Background: Digitalization involves access to digital information, streamlining of operations, and new solutions through emerging technologies. The discussion on future changes underscores the need to prepare for new challenges and adapt working methods through education and knowledge exchange. This process positively impacts companies and society by improving communication and making work processes more efficient, which is essential for market survival. Controllers provide companies with crucial information for decision-making and management, and they are responsible for areas such as budgeting and process analysis. New opportunities and threats emerge, affecting the role of controllers within companies. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the general impact of digitalization on the working methods of controllers and to explore controllers' perspectives on remote work to identify the new challenges or opportunities it has introduced. Method: The methodology chapter begins with an account of the study's choice of method, research design, and case company, as well as a summary of the theoretical framework. Following this, the data collection process is presented, which is based on semi-structured interviews, an interview guide, and the selection of respondents. Furthermore, the approach to analyzing the empirical material is described, including transcription and thematic analysis. Finally, the study's quality criteria and ethical considerations are presented. Conclusion: Digitalization has influenced the controller's work methods by implementing technologies that streamline workflow. This frees up time for value-creating tasks and improves decision-making. Despite challenges such as the need for education and resistance to change, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Digital tools like Excel, Power BI, and Teams are now indispensable for controllers at Scania, also enabling remote work. The study shows that digitalization and remote work enhance efficiency, productivity, and flexibility, contributing to better work processes and insights for the company. / Bakgrund: Digitalisering innebär tillgång till digital information, effektivisering avverksamheter och nya lösningar genom ny teknik. Diskussionen om framtida förändringarbekräftar behovet av att förbereda sig inför nya utmaningar och anpassa sitt arbetssätt utefterförändringar med hjälp av utbildning och kompetensutbyte. Denna process har en positivinverkan på företag och samhälle i form av bland annat förbättrad kommunikation ocheffektivare arbetsprocesser, vilket är nödvändigt för att överleva på marknaden. Controllernförser företag med viktig information för beslutsfattande och styrning, och ansvarar för områdensom budgetering och processanalys. Nya möjligheter och hot uppstår, vilket påverkar Scaniascontrollers. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka digitaliseringens generella påverkan påcontrollerns arbetssätt, samt undersöka vilken syn controllers har på distansarbete för att se vilkanya utmaningar eller möjligheter det i sin tur har medfört. Metod: Metodkapitlet inleds med en redogörelse för studiens val av metod, forskningsdesignoch fallföretag samt sammanställning av referensramen. Fortsättningsvis presenterasdatainsamlingen som baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer, en intervjuguide och val avrespondenter. Vidare beskrivs tillvägagångssättet vid analys av empiriskt material, därtranskribering och tematisk analys utgör denna punkt. Slutligen presenteras studienskvalitetskriterier och etiska överväganden. Slutsats: Digitaliseringen har påverkat controllerns arbetssätt genom att implementera teknikersom effektiviserar arbetsflödet. Detta frigör tid för värdeskapande uppgifter och förbättrar beslut.Trots utmaningar som förändringsmotstånd och tidskrävande processer överväger fördelarnanackdelarna. Digitala verktyg som Excel, Power BI, och Teams är nu outbytbara för controllerspå Scania, vilket också möjliggör distansarbete. Studien visar att digitalisering och distansarbeteförbättrar effektivitet, produktivitet och flexibilitet, vilket bidrar till bättre arbetsprocesser ochinsikter för företaget.

The aim of this study has been to revaluate Bronze Age society using rock art as an archaeological material. It has also sought to question certain prevailing interpretative trends within the research of rock art; ascribing it as ritual practices, expression of a social elite and the adoption of symbols from cultures along the Mediterranean Sea. This has chiefly been made possible through the application of Slavoj Žižeks ideas about the ideological fantasy and the sublime object of ideology. The thesis proposes a connection between art and ideology. A selected sampling of rock carvings from three areas in Sweden has been made in order to further investigate the relationship between different figurative motives both at a regional level, as well as a local. This study claims that rather than having been under the control of an elite, rock art has been accessible for the majority of the population both to produce and view. The depiction of human representation as rock carving does not depict a clear social stratification. It is also argued that the idea of images displayed on the rocks having roots in the imagery of Mediterranean civilizations is a construct of current western ideology, as the symbolic connection between the cultures is tenable at best, according to this study.

The ability to control engine valve timing has the potential to alter the engine performance over the entire operating range. The outcome of valve timing technology enables the possibility to increase efficiency, lowering emissions, increase engine torque, etc. One of the simplest ways to obtain a variable valve timing is to use cam phasers. The dynamics of a hydraulic cam phaser has been studied, three concepts with the purpose to control such an element has been developed using simulation driven product development. Focus have been on robustness, simplicity and implementation. A final concept using on/off solenoids to control a torque driven cam phaser has been designed and simulated in GT-SUITE which validated its performance and functionality. A dynamic model was built in Simulink which simulated the behaviour of the cam phaser and provided tools for optimizing the rotor design. By combining the knowledge of mechanical- and control engineering at Scania, the development process of such machine elements was effective. The outcome of this thesis has given a new perspective in understanding these components and their potentials.

The gradually increasing competition that occurs in mature markets, pushes the companies to consider new ways of competing. The more mature the market becomes the higher level of competitive fulfillment and edge is needed. E.g. for Scania the dimension high quality was until now considered a competitive advantage, but is currently evolving towards a dimension that is necessary to fulfill to even act within the market. Thus, companies such as Scania have to push their limits everywhere possible across their organization. One way to push the limits of R&D and product development (PD) is, based on this thesis and other work, implementing a simulation based product development (SBPD) process. The aim of this thesis has been, by applying a quality function deployment (QFD) model, to show the influence a SBPD process can have on increased competitiveness. By combining published literature within the field with empirical results mostly gained from interviews, nine components representing a SBPD process could be found. These components were characterized in the following categories: IT-infrastructure, design, model & test, and organizational. Depending on the level of fulfillment of these components the SBPD process is more or less implemented within the company. The two components that are considered the most important for Scania in terms of both increased competitiveness and a possible transition towards a SBPD process are Virtual representa-tion of the product and the process throughout the whole PD process and A model driven/model based approach. The work of this thesis has also shown, in correlations with previous published literature, that a SBPD process can significantly decrease the lead-time and cost of development, and at the same time increase the knowledge about the product and the process. The research has also shown that a SBPD process can considerably improve both the internal and the external collaboration. However attaining such a process where these competitive advantages can be gained affects the whole organization, the way development is performed and also the way resources are used. A fully implemented SBPD process has been shown to positively impact the following competitive dimensions; Frequency of product introductions, Lead-time of development, PD process flexibility, Degree of innovation, Customization of the offer, Collaboration with internal and external partners, Knowledge about products and processes, R&D cost, manufacturing cost, Focus on customers operational economics, Product quality, Product safety and Focus on environmental sustainability of the product & the processes. But, to get a positive impact on all these dimensions the components representing a SBPD process must be implemented and applied. Furthermore, this thesis also provides a framework for other companies to evaluate the impact a SBPD process can have on their competitiveness. The analysis model aims to guide companies that want to adopt a SBPD process. The framework can indicate how a SBPD process would impact the firm's competitive strategy. But also to provide guidance to which components that would be more important to implement in order to reach a competitive SBPD process. / Den gradvis ökande konkurrens som uppstår på mogna marknader driver företagen att finna nya sätt att konkurrera. Ju mer mogen marknaden blir desto högre blir kraven på konkurrens. För Scania har faktorn hög kvalitet tills nu betraktas som en konkurrensfördel, men utveckling sker istället mot att det kommer att vara en faktor som är nödvändig att uppfylla för att ens kunna agera på marknaden. Företag som Scania måste således utvecklas över hela organisationen. Ett sätt att tänja på gränserna för FoU och produktutveckling (PD) är, baserat på detta arbete och annan tidigare forskning, att genomföra en förändring mot en simulering baserad produktutvecklings-process (SBPD). Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att, genom att tillämpa en quality function deployment (QFD) modell, visa effekten en SBPD-process kan ha på ökad konkurrenskraft. Genom att kombinera tidigare publicerad litteratur inom området med empiriska resultat, mestadels insamlat genom intervjuer, kunde nio komponenter som utgör en SBPD-process finnas. Dessa komponenter karakteriserades i följande kategorier: IT-infrastruktur, design, modellera och testa och organisatorisk. Beroende på graden av uppfyllnad på dessa komponenter blir den SBPD-processen mer eller mindre implementerad inom företaget. De två komponenterna som anses viktigast för Scania i form av både ökad konkurrenskraft och en eventuell övergång till en SBPD-process är Virtuell representation av produkten och processen genom hela PD-processen och Ett modellbaserat/ modelldrivet arbetssätt används. Arbetet har också visat i korrelation med tidigare publicerad litteratur, att en SBPD-process kommer att minska ledtiden och kostnaden för utveckling avsevärt och samtidigt öka kunskapen om produkten och processen. Denna studie har också visat att en SBPD-process kan förbättra både interna och externa samarbeten. Men att uppnå en sådan process där dessa konkurrens-fördelar kan vinnas kommer att påverka hela organisationen, det sätt som utveckling utförs på och också hur resurserna används. En fullt implementerad SBPD-process har visat positivt påverkan följande konkurrens faktorer; frekvens av produktlanseringar, ledtiden för utveckling, PD-processflexibilitet, innovationsgrad, anpassning av erbjudandet, samarbete med interna och externa partners, kunskap om produkter och processer, FoU kostnader, tillverkningskostnad, fokus på kundernas driftsekonomi, produktkvalitet, produktsäkerhet och miljöpåverkan av både produkten och processen. För att få en positiv inverkan på alla dessa faktorer måste alla komponenter som utgör en SBPD-process implementeras och tillämpas. Dessutom så presenteras även ett ramverk för andra företag att utvärdera effekterna en SBPD-process skulle ha på deras konkurrenskraft. Analysmodellen syftar till att vägleda företag som vill övergå till en SBPD-process. Ramverket kan ange hur en SBPD-process skulle kunna påverka företagets konkurrensstrategi men också ge vägledning om vilka komponenter som kan vara viktigare att börja implementera för att nå en konkurrenskraftig SBPD-process.

Global sustainability awareness and governmental regulations are pushing the automotive industry into finding alternatives to carbon dioxide emitting products. Solutions utilizing electricity in the vehicle powertrain is overtaking market share from internal combustion engines (ICE). This tendency has spread into the heavy-duty truck segment which poses questions regarding the future of the ICE. An alternative, electric motors, powered with batteries, fuel cells of even ICE’s, is thought to become a core part of future mobility. To mitigate discontinuities during a shift from ICE to electric motors, a study of possible factors affecting such transition has been performed. The result indicates 14 main factors which are thought to have a definite role in a major technology paradigm shift. These factors are: Supplier relations, Material management, Material availability, Available space, Scalability, Product flexibility, Risk management, External resource utilization, Internal relations, Demand estimation, Management endorsement, Appropriate methodology, Employee engagement, and Competence renewal. A structure using ISM methodology is established highlighting the factors’ influencing relation to each other. Anchored in the theory regarding paradigmatic shifts within industry, a tendency of technological, managerial, and institutional influence on organizational change can be discerned where the institutional level poses as the fundamental dimension of derived quality. The factors are identified from a Scania specific case but are broad enough to apply to similar situations facing challenges of a technological paradigm shift.

<p>Det blir allt viktigare att som organisation skaffa sig hållbara verktyg i skapandet av ett dagligt lärande i syfte att ständigt förbättra och utveckla verksamheten för att kunna stärka sin konkurrenskraft. På senare år har chefsrollen alltmer kommit att handla om att leda och coacha sina medarbetare till lärande och utveckling. Syftet med denna studie var att, med utgångspunkt i en av Scanias fem ledarskapsprinciper ”Bygg kunnande genom kontinuerligt lärande”, undersöka hur första linjens chefer på Scania stimulerar dagligt lärande på arbetsplatsen. Tio semistrukturerade djupintervjuer genomfördes. I en induktiv tematisk analys kunde åtta olika ledarbeteenden tas fram som tillsammans lägger grunden för ett lärande på arbetsplatsen. Dessa beteenden inkluderade att coacha eller vägleda, skapa förståelse, uppmuntra delaktighet, skapa forum för lärande, ge ansvar, skapa möjligheter till diskussioner, sätta upp tydliga mål och skapa gemensamma visioner. Resultatet visar att dessa ledarskapsbeteenden stämmer väl överens med studier gjorda av Ellinger, Watkins och Bostrom (1999) och Amy (2008) om chefers beteenden i lärande organisationer. Studien kan komma till användning för att se över organisatoriska strukturer i syfte att främja ledarskapsbeteenden som stimulerar lärande på arbetsplatsen.</p> / Ett stort tack till Jörgen Mässgård på avdelningen för kompetensutveckling på Scania för att ha tagit emot mig som examensarbetare på Scania samt alla andra som medverkat i uppsatsen.

Det blir allt viktigare att som organisation skaffa sig hållbara verktyg i skapandet av ett dagligt lärande i syfte att ständigt förbättra och utveckla verksamheten för att kunna stärka sin konkurrenskraft. På senare år har chefsrollen alltmer kommit att handla om att leda och coacha sina medarbetare till lärande och utveckling. Syftet med denna studie var att, med utgångspunkt i en av Scanias fem ledarskapsprinciper ”Bygg kunnande genom kontinuerligt lärande”, undersöka hur första linjens chefer på Scania stimulerar dagligt lärande på arbetsplatsen. Tio semistrukturerade djupintervjuer genomfördes. I en induktiv tematisk analys kunde åtta olika ledarbeteenden tas fram som tillsammans lägger grunden för ett lärande på arbetsplatsen. Dessa beteenden inkluderade att coacha eller vägleda, skapa förståelse, uppmuntra delaktighet, skapa forum för lärande, ge ansvar, skapa möjligheter till diskussioner, sätta upp tydliga mål och skapa gemensamma visioner. Resultatet visar att dessa ledarskapsbeteenden stämmer väl överens med studier gjorda av Ellinger, Watkins och Bostrom (1999) och Amy (2008) om chefers beteenden i lärande organisationer. Studien kan komma till användning för att se över organisatoriska strukturer i syfte att främja ledarskapsbeteenden som stimulerar lärande på arbetsplatsen. / Ett stort tack till Jörgen Mässgård på avdelningen för kompetensutveckling på Scania för att ha tagit emot mig som examensarbetare på Scania samt alla andra som medverkat i uppsatsen.

The purpose of this work was both to explore the variety of methods to develop mobile applications and to create a requirement documentation and solution proposal to the case study Rundtursbuss. During the 10 weeks work-experience, I had the possibility to investigate a range of methods to develop mobile applications and apply it to a reference case. The questions regarding which method to choose when developing mobile application are not easy to answer, once there is not only one solution that can fit the needs of all the applications that will be developed at Scania. Each application needs to be evaluated not only from a technical perspective, but also from a user-centered way. One of the best ways to quickly evaluate a project is asking what that makes the project mobile The analysis of each criteria aided in the evaluation of the application requirements and in reaching the conclusion that the most promising methods to develop the application Rundtursbuss are either native or cross-compilation ones. In conclusion, it is crucial to emphasize that while Scania does not have a procedure on how to develop, maintain and coordinate the development of mobile applications, single initiatives will continue to emerge, which increase the cost and affect the quality of their IT products and services.

Model-based development is one of the most significant areas in recent research and development activities in the field of automotive industry. As the field of software engineering is evolving, model based development is gaining more and more importance in academia and industry. Therefore, it is desirable to have techniques that are able to identify anomalies in system models during the analysis and design phase instead of identifying them in development phase where it is difficult to detect them and a lot of time, effort and resources are required to fix them. Model checking is a formal verification technique that facilitates the identification of defects in system models during early stages of system development. There are a lot of tools in academia and industry that provide the automated support for model checking.  In this master thesis a vehicle control system of Scania the Fuel Level Display System is modeled in two different model checking tools; Simulink Design Verifier and UPPAAL. The requirements that are to be satisfied by the system model are verified by both tools. After verifying the requirements against the system model and checking the model against general design errors, it is established that the model checking can be effectively used for detecting the design errors in early development phases and can help developing better systems. Both the tools are analyzed depending upon the features supported. Moreover, relevance of model checking is studied with respect to ISO 26262 standard.

In recent years, the level of technology in heavy duty vehicles has increased significantly. Progress has been made towards autonomous driving, with increaseddriver comfort and safety, partly by use of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). In this thesis the possibilities to detect and predict lane changes for the preceding vehicle are studied. This important information will help to improve the decision-making for safety systems. Some suitable approaches to solving the problem are presented, along with an evaluation of their related accuracies. The modelling of human perceptions and actions is a challenging task. Several thousand kilometers of driving data was available, and a reasonable course of action was to let the system learn from this off-line. For the thesis it was therefore decided to review the possibility to utilize a branch within the area of artificial intelligence, called supervised learning. The study of driving intentions was formulatedas a binary classification problem. To distinguish between lane-change and lane-keep actions, four machine learning-techniques were evaluated, namely naive Bayes, artificial neural networks, support vector machines and Gaussian processes. As input to the classifiers, fused sensor signals from today commercially accessible systems in Scania vehicles were used. The project was carried out within the boundaries of a Master’s Thesis projectin collaboration between Linköping University and Scania CV AB. Scania CV AB is a leading manufacturer of heavy trucks, buses and coaches, alongside industrialand marine engines.