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Digitalisera bill of lading : En studie om varför sjöfarten inte har digitaliserat dokumentetOlsson, Pontus, Neilan, Sebastian January 2019 (has links)
Abstrakt Den här studien handlar om att ta reda på varför elektroniska bill of ladings inte används i internationell handel. Bill of lading är den äldsta frakthandlingen som fortfarande används inom sjötransport. I studien används en rättdogmatiskmetod i kombination med kompletterande samtal med personer som arbetar med dokumenten på en dagligbasis, representanter från två olika banker. Resultatet visar att anledningen bakom det låga intresset kring eB/L är säkerheten bakom dom negotiable dokumenten. I dagsläget finns ingen lag eller konvention som stödjer någon elektronisk transaktion av värdepapper. För att använda sig av den här typen av transaktioner måste dokumenten vara non-negotiable och kan inte överföras till en tredje part under resans gång. För att lösa den typen av transaktioner har några företag implementerat blockchainsystemet som ett säkert sätt att överlåta värdepapper elektroniskt. / Abstract This Thesis is about finding the reason why the electronic bill of lading is not actively used in international trade. Bill of lading is the oldest transport document that is still used in maritime transport. In this thesis the legal method is combined with interviews with concerned parties who is working daily with these documents, two representatives from two different banks. The results show that the reason behind the lack of interest in eB/L is that there is no security behind the negotiable document. As of today, there is no convention or law that supports an electronic transfer of a document of title. To use these transfers the document must be non-negotiable and cannot be traded to a third party during the voyage. To solve the transfer of the documents, some companies have implemented the blockchain system as a safe way to trade documents of title electronically.
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Rights and liabilities of the consignees/endorsees : a comparative study of the Rotterdam Rules and English LawMajdzadeh Khandani, Kourosh January 2018 (has links)
In the context of an international carriage of goods by sea contract, the consignees and endorsees are the two important categories of the parties whom their rights and liabilities have not been legislated for in any international carriage of goods by sea convention until the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules. The truth is that, in contrast to the rights and the correlative liabilities and obligations of the shippers and carriers, the rights and liabilities of the consignees and endorsees have always been dealt with by the domestic and national laws. However, the Rotterdam Rules, with the goals of promoting legal certainty, improving the efficiency of international carriage of goods and harmonization and modernization of the carriage rules, for the first time at an international level, have attempted to regulate the provisions governing the rights and liabilities of the latter parties. Thus, the application of the Rotterdam Rules, in case they gain the force of law, will be broader than any other international maritime convention. Therefore, this has compelled the necessity of carrying out a profound and detailed critical analysis of the new, and somewhat innovative, regulations, since the impact of the application of the Convention on the existing carriage of goods by sea rules, both nationally and internationally will be crucially significant. The UK as one of the major actors of the maritime industry has a long-established set of rules particularly in the field of rights and liabilities of the parties, both in the common law and statutory senses, governing the carriage of goods by sea affairs for centuries. This thesis aims to evaluate the relevant provisions of the Rotterdam Rules by way of comparison with their corresponding rules of the English law in order to find out whether these new sets of regulations can establish a reliable source of reference for the consignees and endorsees who wish to ascertain their rights and become aware of their obligations and liabilities. In other words, the main objective of this study is to examine whether the Rotterdam Rules clearly define and specify the rights and liabilities of the consignees and endorsees to a contract of carriage of goods by sea. Further, it is going to investigate whether the Convention succeed in achieving its goals with respect to the rights and liabilities of these parties. Also, ratification of the Rotterdam Rules is believed to have a significant impact on the English maritime law and therefore, the question whether it is reasonable for the UK to ratify the Convention will be answered in this research. It is suggested that the findings of this thesis in addition to the solutions proposed to solve the difficulties, ambiguity and complexity of the existing rules, will be of assist to the UK authorities as well as the legislative bodies in other jurisdictions in order to obtain a more effective decision on the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules. This study ends with illustrating an alarming vision of the future of maritime law which will be largely affected by the evolution of smart technologies in the shipping industry.
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海上貨物運送履行輔助人之研究—以鹿特丹規則為中心— / A study on maritime performing party under Rotterdam Rules藍君宜, Lan Chun Yi Unknown Date (has links)
鹿特丹規則自1996年開始草擬,歷經大小數十次會議,迄2008年12月11日於聯合國第63屆大會第67次會議於紐約審議通過,該規則首次確立「海運加」(海運階段加上海運前後其他運送方式階段)之適用範圍,較諸傳統海上運送公約之適用範圍,變化甚鉅。「海運加」制度將鹿特丹規則之適用範圍擴大到傳統海上運送階段以外之其他領域,包括與海上運送連接之陸上運送,鐵路、公路、內陸河道運送甚至航空運送都包括在內。
因此,為因應鹿特丹規則適用範圍之延伸,鹿特丹規則創設了「海運履行輔助人」制度,意指「凡從貨物到達裝載港至貨物離開卸載港期間履行或承諾履行運送人義務之履行輔助人」。內陸運送人僅在履行或承諾履行其完全在港區範圍內之服務時方為海運履行輔助人。海運履行輔助人一方面承擔鹿特丹規則中運送人之義務及賠償責任,另一方面則同時享有運送人之抗辯及賠償責任限制。
我國雖然尚未加入鹿特丹規則,但該規則已明確規定,只要海上貨物運送契約之裝、卸載港或收、交貨地所在國已經批准、接受或核准公約,抑或該當事人適用或援引該公約,則將使其他任一當事人,不論其所在國是否批准、接受或核准該公約,同樣受到鹿特丹規則之約束。因此,我國海商法未來之修正方向,應深入了解並正確把握鹿特丹規則之原則及要領,以維持我國海運在國際市場上之競爭力。
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Transparency and learning spacesFinau, Emily 08 April 2011 (has links)
This thesis explores the various meanings and implications of transparency in architecture and in learning environments in particular. Architectural transparency, achieved through choice of materials and principles of formal composition, creates a diversity of relationships and can facilitate visual, conceptual, and functional clarity as well as offering simultaneous perception of different spaces. It offers a range of phenomenological qualities and so provides an opportunity to explore and complicate such dichotomies as translucency and opacity, openness and closure, and public space and private space.
While celebrated throughout modern and contemporary architecture, transparency raises issues of privacy and safety even as it breaks down hierarchies and social boundaries. The research-based design of transparency in a school building necessitates careful planning to achieve a balance between the access to views, natural light, fresh air, and social interaction that transparency may bring and the continuing obligation to provide a safe, secure environment for schoolchildren.
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