<p>This dissertation explores the philosophical, cultural, and political implications of the discourse on humanity and human subjectivity in the time of the Anthropocene that engages a wide geographic and temporal range. Specifically, I examine the ways in which three selected literary works of Daniel Defoe from England, Toni Morrison from America, and Arundhati Roy from India interact with the intricately contested notions of what it means to be a human being sharing the earth’s natural habitats with another entity traditionally defined as “other,” categorized around species, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexuality, class, and even religion.</p><p>I argue that Defoe’s <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, the allegedly first modern novel, inaugurates the reigning understanding of human being as <i>homo sapiens</i> represented by Crusoe’s rationalized humanity, the essential feature of which has come to engender a threatening condition both for the nonhuman and non-European world; that Morrison’s <i>Paradise</i> and Roy’s <i>The God of Small Things</i> each in their own way not only problematize and challenge the overall tenet of Defoe’s metaphysical rationality in Euro-American and Anglophone cultures, but also investigate a more secular and thereby alternative idea of human subjectivity as <i>homo ecologicus</i>, so as to either (re)construct or restore a vibrant and sustainable community based on a notion of human not as hierarchically superior to “other” entities, but more horizontally and inclusively situated within one larger common habitat called the planet Earth.</p><p>Postulating the conviction that one cannot fully understand the aforementioned alternative conceptualization of human being as <i>homo ecologicus</i> within the confines of divisive identity politics based upon racial, ethnic, national, religious, gender, and sexual orientation categories, it is a pivotal concern of my thesis to bridge the ostensibly unquestioned bifurcation between human beings and Nature: that between the West and the East, that between male and female, that between reason and intuition, and that between knowledge and life. In performing these wider ecological inquiries into radical modes of human existence, I place the core value of nonfoundationalist thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche, Alfred North Whitehead, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, and Edward Said, among many others, in critical dialogue with the study of literature with a view to thematizing the broader question of how a literary narrative as a historical and cultural institution imaginatively reframes our self-consciousness of the precarious condition of the Anthropocene. In conclusion, I argue that the study of literature and other humanities that valorize a vital interconnectedness between humans, objects, and the environment offers the potential for an inexhaustible and enduring habitat in which <i>homo ecologicus</i> continues to, in the words of Nietzsche, “remain faithful to the earth,” embracing <i>homo sapiens</i>.</p>

Les composés qui existent sous de multiples formes cristallines sont qualifiés de polymorphiques. Les polymorphes ont la même composition, mais leurs structures et leurs propriétés peuvent varier significativement. Dans de nombreux domaines, les conditions de cristallisation des composés d’intérêt sont étudiées de façon exhaustive afin de générer autant de polymorphes que possible, à partir desquels le polymorphe le plus avantageux pour l’application souhaitée peut être sélectionné. Nous rapportons une nouvelle façon d’augmenter la diversité polymorphique basée sur la cristallisation induite par l’ensemencement à l’aide de cristaux mixtes. Nous rapportons également une nouvelle stratégie de cristallisation de composés fondus suspendus qui permet d’induire la formation de cristaux uniques qui sont trop instables pour être produits par des méthodes traditionnelles. Cette stratégie permet la résolution par diffraction des rayons X d’une plus large variété de structures cristallines. L’efficacité des méthodes présentées ci-dessus a été démontrée en les utilisant pour produire des cristaux uniques caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X de nouveaux polymorphes du composé ROY, une référence en matière de polymorphisme. Cela permet à ROY de regagner sa part de la position de composé le plus polymorphique dans la Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). / Chemical compounds that exist in multiple crystalline forms are said to exhibit polymorphism. Polymorphs have the same composition, but their structures and properties can vary markedly. In many fields, conditions for crystallizing compounds of interest are screened exhaustively to generate as many polymorphs as possible, from which the most advantageous form for the desired application can be selected. Here we report a new way to increase polymorphic diversity, based on crystallization induced by suitably designed mixed-crystal seeds. Also reported herein is a new strategy of suspended-melt crystallization, which can be used to induce the formation of single crystals that are too unstable to be produced by traditional methods. This strategy allows for a broader scope of crystalline structures to be resolved by X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of the above methods has been demonstrated by using them to produce new polymorphs of the benchmark compound ROY as single crystals structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. This allows ROY to reclaim a share of the crown as the most polymorphic compound in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).

This thesis consists of an introductory part and two self-contained chapters related to the supply of volunteers to the Swedish Armed Forces. Chapter [I] represents the first effort to explore the relationship between civilian labour market conditions and the supply of labour to the military in the all-volunteer environment that Sweden entered after the abolishment of the peacetime draft in 2010. The effect of civilian unemployment on the rate of applications from individuals aged 18 to 25 to initiate basic military training is investigated using panel data on Swedish counties for the years 2011 through 2015. A linear fixed-effects model is estimated to investigate the relationship, while controlling for a range of socio-demographic covariates and unobserved heterogeneity on the regional level, as well as aggregate trends on the national level. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the unemployment rate and the application rate. The results are robust to non-linear form specifications, as well as allowing the civilian unemployment rate to be endogenous. As such, the results suggest that the civilian labour market environment in Sweden can give rise to non-trivial fluctuations in the supply of applications to initiate basic military training within the Swedish Armed Forces. Chapter [II] studies how local labour market conditions influence the quality composition of those who volunteer for military service in Sweden. A fixed-effects regression model is estimated on a panel data set containing IQ scores for those who applied for military basic training across Swedish municipalities during the period 2010 to 2016. The main finding is that low civilian employment rates at the local level tend to increase the mean IQ score of those who volunteer for military service, whereas the opposite is true if employment rates in the civilian labour market move in a more favourable direction. As such, the results suggest that the negative impact of a strong civilian economy on recruitment volumes is reinforced by a deterioration in recruit quality.

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This thesis considers Esther Bubley's photographic documentation of a boarding house for Jewish workingmen and women during World War II. An examination of Bubley's photographs reveals the complexities surrounding Jewish-American identity, which included aspects of social inclusion and exclusion, a rejection of past traditions and acceptance of contemporary transitions. Bubley presented these residents, specifically the females, as modern Americans shedding the stereotypes surrounding their Jewish heritage and revealing their own perspective and reality. Through their communal support as a group sharing multiple values these residents dealt with multivalent isolation all while maintaining their participation in mainstream American cultural norms. Working for Roy Stryker in the Office of War Information, Bubley provided a missing record of a distinct community in America to be included in the larger collection of Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information photographs. These photographs provide insight into Jewish-American communities and shed light on the home front of America during World War II. Furthermore, Bubley's photographs illustrate how these Jewish-Americans reacted to World War II and reveal both the unity of a nation at war and the isolation of social exclusion in America.

Since no writing is entirely objective, it is the contention of this thesis that Dr. Juanita Brooks and Dr. LeRoy R. Hafen, the most authoritative writers of the Southern Nevada and Southern Utah region, were greatly influenced in their writings by the folklore of the region and of the people. The two aspects of folklore which are most prominent in their writings are, first, those which treat the supernatural aspect of divine intervention, and, second, those which surround the struggle for survival.Folklore stories of divine intervention include the lore of divine aid given in time of great need, divine counsel presented as a guide, and divine healings obtained through the medium of the church. Both good and evil influences are manifest.Folklore stories of survival include the lore centered about the home, the land, the food, the medicinal supplies, etc. Both the folklore stories of divine intervention and the folklore stories of survival are influenced by the region from which they arise, and from the kind of people who live in the region.The Southern Nevada and Southern Utah region is comprised of desert land which depends upon a notionable river for irrigation water. The people who live there belong to a church which embraces very emotional precepts. Given, then, a land which has been difficult to conquer, and a people who have relied upon divine intervention in every emergency, and one has the basis for the background of Dr. Brooks and Dr. Hafen. They are so much a part of their own survival lore and their own need for divine intervention in time of crisis, that the folk stories which have grown up around these motifs either find their way into their writings, or, are closely associated with those which are included.

Cette thèse de doctorat propose de relire par le biais de la dépossession la façon dont certains romans modernes québécois expriment leur négativité. Notre recherche part du constat que le roman qui s’est écrit au Québec a souvent détenu un statut problématique aux yeux de la critique, comme si, pour être pleinement romanesque, il lui manquait sans cesse une composante essentielle du genre, que ce soit l’amour (Michel van Schendel), la maturité (Gilles Marcotte) ou encore l’aventure (Isabelle Daunais). Malgré leur diversité, certaines des critiques adressées au roman québécois auraient en commun d’avancer qu’au contraire de ce que l’on observe dans le roman européen, la transformation serait absente du corpus. Pour notre part, nous nous sommes demandé si la transformation du personnage, qui est souvent annoncée, mais que les oeuvres évitent effectivement, serait liée à autre chose qu’à l’ascension sociale propre au roman réaliste, à partir duquel on a beaucoup lu le roman écrit au Québec. L’hypothèse principale de cette étude est que si le personnage de certains romans ne se transforme pas entre le début et la fin des oeuvres, c’est parce que sa transformation n’est pas présentée comme un idéal à atteindre, mais qu’elle incarnerait plutôt une étape dans le processus de dépossession qui est le sien et que, dès lors, l’enjeu des oeuvres serait justement de raconter sa résistance. La thèse entend montrer que la situation existentielle explorée par le roman moderne québécois est presque toujours celle de la dépossession comme condition humaine, que c’est une question que le roman travaille de façon ontologique plutôt que sociohistorique. Après avoir passé en revue quelques romans canadiens-français d’avant 1945, l’analyse se concentre sur trois romanciers de la modernité québécoise : Anne Hébert, Gabrielle Roy et Réjean Ducharme, dont les oeuvres problématisent différents aspects de la question sous l’angle existentiel. Dans les romans autodiégétiques de Hébert, les narrateurs luttent contre la dépossession en prenant la parole, dans le but de se réapproprier leur histoire, mais ils se butent au dialogisme du roman : leur récit est toujours contaminé, envahi par la voix du dépossesseur, même lorsque ce dernier s’est retiré de l’histoire. Chez Roy, c’est le réalisme de la vie ordinaire, associé au temps, qui dépossède les héros moins de ce qu’ils sont que de ce qu’ils auraient pu être. Face à ce processus, les personnages cherchent à se ménager des espaces qui seraient épargnés, en ce sens que ces espaces enchantés où ils projettent leurs rêves et leurs souvenirs sont les seuls éléments qui échappent au processus de dépossession qui les affecte. Dans les romans de Ducharme, c’est le passage de l’enfance au conformisme du monde adulte qui menace de déposséder les personnages de leur identité, et les héros y résistent en élaborant des utopies négatives, par lesquelles ils défendent leur unicité face au roman qui cherche à faire d’eux des « types ». Enfin, l’analyse de la dépossession par le biais de l’ontologie romanesque aura aussi permis de constater que dans les oeuvres à l’étude la question se double d’une dimension formelle : la dépossession se rejoue constamment entre l’oeuvre et ses personnages, lesquels sont en lutte contre les romans, qui inscrivent ainsi cette négativité au coeur de leur poétique pour en faire une dépossession romanesque. / This doctoral dissertation seeks to revisit, through the lens of dispossession, the ways in which certain modern novels by Quebec authors express negativity. This research stems from the observation that novels written in Quebec have often been viewed as problematic by critics, who tend to deem them lacking in an essential element to be truly novelistic—be it love (Michel van Schendel), maturity (Gilles Marcotte), or adventure (Isabelle Daunais). Though diverse, some of the criticisms aimed at the Quebec novel seem to share a common thread: they all suggest that contrary to what can be observed in the European novel, the corpus is devoid of the concept of transformation. This thesis, on the other hand, wishes to examine whether character transformation—often impending but indeed ultimately skirted in these works—could be found elsewhere than in the social climb that is central to realist novels, which have long served as a reference against which novels written in Quebec are read. The central argument of this study is that the reason why the protagonists of several novels fail to transform between the beginning and the ending is that transformation isn’t an ideal they covet, but rather a stage in their journey towards dispossession. From this perspective, it becomes apparent that the fundamental issue underlying these works is the protagonist’s resistance itself. This thesis aims to show that the existential predicament investigated by the modern Quebec novel—from an ontological rather than a sociohistorical point of view—is almost always that of dispossession as a human condition. After surveying several French-Canadian novels published before 1945, three modern Quebec novelists will be examined more closely: Anne Hébert, Gabrielle Roy, and Réjean Ducharme, whose works bring into play various aspects of the question from an existential standpoint. In Hébert’s autodiegetic novels, the narrators struggle against dispossession by speaking up, in the hopes of reclaiming their narrative, but they are undermined by the novel’s dialogic nature: their account is constantly tainted by the voice of the dispossessor, even one who has withdrawn from the story. In Roy’s work, the realism of everyday life and its relation to time is what dispossesses theprotagonists, not so much of what they are, but of what they might have been. Faced with this threat,the characters attempt to create spaces that will be spared. The enchanted spaces where they project their dreams and memories are the only ones that will remain sheltered from the dispossession that falls upon them. In the novels of Ducharme, the transition from childhood to the conformity of adult life is what threatens to dispossess the characters of their identity. His protagonists resist this by developing negative utopias where they defend their singularity against the novel, which attempts to reduce them to “types.” This analysis of dispossession through the lens of novelistic ontology leads to the observation that in the studied works, the issue pertains to literary form: dispossession is constantly reiterated between the work and its characters, who struggle against the novel itself, thus placing this negativity at the very heart of the genre and making it a specifically novelistic dispossession.

L'exposition FORME ET AFFECT DANS LA CIRCULARITÉ NATURE/ART/NATURE présente un parcours sculptural par le biais de formes directement inspirées de la nature. Cette inspiration de la nature découle de la circularité nature/art/nature, plus spécifiquement du passage effectué d'un univers à l'autre. U s'agit du passage de la nature à l'art et du passage de l'art à la nature. Ce retour vers la nature est en soi le cadre de ma problématique qui se veut un questionnement à savoir s'il est possible par l'activation des sens de l'homme, lors de la stimulation visuelle découlant de l'observation des formes naturelles, de réaliser un retour vers la nature par une expérience proposée dans un espace qualifié de non naturel. Il est question également dans cette exposition d'un processus sensible vers le parcours suggéré via la proposition d'un jeu de mise en espace. Le spectateur sera donc invité à prendre part à ce jeu lors de son propre parcours formel dans cet univers naturel.

Roy Campbell (1901-1957), who ranks among South Africa's leading poets, was also a gifted and skilled translator. Shortly after the Second World War he was commissioned by the Spanish scholar Rafael Martinez Nadal to supply the English translations for a planned edition of the complete works of the Spanish poet and dramatist, Federico Garcia Lorca, to be published by Faber and Faber, London. However, most of these translations remained unpublished until 1985, when the poetry translations (but not the translations of the plays) were included in Volume II of a four-volume edition entitled Campbell: Collected Works, edited by Alexander, Chapman and Leveson, and published in South Africa. In 198617, Eisenberg published a collection of letters from the archives of the Spanish poet and publisher Guillermo de Torre in a Spanish journal, Ana/es de Literatura Espanola, Alicante, which revealed that the politically-motivated intervention in 1946 of Arturo and Ilsa Barea, Republican supporters who were living in exile in London, prevented the publication of Campbell's Lorca translations. These poetry translations are studied here and compared with the work of other translators of Lorca, ranging from Lloyd (1937) to Havard (1990), and including some Afrikaans versions by Uys Krige (1987). For the analysis an eclectic framework is used that incorporates ideas from work on the relevance theory of communication (Sperber and Wilson 1986) as applied to translation theory by Gutt (1990, 1991) and Bell (1991), among others, together with Eco's (1979, 1990) semiotic-interpretive approach. The analysis shows that although Campbell's translating is constrained by its purpose of forming part of a Lorca edition, his versions of Lorca' s poetry are nevertheless predominantly oriented towards the target-language reader. In striving to communicate Lorca's poetry to an English audience, Campbell demonstrates his skill and creativity at all levels of language. Campbell's translations that were published during his lifetime earned him a place among the best poetry translators of this century. The Lorca translations, posthumously added to the corpus of his published work, enhance an already established reputation as a fine translator of poetry. / Classics & Modern European Languages / D. Lit. et Phil. (Spanish)

Le répertoire profane imprimé dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe siècle est riche de multiples objets musicaux, si l'on en croit tout du moins la diversité lexicale des titres de volumes publiés en France. Alors que dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, le terme « chanson » est le titre incontournable placé en tête de volume par les imprimeurs de musique, à partir des années 1550 fleurissent de nouvelles appellations comme « chanson en forme de voix de ville », « ode », « chanson en façon d'air », « air de cour », « air », « dialogue », « sonnet », « Amours », « poésie », « quatrain », « chansonnette mesurée », « villanelle », « mascarade », « ballet », « récit » ou « vers mesurez ». Ces multiples dénominations ne renvoient toutefois pas nécessairement à des objets musicaux différents : pour exemple, au XVIe siècle, une même pièce peut être indifféremment appelée « chanson » et « ode » selon les publications. Cette observation amène à supposer que ces termes ne désignent pas des catégories s'excluant les unes les autres. Ces différentes rubriques sont au contraire poreuses, et leurs contours paraissent parfois vagues aux yeux du chercheur, notamment parce que les théoriciens de la musique, en particulier à la Renaissance, ne définissent pas les dénominations que l'on trouve dans les imprimés. Pour cette raison, l'enjeu de ce travail consiste à observer et à comprendre quelles sont les réalités éditoriales et musicales que recoupent les classifications et les termes utilisés dans les livres. Ce faisant, il s'agit de mettre en lumière le rôle clef de l'imprimeur de musique dans la fabrication matérielle du livre, et de se demander ainsi quelle est la part qu'il prend dans les mutations musicales. / The french repertory printed during the second half of the sixteenth century and at the beginning of the seventeenth century is rich of many musical objects. If in the first half of the sixteenth century, the term « chanson » is the only title used in the editions, other denominations appear from 1552 as « chanson en forme de voix de ville », « ode », « chanson en façon d'air », « air de cour », « air », « dialogue », « sonnet », « Amours », « poésie », « quatrain », « chansonnette mesurée », « villanelle », « mascarade », « ballet », « récit » or « vers mesurez ». These denominations don't designate necessarly differents musical objects : for exemple, during the sixteenth century a same work could sometime be named « chanson » and « ode ». This observation tends to suppose that these terms don't designate indepedant categories. On the contrary, these headings are porous, and their outlines seems sometime vague, in particular because the renaissance music theorists don't define the terms used in the prints. For this reason, the goal of this dissertation consist to observe and understand what are the editorial and musical realities which tally with the classifications and the terms used in the collections. Thus, we would like to highlight the role of the music printer in the making of the book, and to wonder what is the part he takes in the musical mutations.