Conformément à l’article 46 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, les États contractants s’engagent à se conformer aux arrêts définitifs de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Il ressort toutefois de la jurisprudence de la Cour que ses décisions sont « déclaratoires pour l’essentiel » et que, par cela, une liberté de choix des moyens à utiliser pour s’acquitter de l’obligation d’exécuter la décision, est laissée à l’État défendeur. En tout état de cause, le sens de l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour demeurerait paradoxal s’il fallait s’arrêter à accepter à la fois que l’État doive exécuter la décision européenne tout en ayant le choix libre de la manière d’y parvenir. Un tel raccourci aurait en effet pour conséquence que les décisions de la Cour soient imparfaitement ou seulement partiellement exécutées dans la mesure où, d’une part, le but consistant à l’exécution de la décision est vaguement précisé et où, d’autre part, la liberté de choix est, quant à elle, expresse. La doctrine de la marge d’appréciation de l’État apporte ainsi une flexibilité nécessaire dans la délimitation des rôles de la Cour et ceux de l’État défendeur pour une meilleure exécution des décisions européennes. A cet effet, le double effet de la décision européenne n’a de sens que s’il est admis que l’État dispose, certes, d’une marge d’appréciation dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour, mais que les limites de cette marge sont posées par la Cour elle-même, dans sa décision. Il faut dès lors systématiquement partir de la décision de la Cour qui doit préciser ce en quoi consiste l’exécution de celle-ci, et donc ce en quoi consiste la réparation de la violation de la Convention, afin de déterminer si la marge d’appréciation de l’État, au stade de l’exécution de la décision, est plutôt large ou plutôt étroite. La liberté du choix de l’État défendeur en matière des mesures à prendre pour exécuter la décision selon les attentes de la Cour, se rapportera ainsi à une gamme de choix prédéfinie dans le cadre de la décision, et ce, dépendamment de la nature de la violation de la Convention ou encore de la gravité des conséquences de telle violation. En somme, plus la gamme de choix de mesures étatiques est précise, plus il y a de chances que la décision soit mieux exécutée. L’essentiel du travail consiste donc à essayer d’identifier les critères de détermination de l’étendue de la marge d’appréciation de l’État dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour. Cependant, un tel exercice ne peut être mené à bien sans tout d’abord définir la notion même de « marge d’appréciation » qui, même si elle a déjà été employée par la Cour et par une partie de la doctrine, n’a pas reçu une définition convaincante, ou encore, a souvent été indistinctement associée à la notion de « marge de manœuvre », au « principe de subsidiarité », ou même à la souveraineté, alors qu’elle ne saurait s’y confondre. / In accordance with Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the European Court of Human Rights. It is however apparent from the Court’s case-law that its decisions are “essentially declaratory” and, by that, a freedom to choose the means to be used to fulfill the obligation to execute the decision is given to the respondent State. In any event, the sense of the execution of the Court’s decisions would remain paradoxical if we were to stop at accepting at the same time that a State must execute the European decision while having the free choice in the manner to achieve so. Such a shortcut would lead to a poor execution of the decisions of the Court in so far as, on one hand, the purpose of the enforcement of the decision is vaguely specified and, on the other hand, freedom of choice is expressly precise. The doctrine of the State's margin of appreciation thus gives the flexibility needed in delimiting the roles of the Court and those of the respondent State for the purpose of a better implementation of European decisions. To that end, the dual effect of the European decision only makes sense if it is accepted that the State indeed enjoys a margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision but that the limits of such margin are laid by the Court itself, in its decision. It is therefore necessary to systematically start from the decision of the Court which must specify what the expected execution is, and therefore what the compensation for the violation of the Convention should be, in order to determine whether the margin of appreciation of a State, at the stage of implementation of the decision, is rather broad or rather narrow. The freedom of choice of the respondent State as to the measures to be taken to implement the decision according to the expectations of the Court will thus relate to a range of choices predefined in the decision, depending on the nature of the violation of the Convention or the gravity of the consequences of such violation. In short, the more precise the ranges of choices of measures are, the more likely it is that the decision will be better executed. The essence of the work is therefore to try to identify the criteria for determining the extent of the State’s margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision. However, such an exercise cannot be carried out without first defining the very notion of “margin of appreciation” which, even if it has already been used by the Court and by a part of the doctrine, has not received a convincing definition, or has often been indistinctly associated with the notion of “margin of manoeuver”, the “principle of subsidiarity”, or even sovereignty, while it cannot be confused with them.

Orientador: Fernando Augusto Silva Marins / Coorientador: Aneirson Francisco da Silva / Banca: Dimas Campos de Aguiar / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Os processos de recebimento, conferência, armazenagem, separação de pedidos, montagem de kits, distribuição de materiais e inventário são processos vitais dentro dos almoxarifados e interferem diretamente na efetividade da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain - SC). Como esses processos sofrem várias interferências, devido a outros processos da SC, como compra de materiais, planejamento, programação e abastecimento da produção, tornam-se comuns situações como excessos de materiais, baixa acuracidade dos estoques, dificuldade de localização, falhas no atendimento dos pedidos e montagem de kits, entre outros. Pensando nestas dificuldades gerenciais, busca-se, nesta dissertação, utilizar uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada, com objetivos empíricos e descritivos e análise quantitativa para desenvolver uma ferramenta gerencial, com base em um modelo de simulação a eventos discretos, como apoio às decisões sobre os recursos necessários para execução de forma efetiva dos processos citados. O objeto de estudo foi um almoxarifado de produtos estampados de uma empresa multinacional no setor automotivo. Onde a criação de um modelo conceitual e aplicação da simulação foram os objetivos. Adotou-se a técnica IDEF-SIM para a modelagem conceitual do problema e foi utilizado o software ProModel® para se obter uma racionalização na aplicação dos recursos necessários para que o almoxarifado tenha um melhor desempenho, frente a vários cenários possíveis de ocorrer. Identificou-se, após a simulação,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The processes of receiving, conferring, storing, sorting orders, assembling kits, distributing materials and inventory are vital processes within warehouses and directly interfere with the effectiveness of the Supply Chain (SC). As these processes suffer several interferences, due to other SC processes, such as material purchase, planning, scheduling and production supply, situations such as material excesses, low inventory accuracy, difficulty in locating, ordering and assembling kits, among others. In this dissertation, we intend to use a research of an applied nature, with empirical and descriptive objectives and quantitative analysis to develop a managerial tool, based on a simulation model to discrete events, as support to the decisions about the necessary resources to effectively execute the cited cases. The object of study was a warehouse of stamped products of a multinational company in the automotive sector. Where the creation of a conceptual model and application of the simulation were the objectives. The IDEF-SIM technique was adopted for the conceptual modeling of the problem and ProModel® software was used to obtain a rationalization in the application of the necessary resources so that the warehouse performs better, against several possible scenarios to occur. It was found after the simulation that one of the main problems in the operation of the warehouse was related to the unbalanced arrival of the items that form the kits, another one related to the excessive... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Interrogating Virginia Woolf and the British Suffrage Movement Gwen Trowbridge Anderson ABSTRACT Much has been written about Virginia Woolf's involvement with feminism and women's rights, but there has been far less exploration about her ties to suffrage. Many of her friends and family are involved in this exploration: Vanessa Stephen Bell, Ethel Smyth, and the Pankhursts (Emmeline, Sylvia, and Cristobel). Other important figures who are relevant to Woolf's work are Sonia Delaunay, Lewis Carroll, and Edmund Spenser. Important concepts like the New Woman, the suffrage movement, feminism, and women's rights are vital to understanding Woolf's involvement with suffrage. This dissertation examines how Woolf used certain descriptive imagery, specifically, suffrage tricolors, rooms, bridges, pillar-boxes, and water as signposts, which subversively point to suffrage and women's rights. Her literary techniques are foregrounded to reveal how involved Woolf was in the suffrage movement and that she showed this involvement in obvious and subtle ways. I uncover suffrage and feminist clues in three of her early novels Night and Day, Jacob's Room, and The Years and compare her use of women's rights in her nonfiction works, A Room of One's Own and Three Guineas. A close analysis of her early writing clearly proves that Virginia Woolf had a plan from the beginning and a prescient view to her thinking about the suffrage movement.

Selten wird Software nur an einem Standort entwickelt. Teams oder Teammitglieder können auf der ganzen Welt verstreut sein, um gemeinsam an einem Produkt oder einer Aufgabe zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig werden agile Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung neuer Software zunehmend populär, die aber einen hohen Kommunikationsaufwand zwischen allen Beteiligten erfordern. Wo anfänglich ein Widerspruch zu vermuten ist, zeigen die Erfahrungen der Saxonia Systems AG, dass die agilen Werte und Prinzipien die verteilte Entwicklung positiv beeinflussen können. Mit der Zeit haben die Teams Erfahrungen gesammelt und Best Practices definiert. Daraus entstand das Konzept „Ein Team Ein Office“ (ETEO), welches heute einen virtuellen Projektraum, ausgewählte Kollaborationswerkzeuge, angepasste Prozesse und Rollen und ein motiviertes Team umfasst. In diesem Artikel werden wir anhand des VIST-Modells zeigen, dass agile und verteilte Arbeit kein Widerspruch ist und wie wir mit ETEO die agile und verteilte Softwareentwicklung unterstützen.

"The principal of Woodrow Wilson Junior High School selected a tentative home room committee of teachers during the post school planning period. This group discussed the problem at hand, the purpose of the home room and the home room program as well as the guidance to be derived through the home room. The writer, as a member of that committee, has collected materials, studied the home room and through programs. These will serve as a guide for the pupils of Wilson Junior High School. The plan is that the children will become interested in these topics and will suggest others for consideration in the home room"--Introduction. / "1952"--Cover. / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Marian W. Black, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).

"The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of an activity program which was started in Tomlin Junior High School during the 1949-50 term. It is not an analysis based on statistics, nor is it an attempt to present an ideal program as a pattern for other schools to follow. Rather it honestly attempts to describe how the teachers in a given school worked through the group process to meet one of the paramount needs of that school in a way that would contribute most to the boys and girls enrolled in the school"--Preface. / "August 9, 1950." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: H. A. Curtis, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-60).

In this project I have worked with strategies at regional level, as well as with alterations to an existing building, to strengthen and celebrate rural systems in a place called Naum, in Vara municipality in Västergötland. This I've donein order to challenge the dichotomy of urban and rural. I find that urbanity is very often celebrated in the architectural discipline, and in the public debate in general. There is a strong hierarchy of spaces in the national discourse of Sweden. By focusing on a rural space that I perceive have low status and connect it to networks that reach out to other spaces, cities, and regions, I treat the urban and rural as a continuous variation rather than a fixed binary. The binary is also challenged already by people constantly moving across this scale. Most of the residents of Naum, mapped out herecommute to Vara Town, or other adjacent towns or cities to work, to go school, to go the doctor, take part in cultural events etc. This project focus on the power of rural networks, on movement, and on rural systems of cooperation, and then I am making a number of alterations at a zoomed-in scale, to offer the inhabitants a more intimate relationship to this agricultural landscape. My project operate both at the intimate scale of an existing bygdegård, which is a specifically rural community space, in Naum, as well as on the larger scale of Vara municipality.To the bygdegård I propose three small scale alterations, a sauna called the 'Storytelling Sauna' (SECTION S S) an overnight stay shelter called the 'Please Stay',and an imaginative element of a 'Wisching-Well-Ditch”. In the larger scale I propose a strategic alteration to the treatment of roadsides, to increase biodiversity and human movement. I call this alteration the 'Thriving Passages'. The project also consist of this room-installation that we are all inside of, that aim to represent the different scales and allow us to move across them, and it consists of mappings of bygdegårds in Vara municipality and in Sweden and how they are connected by human movement, as well as mappings of historical and agricultural layers of this landscape.

Bakgrund: Det intraoperativa teamet är en sammansättning av flera professioner där alla bidrar med sin unika kompetens. Tidigare studier visar att patienten löper högre risk att drabbas av vårdskada om teamet brister i sin kommunikation under den intraoperativa fasen. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva det intraoperativa teamets upplevelser av kommunikation på operationssalen. Metod: Designen är en systematisk litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningarna utfördes systematiskt och 12 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades. Därefter bearbetades artiklarna med Bettany-Saltikov & McSherry's nio steg för analys av kvalitativa data. Resultat: Som resultat framkom tre teman; "vikten av en god atmosfär", "känsla av samsyn" och "att våga sätta gränser". Atmosfären på operationssalen upplevdes påverka kommunikationen i teamet. Det som i sin tur påverkade atmosfären var förtrogenhet bland teammedlemmarna, vänlighet och respekt, hierarkiska mönster och onödiga ljud. För att skapa en samsyn mellan personalen på salen, så behövdes en kommunikation som var aktiv och strukturerad. Där det inte passade med en verbal kommunikation, upplevde teamet att icke verbal kommunikation, såsom kroppsspråk, var ett verktyg för att skapa samsyn, medan personliga kommunikationsstilar kunde utgöra hinder för densamma. Att våga sätta gränser och säga ifrån upplevdes betydelsefullt för en säker vård av patienten. Konklusion: Hur väl kommunikationen fungerar mellan medlemmarna i det intraoperativa teamet har betydelse för hur effektivt teamarbetet är, samt kan påverka utfallet av patientens operation. Insikt i hur personalen på operationssalen upplever kommunikationen kan användas till att skapa en djupare förståelse. Något som kan förbättra möjligheterna till en välfungerande kommunikation i det intraoperativa teamet, både på individ samt organisationsnivå. / Bakgrund: Det intraoperativa teamet är ett multi-professionellt team, där alla olika yrken bidrar med sin unika uppsättning färdigheter. Studier visar att patienten riskerar att drabbas av skada om teamet misslyckas i sin kommunikation under den intraoperativa fasen. Objektiv: Syftet var att beskriva det intraoperativa teamets erfarenheter av kommunikation i operationssalen.  Metod: Designen var en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Artikelsökningen genomfördes systematiskt och 12 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades. De insamlade uppgifterna analyserades med Bettany-Saltikov & McSherrys nio steg för analys av kvalitativa data. Utfall: Som ett resultat framkom tre teman; "Vikten av en god stämning", "känsla av att vara på samma sida" och "att våga sätta gränser". Stämningen i operationssalen upplevdes påverka kommunikationen i teamet. Faktorer som i sin tur påverkade atmosfären var förtrogenhet bland teammedlemmarna, vänlighet och respekt, hierarkiska mönster och onödiga ljud. För att personalen skulle vara på samma sida i operationssalen behövdes en kommunikation som var aktiv och strukturerad. Där verbal kommunikation inte passade ansåg teamet att icke-verbal kommunikation, såsom kroppsspråk, var ett verktyg för att skapa konsensus, medan personliga kommunikationsstilar kunde skapa hinder för det. Att våga sätta gränser och säga ifrån kändes viktigt för en trygg vård av patienten. Slutsats: Hur väl kommunikationen fungerar mellan medlemmarna i det intraoperativa teamet är viktigt för hur effektivt lagarbetet är och kan påverka resultatet av patientens operation. Insikt i hur personalen i operationssalen upplever kommunikationen kan användas för att skapa en djupare förståelse. Något som kan förbättra möjligheterna till väl fungerande kommunikation i det intraoperativa teamet, både på individ- och organisationsnivå.

SAMMANFATTNING  Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård ska enligt gällande kompetensbeskrivning främja och utveckla former för hållbar, säker, personcentrerad och evidensbaserad vård. Risk för vårdskador som drabbar patienten är särskilt hög på akutmottagningar på grund av en oförutsägbar arbetsbelastning, komplicerade arbetsuppgifter och att snabba beslut måste tas för att tidigt inleda livräddande åtgärder. Bristande kompetens och utbildning är ytterligare bidragande orsaker. Checklistor har länge nyttjats i flygbranschen för att öka säkerheten och minska risken för olyckor. Misstag uppstår lätt i akuta situationer och checklistor har på senare år även visats gynnsamt för att öka patientsäkerheten inom operationssjukvård. Kan checklistor inom akutsjukvård påverka patientsäkerheten? Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur checklistor påverkar patientsäkerheten utifrån ett omvårdnadsperspektiv inom akutsjukvård. Metod: Artikeln är en litteraturöversikt. Databaserna CINAHL och PubMed användes för att söka artiklar. Arton primära vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i studien efter genomförd kvalitetsgranskning. Artiklarna analyserades och ett resultat formades. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två teman som svarade på syftet: checklistans påverkan på patientsäkerheten vid kommunikation och checklistans påverkan på patientsäkerheten vid vård. Checklistans påverkan på patientsäkerheten vid kommunikation delades in i tre underkategorier: I teamet, vid personcentrerad vård och vid dokumentation. Checklistans påverkan på patientsäkerheten vid vård utgjordes av medicinska åtgärder och omvårdnadsåtgärder. Slutsats: En väl utformad evidensbaserad checklista kan inverka positivt på patientsäkerheten utifrån ett omvårdnadsperspektiv både i det akuta skedet och i det vardagliga arbetet på akutmottagningen. Förbättringar sågs vid kommunikation både mellan vårdpersonal och med patienten. En positiv påverkan på patientsäkerheten vid vissa omvårdnads- och medicinska åtgärder observerades. En del checklistor visades inverka negativt på patientsäkerheten, det är därför viktigt att undersöka checklistors effektivitet innan implementering. / Background: According to the current description of competence, nurses in the emergency room department must encourage and develop forms of sustainable, safe, person-centered, and evidence-based care. The risk of healthcare injuries which affect the patient is particularly high in emergency departments due to an unpredictable workload, complicated tasks and fast decisions must be taken to initiate life-saving measures. Besides the workload, additional contributing factors are lack of competence and education. Checklists have long been used in the aviation industry to increase safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Mistakes easily occur in emergency situations and checklists have in recent years also shown to be useful in surgical care. Can checklists influence patient safety in emergency care? Aim: The aim was to investigate how checklists for healthcare professionals influence patient safety from a nursing perspective within emergency care. Method: The article is a literature review. The CINAHL and PubMed databases were used to search for articles. Eighteen primary scientific articles were included in the study after assessment of the article’s quality. The articles were analyzed, and a result was formed. Results: The results revealed two themes who responded to the aim; the checklists effect on patient safety in communication and the checklists effect on patient safety in care. The checklists effect on patient safety in communication was divided into three subcategories: in the team, in person-centered care, and in documentation. The checklists effect on patient safety in care consisted of medical interventions and nursing interventions. Conclusion: A well-designed evidence-based checklist may positively influence patient safety from a nursing perspective both in the acute situation and in everyday work at the emergency department. Improvements were seen in communication both between staff and with the patient. A positive impact on patient safety was observed during certain nursing interventions and medical interventions. Some checklists were shown to have a negative effect on patient safety, therefore it’s important to thoroughly examine if a checklist is effective before implementation.

In a commission on behalf of Socialstyrelsen by Maskrosbarn 2017, children and adolescents talk about how rooms that are bare and sterile makes it hard to talk about intimate matters. Self-disclosure is a term that signifies people's ability to open up, and early studies show that self-disclosure can be related to the physical environment.      The aim of this study was to find out social workers' opinions on the significance of the physical environment in conversations. We wanted to know if the environment surrounding them when meeting clients/patients affects the conversation. This qualitative study uses data from interviews with seven social workers. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The data was coded and categorized by themes that appeared. Our results are based on five subjects who were inclined to believe that the physical environment affected the interaction between them and their clients/patients, and two subjects who were ambivalent about whether the surroundings had an effect on the interaction or not.     Themes appearing in the analysis were positive and negative factors of the environment, communication and power dynamics. Positive factors of the environment according to social workers are a sense of being sheltered, dimmed or natural lightning, comfortable furniture and that the room is used for the purpose only. Negative factors are clinical lighting and surroundings, uncomfortable furniture, bad ventilation and poor sound-proofing. When it comes to communication we found that some factors in the environment improved interaction and self-disclosure and some worsened it, according to the social workers. The results also analyze the dynamics of power between social workers and their clients/patients regarding the physical environment.