidades socioeconômicas a serem exploradas, atrelando-as aos aspectos físico-naturais e socioculturais, como pressupostos para a proposição de alternativas de desenvolvimento, contribuindo com estudos que visem dinamizar sua estrutura produtiva. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi estruturada em etapas: 1ª levantamento bibliográfico; 2ª Coleta dados (fontes secundárias); 3ª trabalho de campo e 4ª análise e interpretação dos resultados. Neste sentido, pretende-se averiguar as transformações desse recorte espacial, buscando compreender sua dinâmica espacial e as transformações acarretadas pelo capital, as quais visam sua reorganização socioeconômica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Small towns play important urban roles for local and regional development; the few urban facilities are enough to meet population dynamics. From this perspective, the research analyzes the (re) structuring of urban Nova Palma, as well as new urban roles connected to the CAMNPAL. It is through this cooperative that City is improved and new urban forms and functions will initiate urban expansion promoting the local / regional development, connecting the town urban to a global trade network. The city, which arises due to the need for agriculture and agricultural trade, has today as the main urban role: the marketing and processing of agricultural products in the Region of the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration, and as a result of this role, new activities and services will make up the urban landscape of New Palma. The continued expansion of the city depends on government policies, actions of local stakeholders and society regarding local potentialities. / As pequenas cidades apresentam papéis urbanos importantes para o desenvolvimento local e regional, os poucos equipamentos urbanos são suficientes para atender a dinâmica da população. Nessa perspectiva, a pesquisa analisa a (re) estruturação urbana de Nova Palma, bem como os novos papéis urbanos ligados a CAMNPAL. É através desta cooperativa que a cidade se vê impulsionada e novas formas e funções urbanas vão desencadear uma expansão urbana promovendo o desenvolvimento local/regional, conectando o urbano novapalmense a uma rede comercial global. A cidade que surge em função da agricultura e da necessidade de comércio agrícola, tem nos dias de hoje, o principal papel urbano: a comercialização e beneficiamento dos produtos agrícolas da Região da Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana, e em decorrência deste papel, novas atividades e serviços passam a compor o cenário urbano de Nova Palma. A expansão contínua da cidade dependerá das políticas públicas, das ações dos atores locais e da sociedade em relação das potencialidades locais.

Cette thèse cherche à montrer dans quelle mesure les pôles de développement du Grand Est du Venezuela contribuent à un développement régional et urbain. Le concept de pôle de développement revient avec force au Venezuela depuis le début des années 2000, en tant que fondement de l'aménagement du territoire. Il s' applique particulièrement à la Région du Grand Est, construction géographique que nous proposons pour souligner les dynamiques territoriales qui se tissent entre l' Oriente et la Guyane vénézuélienne. La première partie présente le front pionnier énergético-industriel fondé sur les richesses minières (dont la Ceinture de l' Orénoque) et sur des pôles d`industrie lourde. La deuxième partie se consacre aux réseaux de transports et urbains, afin de réfléchir aux dynamiques métropolitaines (métropoles de Barcelona-Puerto-la-Cruz et Ciudad Guayana). Enfin, une troisième partie, en partant de la compréhension du système des acteurs à l`échelle locale, s'interroge sur les conséquences de la gestion participative, prônée par le gouvernement bolivarien, dans le cas de l`accès aux services urbains de base (plus particulièrement l`eau potable et l`assainissement). / This thesis seeks to show how the zones of development of the Great Eastern Venezuela contribute to regional and urban development. The concept of development zone is back with force in Venezuela since the early 2000s, as a fundament for territorial planning. It applies to the Greater East, geographical construction that we propose to enhance the territorial dynamics between Oriente and the Venezuelan Guayana. The first part of this text examines the frontier energy-industrial complex based on mineral resources (e.g. the Orinoco Belt) and centers of heavy industry. The second part is devoted to urban and transport networks in order to reflect metropolitan dynamics (Barcelona-Puerto la Cruz and Ciudad Guayana). Finally, the third part starting from the understanding of the actors at the local level, analyzing the implications of participative management advocated by the Bolivarian government in the case of access to basic urban services (particularly drinking water and sanitation).

In this study is analysed how the ERDF (European Regional Development Funding) in East-Netherlands approaches innovation and how this approach is shaped and complemented byEuropean, national and regional policy. This is done by analysing how the targeted interventionapproach and the institutional approach are used in the ERDF and adjacent policies. The twoapproaches are both based on a different argument on how innovation policy makes an impact.By doing this the study contributes to the analysis of European policy and it empirically appliesconcepts used in theory on innovation and regional economic development. This gives policy makersinput for the development of innovation policy and especially for the development of Europeanpolicy post 2020. For academia this study shows theoretical gaps in the concepts applied andprovides suggestions for further research on these concepts. The study concludes that ERDF fundingin East-Netherlands is strongly based on the targeted intervention approach. The use of thisapproach results from the governance structure under which ERDF is implemented. The EU 2020strategy has been influential in the final shape of the policy, while the national level has a lessimportant role. Innovation policy at the regional level complements the ERDF policy because it is alsobased on concepts from the targeted intervention approach. The institutional policy implemented atthe European and national level has weaker links with the ERDF programme.