The aim of this essay is to critically consider Arundhati Roy’s novel The God of Small Things from a postcolonial feminist perspective, with a special focus on how she models different representations of women, taking as a background the discussions within postcolonial feminism about subalternity and the representations of women from the so-called Third World in theory and literature, as well as the concept of agency from Cultural Studies. This purpose is reached by studying and comparing three main female characters in the novel: Mammachi, Baby Kochamma and Ammu, centering on their different ways of relating to the male hero of the novel, Velutha, an Untouchable in the lingering caste system of India. The essay argues that Roy has contributed with diverse representations of subaltern women in the ‘Third World’ who—despite their oppressed and marginalized status—display agency and are portrayed as responsible for their own actions.

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Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Mémoire en recherche-création / En partant de la prémisse qu’un film de fiction biographique (ou « biopic ») peut être empreint d'une authenticité tout aussi grande que celle provenant d’un documentaire biographique, ce travail de recherche questionne le rapport au « réel » de ces deux manières distinctes (et pourtant similaires) de raconter une vie, en définissant la fiction, le documentaire et leurs sous-genres biographiques, de même qu'en exposant le parcours historique et la réception critique des biographies filmées. De plus, ce mémoire s'attarde sur la biographie et l'autobiographie littéraires, ainsi que sur leurs adaptations filmiques, afin d'offrir un portrait synthétique des possibilités auto/biographiques au cinéma; la notion narratologique du point de vue est revisitée à cet effet. Cette étude se penche également sur les multiples traitements biographiques dont une personnalité connue est parfois l'objet, et sur les résultats de quelques biopics et documentaires biographiques au box-office (américain, français, anglais, québécois). La description de la création reliée à ce mémoire, soit le scène-à-scène (ou continuité séquentielle) d'un biopic basé sur l'autobiographie La détresse et l'enchantement (1984) de l'auteure canadienne Gabrielle Roy, clôt cette argumentation. / Starting with the premise that a fictional film based on someone's life can be as authentic as a biographical documentary, this thesis shows how these two different (but similar) modes of narrating a life interact with "reality", defines the concepts of fiction, documentary, and their biographical sub-genres, and analyzes the history and the critical reception of biopics and biographical documentaries. Furthermore, it studies the literary genres of biography and autobiography, as well as their movie adaptations, in order to provide a portrayal of the auto/biographical films; for this purpose, the idea of the narratological point of view is revisited. This research work also establishes that a well-known personality can sometimes be the main subject of multiple biographical fiction films and documentaries, and gives an overview of the box office results of some biographical films (in America, in France, in UK, in Quebec). A description of the creation linked to this thesis, that is a film treatment of a biopic based on Gabrielle Roy's autobiography La détresse et l'enchantement (1984), ends this dissertation.

Bakgrund: Andnöd är ett vanligt symtom som upplevs av patienter med sjukdom i avancerat stadium och beskrivs som svårighet att få luft eller känsla av tung andning vilket kan ge ångest och rädsla. Flera sjukdomstillstånd såsom KOL, lungcancer och hjärtsvikt kan ge upphov till andnöd under den palliativa fasen vars vård syftar till att lindra lidande genom att behandla och förebygga symtom. Sjuksköterskor behöver känna till patienters upplevelser av andnöd för att kunna tillhandahålla samt individanpassa symtomlindring.  Syfte: Beskriva upplevelser av andnöd hos personer som erhåller palliativt syftande vård eller vård vid avancerad sjukdom samt deras strategier för att hantera andnöd. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts med datainsamling från fem databaser som resulterade i 12 vetenskapliga artiklar där 11 var kvalitativa och en kvantitativ. Analysen utfördes utifrån Friberg (2017) och resulterade i två teman. Resultat: De två huvudteman som framkom var Upplevelser av andnöd samt Strategier för hantering av andnöd. Resultatet visade att andnöd gav upphov till ångest och rädsla samt fysisk trötthet och besvärande hosta. Dessutom innebar andnöd inskränkningar av patienters vardag och kunde leda till att de blev socialt isolerade. För att hantera andnöd var en vanlig strategi att anpassa livet efter sina förutsättningar. Diskussion: Metoddiskussionen tar upp författarnas gemensamma arbete, utmaningar och överväganden. Resultatdiskussionen tar bland annat upp hur upplevelsen av andnöd skapar ångest och inskränker patienters vardag. Detta kopplades till Roys adaptionsmodell. / Background: Breathlessness is a symptom that makes breathing difficult which can lead to experiences of anxiety and fear. It is one of the most common symptoms experienced by patients with advanced stage disease. Several diseases such as COPD, cancer and heart failure can cause breathlessness. Palliative care aims to alleviate suffering by treating and preventing symptoms, such as breathlessness. Nurses need to be aware of patients´ experiences in order to provide and individually adjust symptomatic relief. Aim: Describe patients´ experiences of breathlessness, while receiving palliative care or receiving care for an advanced disease, including their strategies for managing breathlessness. Method: A literature review was carried out with data collection from five databases that resulted in 12 scientific articles of which 11 were qualitative and one was quantitative. The data analysis was made with Friberg (2017) method and resulted in two themes. Results: The two main themes that emerged were Experiences of breathlessness and Strategies for managing breathlessness. The result showed that breathlessness can cause anxiety and fear, physical fatigue and severe coughing. In addition, breathlessness implied limitations of patients´ daily life and could lead to patients being isolated in their homes, intended or unintended. Different strategies for managing breathlessness are presented. Discussion: In the discussion the pros and cons regarding the authors' joint work, challenges and considerations were addressed. The main findings of the result were discussed using Sister Callista Roy’s adaptation model.

Ma thèse étudie la quête initiatique dans des œuvres littéraires franco-canadiennes pour adolescents en se fondant sur les étapes présentées par Simone Vierne, soit la préparation, la mort initiatique et la renaissance. Je me suis intéressée à l’évolution de la quête initiatique dans la littérature jeunesse franco-canadienne entre les années 1970, époque où Vierne publie ses premiers travaux, et 2015 afin de voir si la littérature ne permet pas de suppléer aux rites de passage de moins en moins présents dans nos sociétés actuelles où la transition entre l’enfance et l’adolescence semble de moins en moins perceptible. La thèse présente une analyse de la valeur symbolique des éléments participants à la quête initiatique dans La vengeance de l’orignal de Doric Germain, La quête d’Alexandre d’Hélène Brodeur, Les grands sapins ne meurent pas de Dominique Demers, La première pluie de Camilien Roy, Cœur de lionne de Guy Armel Bayegnak et Le silence de la Restigouche de Jocelyne Mallet-Parent. Le corpus est divisé selon trois périodes, soit de 1970 à 1985, de 1986 à 2000 et de 2001 à 2015. L’analyse permet de vérifier si certains éléments sont récurrents d’une époque à l’autre ou de cerner les modifications qui touchent au déroulement de la quête initiatique à divers moments. C’est à partir de cette étude qu’il sera possible d’établir s’il y a une évolution dans le traitement de la quête initiatique de même que de formuler des hypothèses quant à la modélisation du roman initiatique franco-canadien pour adolescents. Le tout permettra de déterminer si le schéma proposé par Vierne est toujours pertinent dans le contexte actuel.

<p>This dissertation explores the philosophical, cultural, and political implications of the discourse on humanity and human subjectivity in the time of the Anthropocene that engages a wide geographic and temporal range. Specifically, I examine the ways in which three selected literary works of Daniel Defoe from England, Toni Morrison from America, and Arundhati Roy from India interact with the intricately contested notions of what it means to be a human being sharing the earth’s natural habitats with another entity traditionally defined as “other,” categorized around species, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexuality, class, and even religion.</p><p>I argue that Defoe’s <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, the allegedly first modern novel, inaugurates the reigning understanding of human being as <i>homo sapiens</i> represented by Crusoe’s rationalized humanity, the essential feature of which has come to engender a threatening condition both for the nonhuman and non-European world; that Morrison’s <i>Paradise</i> and Roy’s <i>The God of Small Things</i> each in their own way not only problematize and challenge the overall tenet of Defoe’s metaphysical rationality in Euro-American and Anglophone cultures, but also investigate a more secular and thereby alternative idea of human subjectivity as <i>homo ecologicus</i>, so as to either (re)construct or restore a vibrant and sustainable community based on a notion of human not as hierarchically superior to “other” entities, but more horizontally and inclusively situated within one larger common habitat called the planet Earth.</p><p>Postulating the conviction that one cannot fully understand the aforementioned alternative conceptualization of human being as <i>homo ecologicus</i> within the confines of divisive identity politics based upon racial, ethnic, national, religious, gender, and sexual orientation categories, it is a pivotal concern of my thesis to bridge the ostensibly unquestioned bifurcation between human beings and Nature: that between the West and the East, that between male and female, that between reason and intuition, and that between knowledge and life. In performing these wider ecological inquiries into radical modes of human existence, I place the core value of nonfoundationalist thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche, Alfred North Whitehead, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, and Edward Said, among many others, in critical dialogue with the study of literature with a view to thematizing the broader question of how a literary narrative as a historical and cultural institution imaginatively reframes our self-consciousness of the precarious condition of the Anthropocene. In conclusion, I argue that the study of literature and other humanities that valorize a vital interconnectedness between humans, objects, and the environment offers the potential for an inexhaustible and enduring habitat in which <i>homo ecologicus</i> continues to, in the words of Nietzsche, “remain faithful to the earth,” embracing <i>homo sapiens</i>.</p>

Les composés qui existent sous de multiples formes cristallines sont qualifiés de polymorphiques. Les polymorphes ont la même composition, mais leurs structures et leurs propriétés peuvent varier significativement. Dans de nombreux domaines, les conditions de cristallisation des composés d’intérêt sont étudiées de façon exhaustive afin de générer autant de polymorphes que possible, à partir desquels le polymorphe le plus avantageux pour l’application souhaitée peut être sélectionné. Nous rapportons une nouvelle façon d’augmenter la diversité polymorphique basée sur la cristallisation induite par l’ensemencement à l’aide de cristaux mixtes. Nous rapportons également une nouvelle stratégie de cristallisation de composés fondus suspendus qui permet d’induire la formation de cristaux uniques qui sont trop instables pour être produits par des méthodes traditionnelles. Cette stratégie permet la résolution par diffraction des rayons X d’une plus large variété de structures cristallines. L’efficacité des méthodes présentées ci-dessus a été démontrée en les utilisant pour produire des cristaux uniques caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X de nouveaux polymorphes du composé ROY, une référence en matière de polymorphisme. Cela permet à ROY de regagner sa part de la position de composé le plus polymorphique dans la Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). / Chemical compounds that exist in multiple crystalline forms are said to exhibit polymorphism. Polymorphs have the same composition, but their structures and properties can vary markedly. In many fields, conditions for crystallizing compounds of interest are screened exhaustively to generate as many polymorphs as possible, from which the most advantageous form for the desired application can be selected. Here we report a new way to increase polymorphic diversity, based on crystallization induced by suitably designed mixed-crystal seeds. Also reported herein is a new strategy of suspended-melt crystallization, which can be used to induce the formation of single crystals that are too unstable to be produced by traditional methods. This strategy allows for a broader scope of crystalline structures to be resolved by X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of the above methods has been demonstrated by using them to produce new polymorphs of the benchmark compound ROY as single crystals structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. This allows ROY to reclaim a share of the crown as the most polymorphic compound in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).

This thesis consists of an introductory part and two self-contained chapters related to the supply of volunteers to the Swedish Armed Forces. Chapter [I] represents the first effort to explore the relationship between civilian labour market conditions and the supply of labour to the military in the all-volunteer environment that Sweden entered after the abolishment of the peacetime draft in 2010. The effect of civilian unemployment on the rate of applications from individuals aged 18 to 25 to initiate basic military training is investigated using panel data on Swedish counties for the years 2011 through 2015. A linear fixed-effects model is estimated to investigate the relationship, while controlling for a range of socio-demographic covariates and unobserved heterogeneity on the regional level, as well as aggregate trends on the national level. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the unemployment rate and the application rate. The results are robust to non-linear form specifications, as well as allowing the civilian unemployment rate to be endogenous. As such, the results suggest that the civilian labour market environment in Sweden can give rise to non-trivial fluctuations in the supply of applications to initiate basic military training within the Swedish Armed Forces. Chapter [II] studies how local labour market conditions influence the quality composition of those who volunteer for military service in Sweden. A fixed-effects regression model is estimated on a panel data set containing IQ scores for those who applied for military basic training across Swedish municipalities during the period 2010 to 2016. The main finding is that low civilian employment rates at the local level tend to increase the mean IQ score of those who volunteer for military service, whereas the opposite is true if employment rates in the civilian labour market move in a more favourable direction. As such, the results suggest that the negative impact of a strong civilian economy on recruitment volumes is reinforced by a deterioration in recruit quality.

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