Les deux personnages dont nous faisons l'analyse sont Gavroche dans Les Misérables de Victor Hugo (1862) et Jacquou dans Jacquou le Croquant d'Eugène Le Roy (1899). Gavroche, scion l'expression de Jacques Neefs, est considéré comme un "bâtard" de la société et Jacquou comme le pauvre fils d'un paysan criminel. Tous deux ont en commun le fait qu'ils incarnent une représentation d'un esprit révolutionnaire et de rébellion contre l'ordre établi. Nous considérons la situation de ces deux jeunes enfants face à la fatalité et aux injustices sociales tout en rappelant le fait que leur sort est lié aux conditions politiques, économiques et sociales du début du XIXe siècle. Notre problématique principale est de savoir si, selon qu'un enfant grandissait à la ville ou la campagne, son sort était différent et s'il avait plus de chance de "s'en sortir" sachant qu'à la base nos deux jeunes héros ont un point commun : ils grandissent sans parent.

Thesis (Ph.D. (English)) - Rhodes University, 2008.

Despite having roots in 19th century Europe, Marxism had a deep impact on the trajectory of political ideas in the non-European world in the twentieth century. In particular, anti-colonial thinkers engaged productively with Marx’s ideas as part of their struggle against Empire. Yet, little attention has been paid to the displacements and innovations in political thought as a result of this encounter between anti-colonialism and Marxism. This dissertation aims to fill this gap by studying the history of Indian communism, focusing on the first three decades of the communist movement (1921-1950). I claim that this is an ideal time period to interrogate the formation of political ideas in India, since they presented themselves with particular intensity in the midst of an unfolding anti-colonial struggle, and arguably, the birth of the Indian political. The entry of communist ideas into the charged political environment of the 1920s had an impact on the ideological debates within the Indian polity, as well as stamping Indian communism with its own specific historicity. Through a tracing of debates among communist leaders, as well as their non-communist interlocutors, this work seeks to provide a novel lens to consider the relationship between ideas and their historical actualization, or between the universal and its instantiation in the particular. Moreover, the dissertation argues that the radically different socio-political and historical landscapes of Western Europe and colonial India necessitated a confrontation with the stagist view of history dominant in the history of Western Marxism, prompting novel theoretical work on the issue of political temporality. Consequently, the relationship between necessity and volition, central to enlightenment thought, was radically transformed in the colonial world, particularly in terms of its entanglement with the problem of subjective violence. Engagement with such questions not only impacted Indian political thought, but transformed global communism itself, putting into question the concept of an “originary site” for political ideas. Thus, this work intervenes in debates in three distinct registers: Global Intellectual History, Marxist theory and Indian political thought.

Silence is a negative term denoting absence of sounds. However, our ordinary way of speaking about silence suggests that the latter is some perceptible reality, 'some- thing' perceived. But is it legitimate to say that we hear silence - absence of sound? What implications about perception does such a way of speaking have? The aim of the present thesis is to analyse these questions. The analysis unfolds along three axes. The first part of the thesis reconstructs the problem of perception of silence in John Cage's 'silent piece' 4'33" in context of its conceptual origin, Cage's aesthetics, and reflection of his work in his written texts. Hence the introduction of the problem of perceptible silence in recent thought. It discusses the thesis that we cannot hear absolute silence, not even in the soundproof chamber, and considers the question whether it is adequate to say that we can hear silence if we expect to hear music, but the music does not sound - a question that was raised by the premiere of 4'33". The second part of the thesis scrutinizes the position according to which we can directly hear/listen to silence which is the absence of sounds, namely the arguments of Roy Sorensen and Ian Phillips. Emphasis is put on Sorensen's theory since it is in direct contrast to Cage's position (though Sorensen...

The aim of this essay is to critically consider Arundhati Roy’s novel The God of Small Things from a postcolonial feminist perspective, with a special focus on how she models different representations of women, taking as a background the discussions within postcolonial feminism about subalternity and the representations of women from the so-called Third World in theory and literature, as well as the concept of agency from Cultural Studies. This purpose is reached by studying and comparing three main female characters in the novel: Mammachi, Baby Kochamma and Ammu, centering on their different ways of relating to the male hero of the novel, Velutha, an Untouchable in the lingering caste system of India. The essay argues that Roy has contributed with diverse representations of subaltern women in the ‘Third World’ who—despite their oppressed and marginalized status—display agency and are portrayed as responsible for their own actions.

No description available.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Mémoire en recherche-création / En partant de la prémisse qu’un film de fiction biographique (ou « biopic ») peut être empreint d'une authenticité tout aussi grande que celle provenant d’un documentaire biographique, ce travail de recherche questionne le rapport au « réel » de ces deux manières distinctes (et pourtant similaires) de raconter une vie, en définissant la fiction, le documentaire et leurs sous-genres biographiques, de même qu'en exposant le parcours historique et la réception critique des biographies filmées. De plus, ce mémoire s'attarde sur la biographie et l'autobiographie littéraires, ainsi que sur leurs adaptations filmiques, afin d'offrir un portrait synthétique des possibilités auto/biographiques au cinéma; la notion narratologique du point de vue est revisitée à cet effet. Cette étude se penche également sur les multiples traitements biographiques dont une personnalité connue est parfois l'objet, et sur les résultats de quelques biopics et documentaires biographiques au box-office (américain, français, anglais, québécois). La description de la création reliée à ce mémoire, soit le scène-à-scène (ou continuité séquentielle) d'un biopic basé sur l'autobiographie La détresse et l'enchantement (1984) de l'auteure canadienne Gabrielle Roy, clôt cette argumentation. / Starting with the premise that a fictional film based on someone's life can be as authentic as a biographical documentary, this thesis shows how these two different (but similar) modes of narrating a life interact with "reality", defines the concepts of fiction, documentary, and their biographical sub-genres, and analyzes the history and the critical reception of biopics and biographical documentaries. Furthermore, it studies the literary genres of biography and autobiography, as well as their movie adaptations, in order to provide a portrayal of the auto/biographical films; for this purpose, the idea of the narratological point of view is revisited. This research work also establishes that a well-known personality can sometimes be the main subject of multiple biographical fiction films and documentaries, and gives an overview of the box office results of some biographical films (in America, in France, in UK, in Quebec). A description of the creation linked to this thesis, that is a film treatment of a biopic based on Gabrielle Roy's autobiography La détresse et l'enchantement (1984), ends this dissertation.

Bakgrund: Andnöd är ett vanligt symtom som upplevs av patienter med sjukdom i avancerat stadium och beskrivs som svårighet att få luft eller känsla av tung andning vilket kan ge ångest och rädsla. Flera sjukdomstillstånd såsom KOL, lungcancer och hjärtsvikt kan ge upphov till andnöd under den palliativa fasen vars vård syftar till att lindra lidande genom att behandla och förebygga symtom. Sjuksköterskor behöver känna till patienters upplevelser av andnöd för att kunna tillhandahålla samt individanpassa symtomlindring.  Syfte: Beskriva upplevelser av andnöd hos personer som erhåller palliativt syftande vård eller vård vid avancerad sjukdom samt deras strategier för att hantera andnöd. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts med datainsamling från fem databaser som resulterade i 12 vetenskapliga artiklar där 11 var kvalitativa och en kvantitativ. Analysen utfördes utifrån Friberg (2017) och resulterade i två teman. Resultat: De två huvudteman som framkom var Upplevelser av andnöd samt Strategier för hantering av andnöd. Resultatet visade att andnöd gav upphov till ångest och rädsla samt fysisk trötthet och besvärande hosta. Dessutom innebar andnöd inskränkningar av patienters vardag och kunde leda till att de blev socialt isolerade. För att hantera andnöd var en vanlig strategi att anpassa livet efter sina förutsättningar. Diskussion: Metoddiskussionen tar upp författarnas gemensamma arbete, utmaningar och överväganden. Resultatdiskussionen tar bland annat upp hur upplevelsen av andnöd skapar ångest och inskränker patienters vardag. Detta kopplades till Roys adaptionsmodell. / Background: Breathlessness is a symptom that makes breathing difficult which can lead to experiences of anxiety and fear. It is one of the most common symptoms experienced by patients with advanced stage disease. Several diseases such as COPD, cancer and heart failure can cause breathlessness. Palliative care aims to alleviate suffering by treating and preventing symptoms, such as breathlessness. Nurses need to be aware of patients´ experiences in order to provide and individually adjust symptomatic relief. Aim: Describe patients´ experiences of breathlessness, while receiving palliative care or receiving care for an advanced disease, including their strategies for managing breathlessness. Method: A literature review was carried out with data collection from five databases that resulted in 12 scientific articles of which 11 were qualitative and one was quantitative. The data analysis was made with Friberg (2017) method and resulted in two themes. Results: The two main themes that emerged were Experiences of breathlessness and Strategies for managing breathlessness. The result showed that breathlessness can cause anxiety and fear, physical fatigue and severe coughing. In addition, breathlessness implied limitations of patients´ daily life and could lead to patients being isolated in their homes, intended or unintended. Different strategies for managing breathlessness are presented. Discussion: In the discussion the pros and cons regarding the authors' joint work, challenges and considerations were addressed. The main findings of the result were discussed using Sister Callista Roy’s adaptation model.

Ma thèse étudie la quête initiatique dans des œuvres littéraires franco-canadiennes pour adolescents en se fondant sur les étapes présentées par Simone Vierne, soit la préparation, la mort initiatique et la renaissance. Je me suis intéressée à l’évolution de la quête initiatique dans la littérature jeunesse franco-canadienne entre les années 1970, époque où Vierne publie ses premiers travaux, et 2015 afin de voir si la littérature ne permet pas de suppléer aux rites de passage de moins en moins présents dans nos sociétés actuelles où la transition entre l’enfance et l’adolescence semble de moins en moins perceptible. La thèse présente une analyse de la valeur symbolique des éléments participants à la quête initiatique dans La vengeance de l’orignal de Doric Germain, La quête d’Alexandre d’Hélène Brodeur, Les grands sapins ne meurent pas de Dominique Demers, La première pluie de Camilien Roy, Cœur de lionne de Guy Armel Bayegnak et Le silence de la Restigouche de Jocelyne Mallet-Parent. Le corpus est divisé selon trois périodes, soit de 1970 à 1985, de 1986 à 2000 et de 2001 à 2015. L’analyse permet de vérifier si certains éléments sont récurrents d’une époque à l’autre ou de cerner les modifications qui touchent au déroulement de la quête initiatique à divers moments. C’est à partir de cette étude qu’il sera possible d’établir s’il y a une évolution dans le traitement de la quête initiatique de même que de formuler des hypothèses quant à la modélisation du roman initiatique franco-canadien pour adolescents. Le tout permettra de déterminer si le schéma proposé par Vierne est toujours pertinent dans le contexte actuel.