<p>I denna studie används Johansens metod för kointegrationsanalys för att skatta ett långsiktigt</p><p>jämviktssamband för den svenska reala växelkursen under perioden 1980-2004. Resultatet blir</p><p>att den reala växelkursen på lång sikt kan väntas appreciera till följd av försämrad handelsbalans</p><p>och höjt oljepris, medan en real depreciering blir följden av en ökning i den utländska</p><p>produktiviteten. Dessa resultat ger belägg för Balassa-Samuelssoneffekten, liksom för</p><p>transfereringseffekten. Undersökningen visar även att den svenska respektive utländska</p><p>realräntan, liksom nivån av svenska Net Foreign Assets, inte uppvisar någon långsiktig</p><p>påverkan.</p>

I denna studie används Johansens metod för kointegrationsanalys för att skatta ett långsiktigt jämviktssamband för den svenska reala växelkursen under perioden 1980-2004. Resultatet blir att den reala växelkursen på lång sikt kan väntas appreciera till följd av försämrad handelsbalans och höjt oljepris, medan en real depreciering blir följden av en ökning i den utländska produktiviteten. Dessa resultat ger belägg för Balassa-Samuelssoneffekten, liksom för transfereringseffekten. Undersökningen visar även att den svenska respektive utländska realräntan, liksom nivån av svenska Net Foreign Assets, inte uppvisar någon långsiktig påverkan.

<p>I denna uppsats studeras en utvidgad Balassa-Samuelsson-modell för att analysera den långsiktiga effekten av inhemsk och utländsk BNP-tillväxt samt oljeprisets utveckling på den reala effektiva växelkursen för 16 OECD-länder. Uppsatsen har genomförts med Johansens kointegrationsanalys samt dynamisk OLS för länder som uppvisar kointegration. För de länder där kointegration inte föreligger används impulsresponsfunktioner för att analysera variablernas långsiktiga effekt. Studien ger visst stöd för hypotesen att de nämnda variablerna påverkar den långsiktiga dynamiken för respektive växelkurs.</p>

I denna uppsats studeras en utvidgad Balassa-Samuelsson-modell för att analysera den långsiktiga effekten av inhemsk och utländsk BNP-tillväxt samt oljeprisets utveckling på den reala effektiva växelkursen för 16 OECD-länder. Uppsatsen har genomförts med Johansens kointegrationsanalys samt dynamisk OLS för länder som uppvisar kointegration. För de länder där kointegration inte föreligger används impulsresponsfunktioner för att analysera variablernas långsiktiga effekt. Studien ger visst stöd för hypotesen att de nämnda variablerna påverkar den långsiktiga dynamiken för respektive växelkurs.

<p>Bakgrunden till uppsatsen är att jag vill titta närmare på hur man bygger ett framgångsrikt ishockeylag, där man får ut det mesta av varje individ för att på så vis bilda en svårslagen enhet samt hur en coach kan arbeta för att skapa ett klimat som uppmuntrar till utveckling, både på isen och vid sidan om.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska den vetenskapliga kunskap som finns om hur ett lag och dess individer kan coachas samt ta reda på hur elitseriecoacher arbetar för att coacha laget och individen och hur elitseriespelare vill att coachen ska agera.</p><p>Följande frågeställningar ligger till grund för mitt arbete:</p><ul><li>Hur arbetar elitseriecoacher i ishockey med att coacha individen och laget?</li><li>Hur vill elitseriespelare att en coach ska coacha individen och laget?</li></ul><p>Undersökningen består av kvalitativa intervjuer med ett urval av Elitseriens coacher. För att jag också ska få en bild av hur en elitseriespelare upplever att coacherna agerar samt hur de vill att de ska agera, så kommer också intervjuer med ett urval av elitserielagens lagkaptener att genomföras.</p><p>Undersökningens resultat visar att mycket av den kunskap som finns i den vetenskapliga forskningen om coaching också återfinns i intervjupersonernas svar. Enligt intervjupersonerna ser den moderna ishockeycoachen väldigt annorlunda ut, jämfört med den traditionella. Framförallt betonades detta av spelarna, samtidigt som coacherna genom sina svar också visade prov på att det finns en stor medvetenhet om hur coaching kan bedrivas, både när det gäller laget som helhet och den individuella spelaren. Den vetenskapliga kunskapen tycks praktiseras även ute i verkligheten, även om den ibland kan ta sig olika former eller anpassas till de regler och normer som gäller inom ishockeyns värld. Jag upplever att de coacher som finns med i undersökningen arbetar på ett sätt som stämmer väl överens med hur spelarna i undersökningen vill att coachen ska agera. Det var också tydligt att de uppskattade den nya moderna coachingen mer än den gamla stilen.</p> / <p>The background to this essay is that I want to have a closer look at how a coach can get the most out of every individual in order to form a successful ice hockey team as well as how a coach can work to create a climate that encourages progress, both on and off the ice.</p><p>The purpose of the essay is to explore the scientific knowledge that exists about coaching a team and its individuals as well as finding out how Elite League coaches work with coaching the team and the individual and how Elite League players would like the coach to act.</p><p>The study is based on these questions:</p><ul><li>How do Elite League coaches work with coaching the individual and the team?</li><li>How would Elite League players like their coach to work with coaching the individual and the team?</li></ul><p>The study consists of qualitative interviews with at sample of Elite League coaches. To get an idea of how Elite League players experience their coaches’ behavior and how the players would like the coaches to act, qualitative interviews will also be conducted with a sample of the Elite League teams’ players. These players are the player captains of their respective teams.</p><p>The result of the study shows that a lot of the knowledge prevalent in scientific research are also figuring in the responses I got through my interviews. The respondents made it clear that the modern ice hockey coach is very different from the traditional ice hockey coach. This point was stressed the most by the players, while the coaches showed through their responses that the awareness of how coaching can be practiced is high, both regarding the team as a whole and the individual player. The scientific knowledge is seemingly also practiced in reality, although it may take a variety of different forms or be adapted to the rules and norms in the world of ice hockey. My apprehension was that the coaches of the study to high degree coached in a way that consisted with how the players of the study wanted their coach to act. It was also clear that the players appreciated the new modern style of coaching more than the traditional style.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Bakgrunden till uppsatsen är att jag vill titta närmare på hur man bygger ett framgångsrikt ishockeylag, där man får ut det mesta av varje individ för att på så vis bilda en svårslagen enhet samt hur en coach kan arbeta för att skapa ett klimat som uppmuntrar till utveckling, både på isen och vid sidan om. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska den vetenskapliga kunskap som finns om hur ett lag och dess individer kan coachas samt ta reda på hur elitseriecoacher arbetar för att coacha laget och individen och hur elitseriespelare vill att coachen ska agera. Följande frågeställningar ligger till grund för mitt arbete: Hur arbetar elitseriecoacher i ishockey med att coacha individen och laget? Hur vill elitseriespelare att en coach ska coacha individen och laget? Undersökningen består av kvalitativa intervjuer med ett urval av Elitseriens coacher. För att jag också ska få en bild av hur en elitseriespelare upplever att coacherna agerar samt hur de vill att de ska agera, så kommer också intervjuer med ett urval av elitserielagens lagkaptener att genomföras. Undersökningens resultat visar att mycket av den kunskap som finns i den vetenskapliga forskningen om coaching också återfinns i intervjupersonernas svar. Enligt intervjupersonerna ser den moderna ishockeycoachen väldigt annorlunda ut, jämfört med den traditionella. Framförallt betonades detta av spelarna, samtidigt som coacherna genom sina svar också visade prov på att det finns en stor medvetenhet om hur coaching kan bedrivas, både när det gäller laget som helhet och den individuella spelaren. Den vetenskapliga kunskapen tycks praktiseras även ute i verkligheten, även om den ibland kan ta sig olika former eller anpassas till de regler och normer som gäller inom ishockeyns värld. Jag upplever att de coacher som finns med i undersökningen arbetar på ett sätt som stämmer väl överens med hur spelarna i undersökningen vill att coachen ska agera. Det var också tydligt att de uppskattade den nya moderna coachingen mer än den gamla stilen. / The background to this essay is that I want to have a closer look at how a coach can get the most out of every individual in order to form a successful ice hockey team as well as how a coach can work to create a climate that encourages progress, both on and off the ice. The purpose of the essay is to explore the scientific knowledge that exists about coaching a team and its individuals as well as finding out how Elite League coaches work with coaching the team and the individual and how Elite League players would like the coach to act. The study is based on these questions: How do Elite League coaches work with coaching the individual and the team? How would Elite League players like their coach to work with coaching the individual and the team? The study consists of qualitative interviews with at sample of Elite League coaches. To get an idea of how Elite League players experience their coaches’ behavior and how the players would like the coaches to act, qualitative interviews will also be conducted with a sample of the Elite League teams’ players. These players are the player captains of their respective teams. The result of the study shows that a lot of the knowledge prevalent in scientific research are also figuring in the responses I got through my interviews. The respondents made it clear that the modern ice hockey coach is very different from the traditional ice hockey coach. This point was stressed the most by the players, while the coaches showed through their responses that the awareness of how coaching can be practiced is high, both regarding the team as a whole and the individual player. The scientific knowledge is seemingly also practiced in reality, although it may take a variety of different forms or be adapted to the rules and norms in the world of ice hockey. My apprehension was that the coaches of the study to high degree coached in a way that consisted with how the players of the study wanted their coach to act. It was also clear that the players appreciated the new modern style of coaching more than the traditional style.

Plusieurs aminoglycosides font partie d’une famille d’antibiotiques à large spectre d’action. Les aminoglycosides ayant une activité antibiotique viennent interférer dans la synthèse protéique effectuée par les bactéries. Les protéines mal codées entraineront la mort cellulaire. Au fil des années, de nombreux cas de résistance ont émergé après une utilisation soutenue des aminoglycosides. De nombreux aminoglycosides semi-synthétiques ont été synthétisés avec comme objectif de restaurer leur activité antimicrobienne. Parmi les modifications ayant connu du succès, notons la didésoxygénation d’un diol et l’introduction de la chaine latérale HABA. Des études précédentes ont montré l’efficacité de ces modifications sur les aminoglycosides. Les présents travaux portent sur l’installation de la chaine latérale HABA et la didésoxygénation d’un diol sur la paromomycine et la néomycine. La didésoxygénation sélective des diols a été effectuée en utilisant la méthodologie développée par Garegg et Samuelsson, une variation de la réaction de Tipson-Cohen. Cette méthode a permis l’obtention du motif didésoxygéné sur les cycles A et D dans des rendements jamais égalés pour ce motif synthétique. La chaîne latérale a été introduite en tirant profit de la réactivité et de la sélectivité d’un carbamate cyclique. Ces méthodes combinées ont permis la synthèse efficace de nombreux analogues semi-synthétiques nouveaux. La 3',4'-didéhydro-N-1-HABA-néomycine et la 3',4',3''',4'''-tétradésoxy-N-1-HABA-néomycine montrent une activité impressionnante contre des souches de bactéries résistantes aux aminoglycosides. Des tests de toxicité effectués en collaboration avec Achaogen Inc. ont démontré que ces composés sont relativement toxiques sur les cellules rénales de type H2K, ce qui réduit de façon importante leur index thérapeutique. Afin d’abaisser la toxicité des composés, la relation entre toxicité et basicité a été explorée. Des substitutions de l’amine en 6''' ont été effectuées afin d’abaisser la basicité de l’amine. Les résultats de toxicité et d’activité antimicrobienne démontrent une corrélation importante entre la basicité des amines et la toxicité/activité des aminoglycosides antibiotiques. L’effet d’une modulation du pKa a aussi été exploré en installant des chaines fluorées sur l’amine en 6''' de la paromomycine et de la néomycine. Une séquence synthtétique pour isoler l’amine en 6''' de la néomycine a aussi été développée. / Some aminoglycosides are part of a broad-spectrum family of antibiotics used in the clinic. They interfere in protein synthesis in bacterium cell by interfering with the transcription of proteins leading to cellular death. After an intense usage of aminoglycosides in the clinic, numerous cases of resistance have been encountered which render aminoglycosides less effective. Semi-synthetic aminoglycosides have been synthesized with the objective of restoring their original antimicrobial activity. Deoxygenation of the diol on ring A and introduction of the lateral chain HABA at N-1 had a significant impact on their antimicrobial activity against resistant strains. The present work will focus on deoxygenation of the diol at 3', 4' and on the introduction of the lateral HABA chain on aminoglycoside, more specificaly on paromomycin and neomycin. The selective dideoxygenation of the A ring diol was done using a methodology developed by Garegg and Samuelsson, which is a modification of the original Tipson-Cohen reaction. This method allows the dideoxygenation on ring A and D with unprecedented yields. The lateral HABA chain was introduced via the ring opening of a cyclic carbamate. These methods were combined to produce very potent analogs such as 3',4'-didehydro-N-1-HABA-neomycin and 3',4',3''',4'''-tetradeoxy-N-1-HABA-neomycin. Toxicity tests done in collaboration with Achaogen Inc. showed that these analogs were toxic to H2K renal cells, which reduced significantly their therapeutic index. In order to lower the toxicity of those compounds, the relation between toxicity and basicity was explored. Substitution of the amine at 6''' was done in order to lower the basicity of this amine. The results showed a strong correlation beetween the basicity of this amine and toxicity/activity. The pKa of this amine was modulated by installing fluorinated alkyl chain on the amine at 6''' in order to see the effect of the pKa on the activity/toxicity on paromomycin and neomycin. A synthetic sequence was also developed to allow the 6''' amine on neomycin to be modified selectively.

Plusieurs aminoglycosides font partie d’une famille d’antibiotiques à large spectre d’action. Les aminoglycosides ayant une activité antibiotique viennent interférer dans la synthèse protéique effectuée par les bactéries. Les protéines mal codées entraineront la mort cellulaire. Au fil des années, de nombreux cas de résistance ont émergé après une utilisation soutenue des aminoglycosides. De nombreux aminoglycosides semi-synthétiques ont été synthétisés avec comme objectif de restaurer leur activité antimicrobienne. Parmi les modifications ayant connu du succès, notons la didésoxygénation d’un diol et l’introduction de la chaine latérale HABA. Des études précédentes ont montré l’efficacité de ces modifications sur les aminoglycosides. Les présents travaux portent sur l’installation de la chaine latérale HABA et la didésoxygénation d’un diol sur la paromomycine et la néomycine. La didésoxygénation sélective des diols a été effectuée en utilisant la méthodologie développée par Garegg et Samuelsson, une variation de la réaction de Tipson-Cohen. Cette méthode a permis l’obtention du motif didésoxygéné sur les cycles A et D dans des rendements jamais égalés pour ce motif synthétique. La chaîne latérale a été introduite en tirant profit de la réactivité et de la sélectivité d’un carbamate cyclique. Ces méthodes combinées ont permis la synthèse efficace de nombreux analogues semi-synthétiques nouveaux. La 3',4'-didéhydro-N-1-HABA-néomycine et la 3',4',3''',4'''-tétradésoxy-N-1-HABA-néomycine montrent une activité impressionnante contre des souches de bactéries résistantes aux aminoglycosides. Des tests de toxicité effectués en collaboration avec Achaogen Inc. ont démontré que ces composés sont relativement toxiques sur les cellules rénales de type H2K, ce qui réduit de façon importante leur index thérapeutique. Afin d’abaisser la toxicité des composés, la relation entre toxicité et basicité a été explorée. Des substitutions de l’amine en 6''' ont été effectuées afin d’abaisser la basicité de l’amine. Les résultats de toxicité et d’activité antimicrobienne démontrent une corrélation importante entre la basicité des amines et la toxicité/activité des aminoglycosides antibiotiques. L’effet d’une modulation du pKa a aussi été exploré en installant des chaines fluorées sur l’amine en 6''' de la paromomycine et de la néomycine. Une séquence synthtétique pour isoler l’amine en 6''' de la néomycine a aussi été développée. / Some aminoglycosides are part of a broad-spectrum family of antibiotics used in the clinic. They interfere in protein synthesis in bacterium cell by interfering with the transcription of proteins leading to cellular death. After an intense usage of aminoglycosides in the clinic, numerous cases of resistance have been encountered which render aminoglycosides less effective. Semi-synthetic aminoglycosides have been synthesized with the objective of restoring their original antimicrobial activity. Deoxygenation of the diol on ring A and introduction of the lateral chain HABA at N-1 had a significant impact on their antimicrobial activity against resistant strains. The present work will focus on deoxygenation of the diol at 3', 4' and on the introduction of the lateral HABA chain on aminoglycoside, more specificaly on paromomycin and neomycin. The selective dideoxygenation of the A ring diol was done using a methodology developed by Garegg and Samuelsson, which is a modification of the original Tipson-Cohen reaction. This method allows the dideoxygenation on ring A and D with unprecedented yields. The lateral HABA chain was introduced via the ring opening of a cyclic carbamate. These methods were combined to produce very potent analogs such as 3',4'-didehydro-N-1-HABA-neomycin and 3',4',3''',4'''-tetradeoxy-N-1-HABA-neomycin. Toxicity tests done in collaboration with Achaogen Inc. showed that these analogs were toxic to H2K renal cells, which reduced significantly their therapeutic index. In order to lower the toxicity of those compounds, the relation between toxicity and basicity was explored. Substitution of the amine at 6''' was done in order to lower the basicity of this amine. The results showed a strong correlation beetween the basicity of this amine and toxicity/activity. The pKa of this amine was modulated by installing fluorinated alkyl chain on the amine at 6''' in order to see the effect of the pKa on the activity/toxicity on paromomycin and neomycin. A synthetic sequence was also developed to allow the 6''' amine on neomycin to be modified selectively.

During the 21st century, Society has again begun to focus its attention on working class literature and on issues related to social class. In the media contemporary working class literature is often mentioned as a distinct phenomenon. I my view, the meaning of this phenomenon have not been adequately formulated. The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to reconstruct, using a discourse oriented text analysis, a picture of how the contemporary working class literature is described in today’s society. This approach falls therefore within the framework of the Sociology of Literature and is based on the assumption that the discourse of working class literature is undergoing change. Utilizing an established definition of working class literature, I have created five nodal points around which I believe the discourse is mainly formed and changed. Links are then made to these points from chains of equivalence, based on essential ideas concerning the identities that have been ascribed to different subjects and objects. In order to show how the discourse is contextually constructed, the results are seen in relation to a discussion in contemporary research and literature about class society and the welfare state. My empirical data consists mainly of reviews and interviews in leading daily newspapers in Sweden concerning five writers who have published novels between 1999 and 2007 and who have been associated with contemporary working class literature. These writers are Lena Andersson, Torbjörn Flygt, Tony Samuelsson, Susanna Alakoski and Åsa Linderborg. The results show that the working class writer is a “class traveller”, who today holds a prominent position within the literary public sphere. The main purpose of the literature is to criticize the class society of today and to make it more visible. The novels reflects findings from social science research showing that the modern welfare state is a segregated and unequal society where the losers mainly consist of the unemployed and immigrants who often live in suburbs that were built during the million dwellings program. They also show today’s working class that primarily consist of people within the caring and service sectors and therefore largely are women. / Uppsatsnivå: D

This study aims to investigate the effects of the integration in global value chains on the specialization in the production of services and the relative demand for high-skilled labor in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The empirical model and the predictions are based on theories and findings such as the phenomenon of servicification, the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, and the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem. The study is conducted using a regression analysis of panel data and employs a fixed effects model to control for unobserved heterogeneities between the entities. An interaction variable based on the initial ICT capital stock of each sector is used in an attempt to establish causality. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate imports and the growth value added through total services and business services between 2000 and 2018. The results also display a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate trade and the value added through total services between 1995 and 2018. The direction of causality of the relationships are not established. Furthermore, the results for growth of relative employment and relative wage are insignificant. Based on these findings it is concluded that there is a correlation between increased participation in global value chains and the growth of value added through services.