L’homme n’habite plus vraiment, il s’abrite. Habiter exige une « part de monde » propre à l’individu afin que se réalise l’évènement de demeurer. Le droit au logement rend compte d’une exigence démocratique qu’il convient de prendre au sérieux au sein des sociétés française et italienne. Elle se manifeste inévitablement comme l’expression d’une certaine ouverture du droit positif au présent, le droit ne pouvant rester aveugle à ce qui l’entoure. L’individu questionne constamment ses ressources lorsque ces dernières ne suffisent pas ou plus à lui assurer une existence digne et se tourne le cas échéant vers la solidarité nationale afin d’y remédier. Il convient dès lors de s’interroger sur la consistance normative du droit au logement en droit comparé au regard de la convergence de ses sources internationales et nationales. Cet enrichissement donne corps à une mise en œuvre selon le principe de subsidiarité opérée par les acteurs les plus proches de la misère sociale à qui il revient en définitive de traduire la signification du droit au logement. / Man no longer truly lives somewhere, he shelters. To live somewhere would entail a “part of the world” belonging to the individual in order for the évènement de demeurer to arise. The right to adequate housing conveys a democratic requirement that must be taken seriously. This requirement reveals itself inevitably as an expression of a certain openness of positive law to the present, the law being unable to ignore its surroundings. The individual constantly questions his resources when they are insufficient or no longer ensure a dignified existence and turns, if needs be, to national solidarity as a remedy. Consequently, it is important to analyse the normative substance of the right to adequate housing in the light of the convergence of its international and national sources. This enrichment furthers the application of these norms, by the principle of subsidiarity, by the actors closest to the social misery upon whom it bears to give meaning to the right to adequate housing.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoStefaniak.pdf: 1510883 bytes, checksum: 309f2fee3412498233d25d9f2b41c7f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Despite being ensured in the constitutional and infra-constitutional juridical ordainment, the human and fundamental right to housing is far from being fulfilled, since the urban development policy adopted by the Capitalist State is based on its main function that is guaranteeing the production and reproduction of the process of capital accumulation. The urban tools proposed by the City Statute to face property speculation and urban segregation and, consequently induce the reform of the excluding land distribution in Brazilian cities, have not been used by most cities even after ten years of its approval. Housing programs tend to meet the demands of the middle class while the population lower class has no access to banking credit. This scenery reveals contradiction that constitutes the framework of this research: the lack of effectiveness of the right to housing in the city despite its existence in the urban legislation. From the conceptualization of decent housing and the right to housing, this paper highlights the protagonist role of the Capitalist State and the urban social movement regarding housing as a social issue, it also analyses the interlink between housing, the right to housing and the similar categories city and the right to a sustainable city. Taking into consideration the uneven and combined development of the capitalist urbanization process – will focus on the urban phenomenon called slums which constituted the city, necessary object of regularization and land urbanization. The city of Ponta Grossa was chosen for the practical observation of the hypothesis formulated, and its urban municipal legislation as well as the local urban social movement were analyzed. It was concluded that the contradiction between urban norm and urban policy employed by the municipality, which implies the lack of universality of the right to decent housing, is associated to the current phase of capitalist development, characterized by the system structural crisis. This reality is partially hidden by the ideological mirage articulated by the Capitalist State, and a task is posed to the urban social movement: the construction of the social city utopia and a sustainable environment on the ruins of such a mirage. / Apesar de consagrado no ordenamento jurídico constitucional e infra-constitucional o direito humano e fundamental à moradia está longe de ser efetivado, a política de desenvolvimento urbano adotado pelo Estado-capitalista é fundamentada na sua função precípua de garantir a produção e reprodução do processo de acumulação do capital. Os instrumentos urbanísticos estabelecidos para combater a especulação imobiliária e a segregação urbana e, conseqüentemente, induzir a reforma da excludente estrutura fundiária das cidades brasileiras, após dez anos da aprovação do Estatuto da Cidade não foram colocados em prática pela maioria dos Municípios. Os programas habitacionais continuam direcionados a atender as demandas da classe média, pois a camada mais pobre da população não tem acesso ao crédito bancário. Este quadro revela uma contradição que constitui o fio condutor desta pesquisa: a ausência de efetividade do direito à cidade apesar da sua previsão minuciosa na legislação urbanística. Parte-se da conceituação de moradia digna e direito à moradia, destacando o papel protagonista do Estado-capitalista e do movimento social urbano na questão social da habitação, passando pela imbricação de moradia e direito à moradia com as similares categorias cidade e direito à cidade sustentável. Levando em conta o desenvolvimento desigual e combinado do processo de urbanização capitalista - vai enfocar o fenômeno urbano da favela que constituiu a cidade, objeto necessário da regularização e urbanização fundiária. Definida a cidade de Ponta Grossa como lócus para a constatação prática das hipóteses enunciadas, é realizado a análise da legislação urbanística municipal e da atuação do movimento social urbano local. Em sede de síntese conclui-se que a contradição entre a norma urbanística e a política urbana aplicada pelo Município, que implica na ausência de universalização do direito à moradia digna está associada à atual fase de desenvolvimento capitalista, caracterizada pela crise estrutural do sistema. Esta realidade é acobertada pela miragem ideológica articulada pelo Estado-capitalista, sendo que a tarefa posta para o movimento social urbano é a construção da utopia da cidade social e ambientalmente sustentável nos escombros desta miragem. Apesar de consagrado no ordenamento jurídico constitucional e infra-constitucional o direito humano e fundamental à moradia está longe de ser efetivado, a política de desenvolvimento urbano adotado pelo Estado-capitalista é fundamentada na sua função precípua de garantir a produção e reprodução do processo de acumulação do capital. Os instrumentos urbanísticos estabelecidos para combater a especulação imobiliária e a segregação urbana e, conseqüentemente, induzir a reforma da excludente estrutura fundiária das cidades brasileiras, após dez anos da aprovação do Estatuto da Cidade não foram colocados em prática pela maioria dos Municípios. Os programas habitacionais continuam direcionados a atender as demandas da classe média, pois a camada mais pobre da população não tem acesso ao crédito bancário. Este quadro revela uma contradição que constitui o fio condutor desta pesquisa: a ausência de efetividade do direito à cidade apesar da sua previsão minuciosa na legislação urbanística. Parte-se da conceituação de moradia digna e direito à moradia, destacando o papel protagonista do Estado-capitalista e do movimento social urbano na questão social da habitação, passando pela imbricação de moradia e direito à moradia com as similares categorias cidade e direito à cidade sustentável. Levando em conta o desenvolvimento desigual e combinado do processo de urbanização capitalista - vai enfocar o fenômeno urbano da favela que constituiu a cidade, objeto necessário da regularização e urbanização fundiária. Definida a cidade de Ponta Grossa como lócus para a constatação prática das hipóteses enunciadas, é realizado a análise da legislação urbanística municipal e da atuação do movimento social urbano local. Em sede de síntese conclui-se que a contradição entre a norma urbanística e a política urbana aplicada pelo Município, que implica na ausência de universalização do direito à moradia digna está associada à atual fase de desenvolvimento capitalista, caracterizada pela crise estrutural do sistema. Esta realidade é acobertada pela miragem ideológica articulada pelo Estado-capitalista, sendo que a tarefa posta para o movimento social urbano é a construção da utopia da cidade social e ambientalmente sustentável nos escombros desta miragem.

近年來，因房價急速攀升，居住困難的問題在台灣各都會區越形嚴重，為緩解此一現象，保護人民居住的權利，只租不賣的社會住宅成為政府住宅政策的焦點之一，且受到社會大眾的廣泛討論。本文使用文獻分析法爬梳台灣歷來的住宅政策，以及主導這些政策的意識型態，發掘形塑台灣社會住宅論述的主要成因。並對房地產業從業人員、民間從事土地與住宅之社會運動者及政府相關部門公職人員進行深度訪談，以不同角度交互印證前述文獻分析的結果，同時，以台北市和新北市為例，探討台灣實際執行社會住宅政策以來，其發展的現況、面臨的困境與批評，以及可能的解決之道。研究結果顯示，台灣社會住宅論述形成的原因，是由於台灣既有的住宅持有分配不均與住宅市場失靈，造成人民居住權受到壓迫，進而產生一種新型態的住宅提供之訴求，此訴求可視為對原有自由主義市場經濟主宰住宅分配的反動。台灣目前主要推行社會住宅政策的區域為居住困難情形最嚴重的台北市與新北市，其面臨的主要批評有數量少、租金高、租期短、承租對象年齡侷限等，而在政策實施上面臨的困境則有興建經費不足、政府資源分配不均、周邊社區鄰避效應處理與營運管理維護等問題。政府必須著眼於改善現行社會住宅政策的困境與批評，方能使社會住宅政策更臻完善，並能藉此達到落實居住正義之效。 / In recent years, the dramatic increase in house price has led to difficulties for dwellings to serve their own housing needs in the metropolitan area in Taiwan. Social housing therefore becomes a vital policy, in hope of easing the stress on the difficulties of housing needs and moreover, reserving the civilian’s right of habitation. This study is composed of two major parts: literature review and interview. The literature review provides the background and framework of housing policies in the past, identifies the ideologies that formulated the policies, and concludes the main factors that develop the discourse of social housing in Taiwan. The second part of the study reinforces the attributions of the literature review based on the statement and experience of the interviewees. The group of interviewees consists of chief executive form a construction company, real estate agent, social activists with awareness on land and housing issues, and civil servants involved in social housing affairs. The different perspectives presented by the interviewees explain the development of social housing, bring up the criticism and predicament on the topic, and contribute in discovering solutions for the difficulties of housing needs. The findings of this study indicate that housing inequality and housing market failure has underlain the discourse of social housing. The exploitation on the right of habitation has raised the appeal for social housing, which can also be suggested as a counteraction to the housing distribution dominated by free market. In Taiwan, social housing policy is mainly enacted in Taipei City and New Taipei City, which suffer most from the difficulties of housing needs. However, there are drawbacks that impede the promotion of this policy: lack of fund for construction, inequality on governmental resource, NIMBY in the community, and maintenance for sustaining operation. In addition, arguments about insufficient availability, unaffordable rent, short tenure and age restrict on tenants are also powerful against the policy. To conclude, the government should try to ensure that the system is designed in the way to minimize the disadvantages, which merits achieving social housing policy aim: reserving the civilian’s right to adequate housing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaBD.pdf: 1939773 bytes, checksum: 9306d820baec1e8df352027da64e7207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-10 / Our object of study in this work concerns to the movement of fight for the housing in the Great Jo?o Pessoa, Para?ba, Brazil, and looks for to investigate the conditions and context of the occupations of building, public or private, for devoid populations that do not have where to live. Front to the absence of politics effective directed to the habitation or the cities, in a picture of unemployment and impoverishment of the population, the result of the habitation point of view, is the absolute lack of popular housings, the degradation of the cities and the growth of the number of homeless and also of its occupations. The urban occupations today represent a reply of these devoid populations that from an involvement with parties or Not Governmental Organizations, and social movements leave for the class action known by the occupation of abandoning public or private buildings. These occupations, even so initially if assume as pressure instrument or of visibility for attainment of housings, for the delay in obtaining the attention of the public agencies and a solution for the problem, becomes definitive or is drawn out per many years. E this if gives although the deficiencies, of the accumulation or families neither in an adequate, always precarious space nor in sanitary installations, that the necessary privacy does not allow. The study it consisted of an empirical research, through the participant comment and open and half-open interviews, and counted on the audiovisual register of two occupations, one in the downtown of Jo?o Pessoa City (old building of the INSS, in the Ponto dos Cem R?is) and other (Community of the Cajueiro), next to the Beach "Praia do Jacar?", in the city of Cabedelo.The choice of the Visual Anthropology as research instrument is on to a concern in better translating other ways of life, therefore the accomplishment of the video in allows them to know with more precision the reality where the citizens of the research live. We also use as methodological resource in the research the deepened interview, in intention to better understand the description of the way of life of the studied families and the movements of fight for the housing, particularly the MDM - Movement of Right for the Housing, and the MNLM- Nacional Movement of Fight for the Housing / Nosso objeto de estudo neste trabalho concerne ao movimento de luta pela moradia na Grande Jo?o Pessoa e procura investigar as condi??es, o contexto das ocupa??es de pr?dios, p?blicos ou privados, por popula??es carentes que n?o t?m onde morar. Frente ? aus?ncia de pol?ticas efetivas voltadas ? habita??o ou ?s cidades, num quadro de desemprego e empobrecimento da popula??o, o resultado, do ponto de vista habitacional, ? a car?ncia absoluta de moradias populares, a degrada??o das cidades e o crescimento do n?mero de sem-tetos e tamb?m de suas ocupa??es. As ocupa??es urbanas representam hoje uma resposta dessas popula??es carentes que a partir de um envolvimento com partidos ou Organiza??es N?o Governamentais, e movimentos sociais partem para a a??o coletiva conhecida pela ocupa??o de moradias, estabelecimentos p?blicos ou privados abandonados. Essas ocupa??es, embora inicialmente se assumam como instrumento de press?o ou de visibilidade para obten??o de moradias, pela demora em conseguir a aten??o dos ?rg?os p?blicos e uma solu??o para o problema, tornam-se definitivas ou prolongam-se por muitos anos. E isso se d? apesar das defici?ncias, do ac?mulo de fam?lias num espa?o nem sempre adequado, prec?rio em instala??es sanit?rias, que n?o permite a privacidade necess?ria. O estudo consistiu em uma pesquisa emp?rica, atrav?s da observa??o participante e entrevistas abertas e semi-abcrtas, e contou com o registro audiovisual de duas ocupa??es, uma no centro de Jo?o Pessoa (antigo pr?dio do INSS, no Ponto dos Cem R?is) e outra (Comunidade do Cajueiro), pr?xima ? Praia do Jacar?, no munic?pio de Cabedelo.A escolha da Antropologia Visual como instrumento de pesquisa est? ligada a uma preocupa??o em melhor traduzir a alteridade de outros modos de vida, pois a realiza??o do v?deo nos permite conhecer com mais precis?o a realidade em que vivem os sujeitos da pesquisa. Na pesquisa, utilizamos como recurso metodol?gico tamb?m a entrevista aprofundada, no intuito de compreender melhor o hist?rico do modo de vida das fam?lias estudadas e dos movimentos de luta pela moradia, particularmente o Movimento de Direito a Moradia -MDM - e o MNLM - Movimento Nacional de Luta pela Moradia

This study explores how notions of social justice are reflected in municipal rhetorics on housing provision in Berlin and Stockholm, as well as how they resonate with ensuring the right to adequate housing for all. The study also examines how the interpretation of the justice perspective within housing provision differs among the two cities and how such variances can be understood in relation to the cities’ pursued housing regimes. The study’s results indicate that both cities devote a significant amount of attention towards redistributive measures, however, their interpretation of a socially just provision of housing varies. This manifests itself most prominently in the different preferences regarding universal and selective approaches within housing provision. While Stockholm aspires to promote access to adequate housing for everyone, Berlin, on the other hand, pursues a more selective approach by explicitly focusing on providing affordable housing to lower-income groups. Accordingly, the two cases also represent an ideological divergence in their perceptions of what is seen as socially just in regards to what instruments and approaches ought to be used for ensuring everyone’s right to adequate housing. Hence, the study contributes to a better understanding of the contextual variations in the application of the justice perspective within housing provision in Stockholm and Berlin.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the right to adequate housing, through the urban instruments of land regularization of social interest, such as the urban demarcation, the legitimacy of ownership and administrative adverse possession, created by Law No. 11,977 / 2009, as a way extrajudicial solution of urban land conflicts. This is on the problem of illegal occupation of land in cities, irregular, illegal and illegal settlements and the lack of legal regulation of ownership, rapid urbanization in this context that prevents the exercise of the right to adequate housing. The problem stems from the rapid and unplanned growth of cities, from the beginning of the industrialization process, with the rural exodus that, to meet the intense labor recruitment, fostered the cluttered appearance of settlements without housing in large cities . The development and expansion of cities in Brazil occurred without any control or predetermined orientation, despite being the municipality the legal entity of public law responsible for the use and occupation of land, as advocated in the articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution, which establish the guidelines of the national urban policy. The 1988 Constitution, in Article 1, has among the reasons the dignity of the human person, the social values of work and free enterprise, and has the fundamental right of item XXII of Article 5, the right to property, corollary of the right to free enterprise, which should meet the social function. As the housing is directly related to the dignity of the human person, the Constitution busied grant ownership to those using urban property to house his and his family, in accordance with art. 183, requiring the property an obligation to fulfill a social purpose, especially for citizens of lower economic potential, so that both the Constitution and the laws aimed infra grant these citizens the right to housing, even without property, and a second time, consolidate both rights, housing and property through legal and administrative instruments in favor of the citizen. Search will be conceptualizing the possession and ownership, as well as housing, housing in this context the right to the city and the urbanization process, and identify the objectives and purposes of land tenure in Brazil, mainly from the Law No. 11,977 / 2009 with the changes introduced by Law No. 12,424 / 2011, analyzing the urban instruments of urban land regularization of social interest created with the new legislation, to ensure effectiveness of the fundamental right to housing, showing up mainly that administrative prescription is one way of consolidating these rights. / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o direito à moradia adequada, através dos instrumentos urbanísticos de regularização fundiária de interesse social, a exemplo da demarcação urbanística, da legitimação da posse e da usucapião administrativa, criados pela Lei nº 11.977/2009, como forma de solução extrajudicial de conflitos fundiários urbanos. Parte-se do problema da ocupação irregular de terras nas cidades, dos loteamentos irregulares, ilegais e clandestinos e da falta de regularização jurídica da posse, neste contexto urbanização desenfreada que impede o exercício do direito à moradia adequada. O problema tem origem no crescimento acelerado e desordenado das cidades, a partir do início do processo de industrialização, com o êxodo rural que, visando atender ao intenso recrutamento de mão de obra, fomentou o surgimento desordenado de assentamentos sem condições de habitação nas grandes cidades. O desenvolvimento e a expansão das cidades no Brasil ocorreram sem qualquer controle ou orientação predeterminada, em que pese ser o Município a pessoa jurídica de direito público interno responsável pelo uso e ocupação do solo, conforme preconizam os artigos 182 e 183 da Constituição Federal, que estabelecem as diretrizes da política urbana nacional. A Carta Magna de 1988, em seu artigo 1º, tem entre os seus fundamentos a dignidade da pessoa humana, os valores sociais do trabalho e da livre iniciativa, e tem por direito fundamental, no inciso XXII do artigo 5º, o direito à propriedade, corolário do direito à livre iniciativa, que deverá atender à função social. Como a moradia está diretamente relacionada com a dignidade da pessoa humana, a Constituição se ocupou em outorgar a propriedade àqueles que utilizam imóvel urbano para moradia sua e de sua família, nos termos do art. 183, impondo à propriedade a obrigação de cumprir uma finalidade social, especialmente em favor dos cidadãos de menor potencial econômico, de modo que tanto a Constituição como as leis infraconstitucionais objetivaram outorgar a estes cidadãos o direito à moradia, mesmo sem propriedade e, num segundo momento, consolidar ambos os direitos, moradia e propriedade, através de instrumentos jurídicos e administrativos em favor do cidadão. Buscar-se-á conceituar a posse e a propriedade, bem como a moradia, habitação, neste contexto do direito à cidade e processo de urbanização, e identificar os objetivos e finalidades da regularização fundiária no Brasil, principalmente a partir da Lei nº 11.977/2009, com as alterações trazidas pela Lei nº 12.424/2011, analisando-se os instrumentos urbanísticos de regularização fundiária urbana de interesse social criados com a nova legislação, de forma a garantir efetividade do direito fundamental a moradia, demonstrando-se, principalmente, que a usucapião administrativa é uma das formas de consolidação desses direitos.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD