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The issue of diagnosed children has been heavily debated in the media over the past decade. This study deals with the issue of diagnosis from a family perspective and utilizes a method of thematic analysis trough a literature review of four autobiographies that describes the parents experience of the diagnosis issue regarding attitudes and responses towards their children and family. The purpose is to create a greater understanding of the family situation and to explore new approaches and strategies to counter psychological affliction and exclusion in society. The results show a widespread exclusion based on the main themes, internal and external influences. These themes represent exclusion factors like for example inexperience in dealing with power bearing institutions such as schools and health facilities and creates few opportunities for socialization processes due to the child's disability, stigma. Both of these themes can be seen as a result of sensory deprivation. The attitudes and responses of society towards the stigma bearing child has a great negative impact on the families with diagnosed children. / Diagnosfrågan har varit starkt omdebatterad i media under det senaste decenniet. Dennas studie behandlar diagnosfrågan ur ett familjeperspektiv genom en kvalitativ ansats via en litteraturstudie och tematisk analys av fyra självbiografier. Syftet med studien är att belysa diagnosbärande barns föräldrars erfarenheter kring omgivningens attityder och bemötande samt skapa en ökad förståelse för familjernas livssituation. Vidare menar den kommande analysen till att kunna utröna nya förhållningssätt och strategier för att motverka psykisk ohälsa i dessa familjer. Resultatet visar på ett utbrett utanförskap som redovisas i två huvudteman, inre och yttre påverkan. Dessa teman representerar faktorer som okunskap i bemötande och attityder inom maktbärande institutioner men även i ett fördomsfullt och toleranslöst bemötande från den närmaste omgivningen. Resultatet visar även att utanförskapet skapar få möjligheter till socialiseringsprocesser på grund av de negativa attityderna kring barnets funktionsnedsättning och beteende, detta kan ses som en följd av sensorisk deprivation.

La consommation des jeunes placés dans les centres jeunesse du Québec est bien documentée, mais leurs motivations à consommer, à changer ou à parler de leur consommation avec un intervenant demeurent inconnues. Par ailleurs, très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés aux particularités du processus de changement à l’adolescence et encore moins à ce processus dans un contexte d’autorité. Pour ces raisons, la présente recherche donne la parole aux jeunes afin de mieux comprendre leur usage de substances psychoactives, leur désir éventuel de réduire ou d’arrêter leur consommation, leur ouverture à réfléchir ou à discuter de leur consommation et leur ouverture envers les interventions disponibles. Basés sur une collecte de données qualitatives composée de 27 entrevues avec les jeunes hébergés au Centre jeunesse de Montréal et de huit mois d’observations participantes dans les unités de vie, les résultats indiquent que la majorité des adolescents interviewés disent consommer diverses substances psychoactives pour lesquelles ils identifient différentes sources de motivation, autant à consommer qu’à changer leur consommation. De plus, ces sources de motivation identifiées sont plus ou moins associées au contexte d’autorité dans lequel les jeunes sont placés. Ainsi, si certains jeunes estiment que la possibilité de changement est facilitée par l’environnement contrôlé du Centre jeunesse, pour d’autres, les contraintes de ce milieu de vie ne semblent pas avoir d’impact sur leur motivation. Par ailleurs, les jeunes démontrent différents degrés d’ouverture envers les interventions disponibles et envers les éducateurs qui les côtoient. En général, les approches compréhensives et moins autoritaires semblent encourager un certain investissement de la relation entre jeunes et éducateurs et peuvent potentiellement faciliter l’établissement d’une relation d’aide et le changement de comportement. En utilisant le cadre théorique proposé, une combinaison du Modèle transthéortique du changement et de la Théorie de l’auto-détermination, il apparaît limité de considérer les jeunes en difficulté comme étant motivés ou non motivés à changer leur consommation. Les analyses démontrent que les perceptions de la nécessité ou des possibilités d’amorcer un processus de changement varient beaucoup d’un jeune à l’autre. Ainsi, l’approche choisie pour intervenir auprès des jeunes en difficulté devrait prendre en considération les nuances et la dynamique des motivations afin de mieux adapter les services offerts et de mieux comprendre les raisons associées au succès et à l’échec de certaines interventions et intervenants vis-à-vis de certains adolescents. En outre, afin de favoriser une perception positive du « placement » et pour que les jeunes le voient comme une « opportunité de changement », il apparaît important d’examiner la fréquence et l’intensité des interventions contraignantes appliquées dans les centres de réadaptation. Finalement, il importe de mentionner que les conclusions de cette étude exploratoire ne permettent d’établir des relations causales entre l’approche choisie par l’intervenant, la motivation à changer et l’ouverture des jeunes. Cependant, les données obtenues permettent d’analyser en profondeur les représentations que les jeunes ont des relations entre ces trois éléments. / Substance use among young people placed in Quebec’s youth centers is well documented but their motivations to use, to change or to talk with an educator about their consumption remain unknown. Moreover, very few researchers have demonstrated an interest in the particularities associated to the process of change in adolescence and even less within a context of authority. For these reasons, this research gives voice to young people aiming to better understand their use of psychoactive substances, their possible desire to reduce or to stop their use, and their openness to talk about their consumption as well as to the available interventions. Based on qualitative data consisting of 27 interviews with adolescents placed at Montreal’s Youth Centre and eight months of participant observation in the units, the results indicate that the majority of the youngsters interviewed use many psychoactive substances, for which they identify different sources of motivation to consume as much as to change their patterns of drug use. Moreover, the sources of motivation identified can be more or less related to the context of authority in which they are placed. Thus, some young people feel that the change in drug use is facilitated by a controlled environment of the Youth Center, while others don’t seem to be affected by the constraints of such an environment. Moreover, young people show different degrees of receptiveness to the available interventions and to educators around them. In general, comprehensive and less authoritarian approaches seem to encourage some investment in the relationship between young people and educators and may potentially facilitate the establishment of a helping relationship and behavior change. Using the proposed theoretical framework, a combination of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change and Self-Determination Theory, it would seem limiting to consider adolescents as motivated or unmotivated to change their drug use. Analyses show that perceptions about the need or the possibilities to start a process of change vary greatly from one participant to another. Therefore, the approach chosen to intervene with troubled youth should take into account the nuances and dynamics of motivation in order vi to better adapt services and to better understand the reasons associated with success and failure of some interventions and educators towards some youth. In addition, to promote a positive perception of the "placement" among young people as an "opportunity for change" it is important to examine the frequency and intensity of the restrictive interventions used in rehabilitation centers. Finally, it is important to point out that the findings of this exploratory study cannot establish causal relationships between the approach chosen by the educator, the youth’s motivation to change as well as their receptiveness. However, the data obtained allow for in-depth analyses of how the relationship of these three elements is perceived by adolescents.

This thesis investigates the expertise of applied theatre practitioners and proposes a concept of 'responsivity' to define their skills, knowledge, qualities and understanding. Practice-responsive research methods were devised to analyse how artists make decisions in-action in a range of applied theatre practice in community, education and health contexts. Research included the use of reflective dialogues following observations of practice, stimulated by joint researcher-practitioner reflection on a video recording of the observed session. Working from detailed analysis of this observed practice and dialogic reflection, new vocabularies are introduced and developed, with the aim of better articulating particular skills and approaches. The role of applied theatre practitioners is multi-faceted and primarily focussed on facilitating positive outcomes for the participants. Planning activity is informed by projected outcomes for the work and the context of practice, such as environment, nature of the participants, individual identities, etc. Practitioner skills build on art form knowledge and the ability to guide activity to create performance outcomes, alongside a concern for aesthetic and ethical issues of the work, as well as social and political awareness of the context. Adaptations to moment-by-moment activity reflect their ability to facilitate engagement and nurture interactive exchange. I suggest that, to manage these multiple demands, practitioners demonstrate heightened attendance to issues of inter-subjectivity and empathy, thereby developing an enhanced expertise in response to the work and the people and contexts involved in that work. The thesis proposes that responsive approaches are common to practitioners and enable her/him to make good choices within the moments of practice. Applied theatre's responsive-ness is indicative of a prioritisation of participant experience, however, the research also revealed the way in which a responsive ethos impacted and enriched the practitioners through supporting their own generative engagement with the work. The critical framework of responsivity proposed in this thesis acknowledges the importance of impact for all participants, including the artists. Whilst the methods and outcomes of applied theatre have received scholarly attention, this research focusses on how practitioners themselves define their expertise, embracing a consideration of skills learning and development. The concepts of response and dialogue informed this investigation in a number of significant ways, and as a result responsivity is proposed as a key methodological imperative for applied theatre research as well as the substantive focus of my thesis. This mode of operating as artists and researchers is particular to applied theatre's overarching aims to be socially responsive, politically engaged, ethically considerate and emancipatory. Responsivity is offered as a way to distinguish applied theatre practice from other performance participation and as an underpinning ethos for understanding the expertise of applied theatre practitioners.

In this study, we have considered the impact the organization`s implementation of its vision of the psychosocial work enviroment has been for the relations between the employees. We have primarily relied on a hermeneutic approach to understand our empirical data, and when we have interpreted and made a socialpsycological analysis on our collected empirical data. We have used Smith´s Institutional Ethnography, Sheff`s Social bonds and Asplund`s theory of Social responsivity. To collect the empirical data we have combined quantitative and qualtitative methods and a textanalysis at a visiondocument in the aim of capture both the depht and the breadth of our chosen fields of study. The results we have found shows that the psycosocial work environment within the organization can be seen as interplay between individual and enviroment and between individuals as well and that this interaction is influenced by the organizational culture that is created by the organization`s political vision / I denna C-uppsats har vi undersökt vilken betydelse ledningens implementering av sin vision kring den psykosociala arbetsmiljön för de psykosociala relationerna har för relationerna mellan de anställda. Vi har främst utgått ifrån en hermeneutisk vetenskaplig ansats för att förstå vårt empiriska material. Då vi tolkat och gjort en socialpsykologisk analys kring vårt insamlade material har vi använt oss av Smith`s Institutionella etnografi, Sheff`s Sociala band och Asplund`s teori om social responsivitet. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har vi använt både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod samt en textanalys av ett visionsdokument i syfte att dessa metoder kan fånga både djup och bredd av vårt valda studiefält. Resultatet vi kommit fram till visar på att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön inom organisationen kan ses som ett samspel mellan individ och miljö samt mellan individerna i sig och att detta samspel är påverkat av de organisationskultur som till viss del formas av organisationens personalpolitiska vision.

La consommation des jeunes placés dans les centres jeunesse du Québec est bien documentée, mais leurs motivations à consommer, à changer ou à parler de leur consommation avec un intervenant demeurent inconnues. Par ailleurs, très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés aux particularités du processus de changement à l’adolescence et encore moins à ce processus dans un contexte d’autorité. Pour ces raisons, la présente recherche donne la parole aux jeunes afin de mieux comprendre leur usage de substances psychoactives, leur désir éventuel de réduire ou d’arrêter leur consommation, leur ouverture à réfléchir ou à discuter de leur consommation et leur ouverture envers les interventions disponibles. Basés sur une collecte de données qualitatives composée de 27 entrevues avec les jeunes hébergés au Centre jeunesse de Montréal et de huit mois d’observations participantes dans les unités de vie, les résultats indiquent que la majorité des adolescents interviewés disent consommer diverses substances psychoactives pour lesquelles ils identifient différentes sources de motivation, autant à consommer qu’à changer leur consommation. De plus, ces sources de motivation identifiées sont plus ou moins associées au contexte d’autorité dans lequel les jeunes sont placés. Ainsi, si certains jeunes estiment que la possibilité de changement est facilitée par l’environnement contrôlé du Centre jeunesse, pour d’autres, les contraintes de ce milieu de vie ne semblent pas avoir d’impact sur leur motivation. Par ailleurs, les jeunes démontrent différents degrés d’ouverture envers les interventions disponibles et envers les éducateurs qui les côtoient. En général, les approches compréhensives et moins autoritaires semblent encourager un certain investissement de la relation entre jeunes et éducateurs et peuvent potentiellement faciliter l’établissement d’une relation d’aide et le changement de comportement. En utilisant le cadre théorique proposé, une combinaison du Modèle transthéortique du changement et de la Théorie de l’auto-détermination, il apparaît limité de considérer les jeunes en difficulté comme étant motivés ou non motivés à changer leur consommation. Les analyses démontrent que les perceptions de la nécessité ou des possibilités d’amorcer un processus de changement varient beaucoup d’un jeune à l’autre. Ainsi, l’approche choisie pour intervenir auprès des jeunes en difficulté devrait prendre en considération les nuances et la dynamique des motivations afin de mieux adapter les services offerts et de mieux comprendre les raisons associées au succès et à l’échec de certaines interventions et intervenants vis-à-vis de certains adolescents. En outre, afin de favoriser une perception positive du « placement » et pour que les jeunes le voient comme une « opportunité de changement », il apparaît important d’examiner la fréquence et l’intensité des interventions contraignantes appliquées dans les centres de réadaptation. Finalement, il importe de mentionner que les conclusions de cette étude exploratoire ne permettent d’établir des relations causales entre l’approche choisie par l’intervenant, la motivation à changer et l’ouverture des jeunes. Cependant, les données obtenues permettent d’analyser en profondeur les représentations que les jeunes ont des relations entre ces trois éléments. / Substance use among young people placed in Quebec’s youth centers is well documented but their motivations to use, to change or to talk with an educator about their consumption remain unknown. Moreover, very few researchers have demonstrated an interest in the particularities associated to the process of change in adolescence and even less within a context of authority. For these reasons, this research gives voice to young people aiming to better understand their use of psychoactive substances, their possible desire to reduce or to stop their use, and their openness to talk about their consumption as well as to the available interventions. Based on qualitative data consisting of 27 interviews with adolescents placed at Montreal’s Youth Centre and eight months of participant observation in the units, the results indicate that the majority of the youngsters interviewed use many psychoactive substances, for which they identify different sources of motivation to consume as much as to change their patterns of drug use. Moreover, the sources of motivation identified can be more or less related to the context of authority in which they are placed. Thus, some young people feel that the change in drug use is facilitated by a controlled environment of the Youth Center, while others don’t seem to be affected by the constraints of such an environment. Moreover, young people show different degrees of receptiveness to the available interventions and to educators around them. In general, comprehensive and less authoritarian approaches seem to encourage some investment in the relationship between young people and educators and may potentially facilitate the establishment of a helping relationship and behavior change. Using the proposed theoretical framework, a combination of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change and Self-Determination Theory, it would seem limiting to consider adolescents as motivated or unmotivated to change their drug use. Analyses show that perceptions about the need or the possibilities to start a process of change vary greatly from one participant to another. Therefore, the approach chosen to intervene with troubled youth should take into account the nuances and dynamics of motivation in order vi to better adapt services and to better understand the reasons associated with success and failure of some interventions and educators towards some youth. In addition, to promote a positive perception of the "placement" among young people as an "opportunity for change" it is important to examine the frequency and intensity of the restrictive interventions used in rehabilitation centers. Finally, it is important to point out that the findings of this exploratory study cannot establish causal relationships between the approach chosen by the educator, the youth’s motivation to change as well as their receptiveness. However, the data obtained allow for in-depth analyses of how the relationship of these three elements is perceived by adolescents.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nosso estudo pretende analisar a questão da sensibilidade no pensamento de Emmanuel Lévinas, tendo em vista seu papel fundamental na individuação do sujeito no seio de uma temporalização diacrônica que adquire uma significação ética. A sensibilidade será tomada como condição genética da subjetivação do eu que encontra na relação com o outro a norma genética da significação. Será precisamente seguindo a radicalização da fenomenologia do sensível, simultânea à crítica da representação e da ontologia, que encontraremos o campo de gênese da abordagem ética levinasiana. O pensamento de Lévinas é conhecido por defender o primado da ética sobre a ontologia tendo em vista uma subjetividade responsável antes da liberdade e que, por ser hospitalidade, é atravessada por uma referência à alteridade irredutível de outrem. Mas tal relação é condicionada por uma alteridade-a-si e por uma hiperestesia. É possível que nossa consciência moral esteja entranhada em nossa carne, como a heteronomia da resposta? Como a sensibilidade se torna responsabilidade e então intencionalidade? De que maneira surge uma significação ética enraizada na individuação sensível do sujeito? Faremos uma análise preliminar da corporeidade na fenomenologia levinasiana, considerando sua recepção crítica do método fenomenológico e sua releitura ontológica e ética a partir da sensibilidade purificada de seus traços objetivantes. Esta será captada em dois registros: fruição e vulnerabilidade. Analisaremos a gênese da responsabilidade tomando como enfoque a afetividade descrita sob os traços do sofrimento . Este indica um regime subjetivo em que impera a passividade e cuja ambigüidade se situa na tensão entre o sentido inter-humano e o absurdo do anonimato. O sofrimento por ganharia sentido na proximidade inter-humana enquanto implica uma responsabilidade individual e inalienável. A passagem da carne sensível à singularidade ética pressupõe a sensibilidade como campo de uma intriga que entrelaça temporalização e individuação através da significação da responsabilidade: UM-pelo-OUTRO. / Nosso estudo pretende analisar a questão da sensibilidade no pensamento de Emmanuel Lévinas, tendo em vista seu papel fundamental na individuação do sujeito no seio de uma temporalização diacrônica que adquire uma significação ética. A sensibilidade será tomada como condição genética da subjetivação do eu que encontra na relação com o outro a norma genética da significação. Será precisamente seguindo a radicalização da fenomenologia do sensível, simultânea à crítica da representação e da ontologia, que encontraremos o campo de gênese da abordagem ética levinasiana. O pensamento de Lévinas é conhecido por defender o primado da ética sobre a ontologia tendo em vista uma subjetividade responsável antes da liberdade e que, por ser hospitalidade, é atravessada por uma referência à alteridade irredutível de outrem. Mas tal relação é condicionada por uma alteridade-a-si e por uma hiperestesia. É possível que nossa consciência moral esteja entranhada em nossa carne, como a heteronomia da resposta? Como a sensibilidade se torna responsabilidade e então intencionalidade? De que maneira surge uma significação ética enraizada na individuação sensível do sujeito? Faremos uma análise preliminar da corporeidade na fenomenologia levinasiana, considerando sua recepção crítica do método fenomenológico e sua releitura ontológica e ética a partir da sensibilidade purificada de seus traços objetivantes. Esta será captada em dois registros: fruição e vulnerabilidade. Analisaremos a gênese da responsabilidade tomando como enfoque a afetividade descrita sob os traços do sofrimento . Este indica um regime subjetivo em que impera a passividade e cuja ambigüidade se situa na tensão entre o sentido inter-humano e o absurdo do anonimato. O sofrimento por ganharia sentido na proximidade inter-humana enquanto implica uma responsabilidade individual e inalienável. A passagem da carne sensível à singularidade ética pressupõe a sensibilidade como campo de uma intriga que entrelaça temporalização e individuação através da significação da responsabilidade: UM-pelo-OUTRO.

Le phototransistor est un nouveau type de photo-détecteur avec une structure MOSFET spéciale qui peut non seulement convertir la lumière absorbée en variation de courant, mais également auto-amplifier ce photo-courant. En particulier, avec des progrès continus dans la synthèse des points Quantum Dots (QDs), les caractères optiques et électriques uniques renforcent le coefficient d'absorption et la génération des trous d'électrons par des processus intégrés faciles. Dans cette thèse, on a synthétisé les PdS infrarouges PbS avec une large absorption infrarouge (IR) (600-1400 nm) et un rendement élevé pour être mélangés avec l'isolateur de porte SU8 des TFT à faible température de poly-silicium (LTPS). Grâce à l'utilisation de cet isolateur de porte photo-sensoriel hybride, ces LTPS TFT peuvent encore obtenir d'excellentes performances électriques telles qu'une mobilité suffisante (3.1 cm2 / Vs), des caractères TFT stables, un rapport marche / arrêt raisonnable (104 ~ 105) et une tension sous-seuil /Déc). De plus, en cas d'exposition à la lumière infrarouge incidente, la sensibilité élevée (1800 A/W) et la sensibilité non négligeable (13 A/W) se trouvent respectivement à 760 nm et 1300 nm. De plus, la photosensibilité atteint également jusqu'à 80 et le temps de réponse est d'environ 30 ms pendant un balayage du signal IR pulsé. Elle prend des mesures concrètes pour l'application générale du phototransistor IR. / Phototransistor is a novel type of photodetector with special MOSFET structure which can not only convert absorbed light into variation of current but also self-amplify this photocurrent. Especially, with continual advances in quantum dots' (QDs) synthesis, the unique optical-electrical characters reinforce absorption coefficient and electron-hole's generation by easy integrated processes. In this thesis, the infrared PbS QDs with wide infrared (IR) absorption (600-1400 nm) and high efficiency were synthesized to be blended with SU8 gate insulator of Low-Temperature-Poly-Silicon (LTPS) TFTs. Through using this hybrid photo-sensing gate insulator, this LTPS TFTs can still obtain excellent electrical performance such as enough mobility (3.1 cm2/Vs), stable TFT's characters, reasonable on/off ratio (104~105) and subthreshold voltage (3.2 V/Dec). Moreover, under incident IR light's exposure, the high responsivity (1800 A/W) and not negligible responsivity (13 A/W) can be found at 760 nm and 1300 nm respectively. In addition, the photosensitivity also reaches up to 80 and the response time is approximately 30 ms during a pulsed IR signal's scanning. It takes concrete steps forward for the broad application of IR phototransistor.

There is a growing understanding of the neural mechanisms of human maternal attachment. Human mothers’ neural responses to infants are associated with their behavioral sensitivity observed during interactions with infants. The current symposium aims to provide understanding of the core neural basis for mother-infant attachment, how prenatal and postnatal risk factors influence the maternal brain, and finally whether the negative changes in the maternal brain may be reversed by an intervention effort. The first paper presents converging evidence on neural, psychological and physiological responses to infants in new mothers across diverse cultural contexts. The paper highlights the common core neural processes of mother-infant attachment, which sets the foundation of understanding maternal brain’s successful and unsuccessful adaptation to parenthood. The second paper presents the role of prenatal risk factors, specifically prenatal maternal anxiety, in maternal brain adaptation to parenthood. This longitudinal study suggests that negative effects of maternal anxiety in mothers’ neural adaptation to parenthood may emerge during pregnancy. The third paper presents evidence that socioeconomic stress may also disrupt mothers’ neural adaptation to parenthood. Low family income is associated with dampened neural sensitivity to positive infant expressions and elevated neural sensitivity to negative infant expressions, which further influence disruptions in maternal behavioral responsiveness to own infants. The last presentation suggests that aberrant neural sensitivity to infants among distressed mothers may be improved via an intervention. Among depressed mothers, interventions to improve mental health reduced parental stress and strengthened neural functional connectivity in response to their infant.

I och med covid-19-pandemin som startade 2020 har fler kontakter mellan människor flyttats online för att minska smittspridningen, så även det sociala arbetet. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur personal som arbetar med behandlingsprogram inom Frivården har upplevt att det har varit att genomföra behandlingsprogram via videosamtal. Frivården började med detta arbetssätt i samband med covid-19-restriktionerna 2020 och då fenomenet är nytt i Sverige finns inte mycket tidigare nationell forskning kring detta. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med behandlingspersonal på fyra frivårdskontor i Sverige och vill skapa en bild av deras upplevelse. Av intervjuerna framgick att personalen upplever problem med det tekniska genomförandet och i samarbetet med klienterna. Man anser dock att det fungerat bättre än förväntat. Problemen kring genomförandet förklarats i detta examensarbete med hjälp av mottaglighetsprincipen och tankar kring kollaborativ empirism. Det har framgått att genomförandet till stor del påverkas av klienternas mottaglighet och att denna i sin tur påverkar möjligheten till kollaborativ empirism i arbetet med behandling. / With the start of the covid-19 pandemic 2020, more contacts between people have been moved online to reduce the spread of infection, as has social work. The purpose of this study was to find out how staff who work with treatment programs within the Swedish probation service have experienced that it has been to implement treatment programs via video calls. The probation service began with this approach in connection with the covid-19 restrictions in 2020 and since the phenomenon is new in Sweden, there is not much previous national research on this. The study is based on qualitative interviews with treatment staff at four probation offices in Sweden and wants to create a picture of their experience. The interviews showed that the staff experience problems with the technical implementation and in the collaboration with the clients. However, it is believed that it worked better than expected. The problems with implementation have been explained in this thesis with the help of the principle of responsivity and thoughts about collaborative empiricism. It has been shown that the implementation is largely affected by the clients' responsivity and that this in turn affects the possibility of collaborative empiricism in the work with treatment.