Government began legislating abortion in the mid nineteenth century and has controlled access to this service for women ever since. With the creation of hospital boards after WWII, state control over access became further entrenched. Regulations and restrictions since Roe v. Wade limit the availability of abortion services for women served by Medicaid and other social assistance programs. The existence of a class bias around access can be seen throughout the topic's history and legislation has unfairly targeted and therefore disproportionately affects poor women. The data show that these restrictions have no impact on the number of unintended pregnancies over the last 20 plus years. Without the ability to personally fund the procedure, poor women do not enjoy the same choices as women in other social classes. In the next decade, we are likely to experience more of the same without having a realistic conversation about Medicaid funding of abortion.

Genomslagskraften i de sociala medierna är vedertaget stora och spridningen av budskap äroändlig. Företags möjlighet att interagera, kommunicera samt identifiera sina kunder ärenorm. Problematiken ligger i mätbarheten, då ingen lyckats bevisa ekonomisk ROI direktkopplat till investering i sociala medier. Ett problem som diskuteras såväl på expertnivå, istyrelserummet som bland marknadsförare globalt.Ur intervjuer samt forskningsunderlag är de största drivkrafterna för att som företag verka i desociala medierna att långsiktigt öka försäljning genom högre varumärkeskännedom, utnyttjadword-of-mouth och djupare kundrelationer. Dessa faktorer sammanfattas av flera forskaresom ROE (return on engagement) och anses vara ett steg närmare ROI i sociala medier då detkan resultera i långsiktiga intäkter.Det råder dock interna motsättningar i många företag, vilket är bekräftat både genom insamlad data, forskning samt intervjuer, när det gäller hantering av sociala medier ochhurvida investeringar ska bedömmas ur ekonomiskt perspektiv eller ej. I en jämförelse mellanledning- och marknadsperspektiv konstaterades ett kunskapsglapp mellan beslutsfattare ochmarknadsförare på grund av att ekonomisk avkastning inte är mätbar. Ledningen önskar hårdasiffror för att motivera en investering medan marknadscheferna argumenterar med ROE.Idag använder företag flertalet metoder för att mäta effekten på sina investeringar i sociala medier och vad som skall mätas är individuellt för varje företag beroende på uppsatta mål.Därtill har sociala medier en bevisad effekt på kostnadseffektivisering. Trots att företagenverkar i de sociala medierna är budgeten fortfarande liten i förhållande till traditionell media,även om traditionella statiska kanaler har lägre spridningsmöjlighet.Marknadschefer och ledning måste lära sig tala samma språk då de båda förstår konkurrenskraft och varumärkesbyggande. Ledningen måste därtill skaffa sig mer kunskapom sociala medier och dess användning inom företag då det är i deras intresse att hänga medkonkurrenterna samt finnas där deras kunder finns. Därtill har rapporten bekräftat att socialamedier måste hanteras långsiktigt. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

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Am Beispiel der Wiederkäuer wurde unter Zuhilfenahme von biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden die Adaptation von Pflanzenfressern (Herbivoren) an pflanzliche Sekundärmetabolite wie z.B. Tannine untersucht. Tannine können in nicht an ihren Verzehr adaptierten Spezies durch ihr Proteinbindungsvermögen die Nahrungsverwertung und damit Wachstum und Gesundheit des Pflanzenfressers beeinträchtigen (antinutritive Wirkung). <br /> Einige Wiederkäuerarten wie z.B. das Reh (Capreolus capreolus) haben in ihrem Nahrungsspektrum viele stark tanninhaltige Pflanzen, leiden aber nicht unter den erwähnten postdigestiven Konsequenzen. Eine Möglichkeit, die antinutritive Wirkung von Tanninen zu neutralisieren, besteht in der Produktion tanninbindender Speichelproteine. <br /> Der Speichel verschiedener Wiederkäuerarten wurde auf das Vorhandensein tanninbindender Proteine untersucht. Diese Arten wurden so ausgewählt, dass alle drei Ernährungstypen (Konzentratselektierer, Intermediärtyp, Gras- und Rauhfutterfresser) in den Vergleich eingeschlossen werden konnten. Als Referenzspezies wurde der Konzentratselektierer Reh herangezogen.<br /> Die Speichelproteine des Rehs und die der Intermediärtypen (Rentier, Rangifer tarandus; Damhirsch, Cervus dama; Moschusochse, Ovibos moschatus) banden ungefähr doppelt so effektiv an hydrolysierbare Tannine (Tanninsäure), wie die der untersuchten Gras- und Rauhfutterfresser (Rind, Bos taurus; und Mufflon, Ovis orientalis musimon). Diese Abstufung zeigte sich auch bei der Untersuchung der Bindung an kondensierte Tannine (Quebracho). Eine Ausnahme stellte Mufflonspeichel dar, dieser band ebenso gut an Quebracho wie die Speichelproteine der anderen Ernährungstypen.<br /> Über eine Aminosäuretotalanalyse konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Speichel einiger untersuchter Wiederkäuerarten prolinreiche Proteine (PRPs) enthielt. Unter Ausnutzung ihrer Trichloressigsäure (TCA)-Löslichkeit wurden diese angereichert und genauer untersucht. Die Analyse der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine der Konzentratselektierer (Reh, Elch) ergab einen relativen Prolingehalt von über 35 %, während beim Moschusochsen noch 29 % gemessen wurden. In Damhirsch- und Rinderspeichel wurden keine prolinreichen Proteine gefunden.<br /> Für die TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rehs konnte eine hohe Tanninbindungskapazität nachgewiesen werden. Diese banden 24 - 30 x effektiver an Tannine als die TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rindes. Die Tanninbindungskapazitäten der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine von Moschusochse und Damhirsch waren ebenfalls höher als die des Rindes, aber niedriger als die des Rehs. <br /> Die Kohlenhydrat-Analyse der TCA-löslichen Speichelproteine des Rehs erbrachte, dass es sich bei ihnen um Glykoproteine handelt. Mittels Gelfiltration und zweidimensionaler Polyacrylamidgelektrophorese konnten fünf Proteingruppen mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 15 und 50 kd sowie isoelektrischen Punkten zwischen 4,0 und 8,2 detektiert werden. <br /> Von 15 dieser Proteine konnten die N-terminalen Aminosäuresequenzen ermittelt werden. Ausgehend von diesen Informationen wurden Reh-PRP spezifische mRNAs isoliert und partiell sequenziert. Die meisten dieser Fragmente hatten eine gemeinsame 18 Aminosäuren lange C-terminale Sequenz PPPEEQPEE/QSPDEE/DSPSE. <br /> Die Suche nach Übereinstimmungen der analysierten Sequenzen mit anderen Säugetier-PRPs in der Genbank ergab keine sinnvollen Ähnlichkeiten. Die Ergebnisse können zu Informationen über tanninbindende Proteine anderer Wiederkäuer führen. Die Sequenzinformationen stellen einen Ausgangspunkt bei der Analyse der evolutiven Zusammenhänge der Cerviden dar. / Investigation of tannin binding salivary proteins of roe deer and other ruminants: <br /> In this work the adaptation of herbivores to plant secondary metabolites was investigated with help of biochemical and molecular biological methods. In unadapted species plant secondary metabolites as tannins can reduce food digestibility and thus diminish growth rate and health status (antinutritive action). Tannins act through its astringency, that means the high capacity to bind proteins, other macromolecules and metal ions. Some ruminant species feed on tannin containing plant but do not suffer from the mentioned nutritive consequences. The production of tannin binding proteins is one possible adaptation mechanism to neutralize the effects of the tannins.<br /> Saliva of six different ruminant species was investigated for the presence of tannin binding proteins. All three feeding types (concentrate selector, intermediate type and grass and roughage eater) were included in the comparison. <br /> Salivary proteins from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, concentrate selector) and from the intermediate feeding types (rein deer, Rangifer tarandus; fallow deer, Cervus dama; musk ox, Ovibos moschatus) bound twice as effective to hydrolysable tannins (tannic acid) as those from the investigated grass and roughage eaters (cattle, Bos taurus; moufflon, Ovis orientalis). This differentiation could also be observed investigating the binding capacities to condensed tannins (quebracho) except for moufflon. Moufflon salivary proteins bound with the same intensity to quebracho as the salivary proteins from the other feeding types.<br /> Proline rich proteins (PRPs) could be accumulated from roe deer, moose and musk ox saliva by use of its solubility properties in 5 % trichloro acetic acid (TCA). Roe deer and moose TCA soluble salivary proteins contained more than 35 %, musk ox proteins 29 % proline. In fallow deer and cattle saliva PRPs could not be detected.<br /> A tannin binding assay demonstrated for the TCA soluble salivary proteins from roe deer, musk ox and fallow deer but not from cattle, that they are able to bind tannins. Roe deer salivary proteins bound 24 to 30 more effective to tannins as cattle proteins. Tannin binding capacity of the proteins from musk ox and fallow deer saliva was higher as those from cattle but lower as those from roe deer.<br /> For further analysis of ruminant tannin binding proteins we chose roe deer as reference species. Carbohydrate analysis of TCA soluble proteins from roe deer saliva showed that they were glycoproteins. With help of gel filtration and two dimensional polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis five proteins groups with molecular weights from 15 to 50 kd and isoelectric points from 4.0 to 8.2 could be detected.<br /> N-terminal amino acid sequences of 15 of the roe deer salivary TCA soluble proteins were determined by Edmann degradation. This information led to partially sequenced roe deer PRP specific cDNA. An 18 amino acid long C-terminal sequence was common in most of the clones. The obtained roe deer PRP sequences did not match with known mammalian PRP sequences from data banks. <br /> The finding in this work can lead to information about salivary tannin binding proteins in other ruminants. The sequence information represent a starting-point for the investigation of cervid evolution.

The external dispersal ("epizoochory") of vascular plant diaspores (seeds and fruits) by roe deer and wild boar, i.e. the most common wild large mammals with a large home range in central Europe, was investigated in a 6.5-km² forest area in NE Germany dominated by mesic deciduous forests. The study involved brushing out the diaspores from the coats and hooves of 25 shot roe deer and nine wild boar. The results were compared with the forest vegetation of the study area. Whilst wild boar transported large amounts of various diaspores in the coat, the significance of roe deer for epizoochory was low due to their sleek fur and different behaviour compared to wild boar. Altogether, 55 vascular plant species were transported externally. Since only a limited number of seeds came from woodland habitats, the open landscape was at least as important as a source of attached seeds as the forest vegetation. Thus, most plant species occurring in the studied forest area, especially characteristic woodland herbs, showed no adaptations to epizoochorous dispersal, although being very abundant in the herb layer. We conclude that hoofed game play a particular role concerning the dispersal of ruderal and grassland species in the agricultural landscape of central Europe. However, the actual spread of some herb species in forests of northern Germany, e.g. <i>Agrostis capillaris</i>, <i>Brachypodium sylvaticum</i>, <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i>, <i>Galium aparine</i> and <i>Urtica dioica</i>, may be mainly facilitated by wild ungulates. Though dispersal by large mammals is an important mechanism for long-distance dispersal of plants in general, our results suggest that most of the characteristic herb species of mesic deciduous forests have only low epizoochorous dispersal potentials. The implications for nature conservation and silviculture are discussed. / Die Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen-Diasporen (Samen und Früchte) durch äußerliche Anhaftung ("Epizoochorie") an Rehen und Wildschweinen, den beiden häufigsten Schalenwild-Arten in Mitteleuropa, wurde im 6,5 km² großen Forst Brieselang bei Berlin (Bundesland Brandenburg) untersucht, in dem mesophile Laubwälder vorherrschen. Dazu wurden die Felle und Hufe von 25 geschossenen Rehen und neun Wildschweinen ausgekämmt und die Diasporen anschließend bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Waldvegetation verglichen. Während Wildschweine große Mengen verschiedener Diasporentypen transportierten, war die Bedeutung von Rehen für die Ausbreitung von Pflanzen auf Grund des glatten Fells und der im Vergleich zum Wildschwein unterschiedlichen Verhaltensweisen wesentlich geringer. Insgesamt wurden 55 Phanerogamenarten epizoochor transportiert. Da nur ein kleiner Teil der ausgebreiteten Pflanzen Waldhabitate bevorzugt, war das Offenland eine mindestens ebenso wichtige Quelle anhaftender Diasporen wie die Waldvegetation. Die meisten Waldpflanzenarten wurden nicht ausgebreitet; insbesondere solche Arten, die ausschließlich in Wäldern wachsen, wurden nicht nachgewiesen. Viele Pflanzenarten sind – vermutlich auf Grund ihrer Diasporenmorphologie – weitgehend vom Transport ausgeschlossen, obwohl sie sehr häufig in der Krautschicht des untersuchten Waldes vorkommen. Daher ist Schalenwild in der Agrarlandschaft Mitteleuropas vermutlich vor allem für die Ausbreitung von Ruderal-, Segetal- und Grünlandpflanzen von Bedeutung. Die Ausbreitung einiger Pflanzenarten der Krautschicht in norddeutschen Wäldern z.B. <i>Agrostis capillaris</i>, <i>Brachypodium sylvaticum</i>, <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i>, <i>Galium aparine</i> und <i>Urtica dioica</i>, könnte jedoch wesentlich auf Schalenwild zurückgehen. Obwohl Großsäuger insgesamt ein wichtiger Vektor für die Fernausbreitung von Pflanzen sind, zeigt unsere Studie, dass die meisten charakteristischen Waldbodenpflanzen mesophiler Laubwälder kaum ausgebreitet werden, also nur ein geringes epizoochores Ausbreitungspotenzial aufweisen. Die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für den Waldnaturschutz und den Waldbau wird diskutiert.

A fully automated Cartesian/Quad grid generator and laminar flow solver have been developed for external flows by using C++. After defining the input geometry by nodal points, adaptively refined Cartesian grids are generated automatically. Quadtree data structure is used in order to connect the Cartesian cells to each other. In order to simulate viscous flows, body-fitted quad cells can be generated optionally. Connectivity is provided by cut and split cells such that the intersection points of Cartesian cells are used as the corners of quads at the outmost row. Geometry based adaptation methods for cut, split cells and highly curved regions are applied to the uniform mesh generated around the geometry. After obtaining a sufficient resolution in the domain, the solution is achieved with cellcentered approach by using multistage time stepping scheme. Solution based grid adaptations are carried out during the execution of the program in order to refine the regions with high gradients and obtain sufficient resolution in these regions. Moreover, multigrid technique is implemented to accelerate the convergence time significantly. Some tests are performed in order to verify and validate the accuracy and efficiency of the code for inviscid and laminar flows.

Magistro darbe tiriama kokia elninių žvėrių populiacijos situacija yra Jurbarko miškų urėdijos, Panemunės girninkijos, Stakių eiguvos miškuose. Darbo objektas - Darbe tyrinėjama VĮ Jurbarko miškų urėdijos Panemunės girininkijos Stakių eiguvos elninių žvėrių: ( tauriųjų elnių (lot. Cervus elaphus, angl. Red deer, vok. Rothirsch), stirnų (lot. Capreolus capreolus, angl. Roe Deer, vok. Reh) ir briedžių (lot. Alces alces, angl. Moose, vok. Hirsch )) populiacijos, bei jų gyvenamoji aplinka. Darbai vykdyti 2009 – 2010 metais bei panaudoti ankstesnių metų duomenys. Stakių eiguva, kurioje buvo vykdytas tiriamasis darbas apima 1384 ha miškų plotą. Darbo tikslas - Ištirti VĮ Jurbarko miškų urėdijos Panemunės girininkijos Stakių eiguvos elninių žvėrių populiacijas, jų gyvenamąją aplinką bei šių žvėrių įtaką miško atkūrimui. Darbo metodai – Instrumentinis metodas, šaltinių analizė, leidinių analizės metodas, palyginamoji analizė. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrime nustatyta elninių žvėrių populacijų būklė. Nustatyta, kad pagrindinė rūšis Stakių eiguvoje yra taurusis elnias, o briedis ir stirna yra šalutinės rūšys. Tauriųjų elnių populiacijos gausa ir tankis viršyja maksimalią (maksimali 37 vnt./1000 ha esama 38vnt./1000ha). Esant tokiam tankiui mažėja prieaugis. Europinių stirnų tankis yra artimas optimaliai, galimas intensyvus medžiojimas. Briedžiai yra tik užklystanti rūšis, todėl jų medžioklė negalima. Palyginus paskutinių trijų metų elninių žvėrių neigiamą poveikį želdiniams, žėliniams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master thesis examined how the deer situation is game population in Jurbarkas forest stewardship in Panemunes forestry district in Stakiai sector of a forest. The object - deer (red deer (Latin Cervus elaphus, Germ. Rothirsch), fallow deer (Latin Dama dama, Germ. Damhirsch) , roe deer (Latin Capreolus capreolus, Germ. REH) and moose (Latin Alces alces, Germ. Hirsch)) populations and their habitat are investigated in Jurbarkas Forest Enterprise Forestry Panemunes Stakių sector of a forest game. Work for 2009 - 2010, and the use of prior-year figures. Stakiai sector of a forest which has carried out research work covers 1384ha of forest area. Aim - To investigate deer populations of wild animals, their habitats and the animals on forest restoration in the Jurbarkas Forest Enterprise Forestry Panemunės Stakiai sector of a forest. Working Methods - The instrumental method, source analysis, publications, analysis method, a comparative analysis of . Results. . The study found the deer population of the state game. It was found that a red deer is the main species and elk, roe is a secondary species in Stakiai sector of a forest. Red deer population abundance and density exceeds maximum (maximum 37 hectares of existing unit/1000 38 unit/1000ha). Density of european roe deer is close to the best possible intensive hunting. Elks are only appears species because they can not hunt. The comparison deer negative effects to zelin of the last three years, found that the effect increases by... [to full text]

Research object. Populations of cervine animals (moose, red deer, roes) and their living environment in Mikieriai Forestry of the Public Institution Anykščiai Forest Enterprise. Research aim. To study the populations of cervine animals, their living environment and effect of these animals on forest in Mikieriai Forestry of the Public Institution Anykščiai Forest Enterprise. Research methods. Logic analysis of literature and systemic selective accounting. Research results. Cervine animals living in the forests of the Forestry are moose (density 7 pcs./1000 ha), red deer (12 pcs./1000 ha), roes (31 pcs./1000 ha). Because of their effect on forest planting and sprouts the number of cervine animals should be reduced as they browse, break stems and peel bark. The use of cervine animals is low. Before breeding fallow-deer in the forests of the Forest the basic breed should be moose, secondary – roe, minor secondary – red deer. When the fallow-deer are bred, to which the forests of the Forestry are good to live in and belong to the category of middle areas, the basic breed in the forests of the Forestry should be moose, secondary – roe and fallow-deer, minor secondary (undesirable) – red deer. From possible effect of cervine animals the forest planting and sprouts are protected by fences and repellents and protected area makes up 4,8 – 6,2% of the total area of the forests. Many recommended stimulants in biosphere range are also favourable for the increase of hunting fauna. The... [to full text]

Research issue: The transition from Basel II to Basel III becomes consuming for banks, financially. But Basel III should be profitably for financial market economy. Risks in the financial world is very complex. Is Basel III is sufficient to manage risk and future crises Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the application of Basel II and the transition to Basel III in Sweden with the banking system in focus. Method: The study has a qualitative research methodology for the collection of empirical data. The study is based on interviews with four large banks of Sweden (Swedbank, SEB, Nordea, Handelsbanken) and with Finansinspektionen. We also used previous studies, books and rapports. Conclusions: Basel has no direct connection to the profitability of the banks. The translation to Basel III was an obvious step for a more stable financial market. With Basel III it became more expensive for the banks; the more cost the less returns and hence led dividends for shareholders. But the banks will not bear the costs themselves, the costumers will get affected. Banks have begun to adapt to Basel III. There are requirements to save equity immediately not only in crisis. Which leads to the return is not likely to be lowered at bad times.

Investors and fund managers have, since the start of financial markets, always been on the lookout for new ways of beating the market. However, researchers of the Efficient Market Hypothesis have shown that markets are usually highly efficient, implying that there are few possibilities of earning returns that are higher than the market returns, on a risk adjusted basis. Prevailing theories, such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model, has shown that increased return must stem from taking on higher risk. Though, this model’s explanatory power has been challenged by numerous researchers who propose different factors, other than market risk, which could hold explanatory power when it comes to returns in the stock market. This area of research is called factor investing, and has shown that factors such as momentum, size, and value, all can lead to outperforming the market.This study examines how a model based on two common factors, quality and value, would have performed on the Swedish stock market. The study is based on five portfolios chosen by the quality and value factors, each one held for 5 years, examined over a 25-year time span and uses the capital asset pricing model as a tool to measure whether or not the selected factors outperform the market. The study has taken a quantitative approach to examining the research question, using a positivistic and objectivistic view.The results of the study show evidence that the quality and value factors can lead to significant outperformance relative to the market index. Both total returns and risk adjusted returns were higher than the market index for some of the portfolios created using the quality and value factors. Furthermore, statistical evidence was found of that CAPM not fully explains all returns, and thus, that the returns are in part explained by the quality and value factors. The findings led to the conclusion that the quality and value factors does, in fact, hold explanatory power beyond that of CAPM. Purchasing quality companies at a reasonable price is shown to be a sound investment strategy, and that a portfolio created using the quality and value factors has good chances of outperforming the market index.