Le présent manuscrit constitue la partie écrite du travail de thèse réalisé par Bruno Mery sous la direction de Christian Bassac et Christian Retoré entre 2006 et 2011, portant sur le sujet "Modélisation de la sémantique lexicale dans la théorie des types". Il s'agit d'une thèse d'informatique s'inscrivant dans le domaine du traitement automatique des langues, et visant à apporter un cadre formel pour la prise en compte, lors de l'analyse sémantique de la phrase, d'informations apportées par chacun des mots.Après avoir situé le sujet, cette thèse examine les nombreux travaux l'ayant précédée et s'inscrit dans la tradition du lexique génératif. Elle présente des exemples de phénomènes à traiter, et donne une proposition de système de calcul fondée sur la logique du second ordre. Elle examine ensuite la validité de cette proposition par rapport aux exemples et aux autres approches déjà formalisées, et relate une implémentation de ce système. Enfin, elle propose une brève discussion des sujets restant en suspens. / This paper is part of the thesis by Bruno Mery advised by Christian Bassac and Christian Retore in the years 2006-2011, on the topic "Modelling lexical semantics in a type-theoretic framework''. It is a doctoral thesis in computer science, in the area of natural language processing, aiming to bring forth a formal framework that takes into account, in the parsing of the semantics of a sentence, of lexical data.After a discussion of the topic, this thesis reviews the many works perceding it and adopts the tradition of the generative lexicon. It presents samples of data to account for, and gives a proposal for a calculus system based upon a second-order logic. It afterwards reviews the validity of this proposal, coming back to the data samples and the other formal approaches, and gives an implementation of that system. At last, it engages in a short discussion of the remaining questions.

Neste trabalho, são estudas as verificações da punção global segundo a revisão da NBR 6118. A partir da análise dos fenômenos físicos e com base nos estudos teóricos realizados, são feitas sugestões para serem contornadas algumas omissões da Norma. Também são propostas complementação que facilitem o entendimento das novas recomendações e, ainda, modificações que melhorem seus resultados. Sugerem-se métodos simplificados relacionados à punção excêntrica, e propõem-se algumas alterações quanto ao uso do &#947z como coeficiente majorador na avaliação da estabilidade global. Observa-se que as verificações, apesar de mais trabalhosas, apresentam melhorias significativas em relação à NBR 6118 (1978), mostrando-se mais detalhadas e eficientes. Ainda assim, considera-se importante a introdução de algumas complementações, como aquelas sugeridas neste trabalho. / This work presents an overview of the requirements for punching shear and global stability of buildings in the draft Brazilian Code for concrete structures. Suggestions are made for fulfilling some omissions of the Code, based on theoretical studies and physical phenomena analysis. Some complements and changes are also proposed to facilitate the understanding of the new recommendations and to improve their results. Simplified methods related to the eccentric punching and modifications in the use of &#947z as a first order effects magnifier are suggested. It is concluded that the new provisions are more detailed and efficient, presenting significant improvements on both topics, especially when compared to NBR 6118 (1978). Nevertheless, it is considered important the introduction of some complements, as those suggested in this work.

Benzodiazepínicos são as drogas lícitas mais vendidas no Brasil - certa de 50 milhões de brasileiros fazem uso diário desse tipo de droga. É clara a importância de se conhecer os efeitos que essas drogas podem ter sobre o comportamento. Existem diversas lacunas no conhecimento de como afetam diferentes aspectos do comportamento operante, entretanto. Especificamente, o efeito do tratamento sobre o responder por reforçadores condicionados tem sido uma área pouco explorada. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar os efeitos do tratamento com bromazepam sobre o responder por um estímulo condicionado e um incondicionado, em dois esquemas complementares, razão progressiva e segunda ordem. Foram conduzidos três experimentos. Experimento I: 9 ratas de aproximadamente 9 meses de idade foram submetidas à um esquema de razão progressiva, tendo um composto de luz (LUZ) e solução de sacarose (SAC) como consequência; uma vez obtida uma linha de base foi iniciado tratamento com 1 mg/kg de bromazepam em 4 dos sujeitos (BRO) e salina (VEI) nos demais. Após 28 dias, foi removida SAC. Após 8 dias, foi removida também LUZ. Ocorreram então 5 sessões de extinção. Foi observada uma redução no responder durante o tratamento em BRO. O tratamento não apresentou efeitos adicionais durante a fase de remoção das consequências. Experimento II: replicação do I utilizando 18 machos de aproximadamente 3 meses de idade e com uma entrefase de adaptação ao procedimento de injeção. O tratamento levou ao aumento do responder em BRO (F2,23=8,13; p=0,001), porém não trouxe diferenças após a remoção das consequências. Experimento III: 20 ratos machos de 3 meses de idade foram submetidos à duas fases experimentais: manutenção (no qual, por quatro dias, eram expostos à esquemas de segunda ordem de Razão/Intervalo com a duração do intervalo crescente a cada sessão (FI 2min (FR5:luz); FI 5min(FR5:luz); FI10min(FR5:luz) e FI20min(FR5:luz), e teste (T1 FI20min(FR5luz)), T2 FR5 e T3 FI20min). As fases de manutenção tinham por objetivo estabelecer e fortalecer a relação LUZ/SAC. Responder para VEI se mostrou estável nas fases teste, enquanto foi observada uma redução em T3 para BRO. Os resultados indicam que BRO teve efeito de modular o responder pelo reforçador incondicionado em todas as situações experimentais, interagindo com o esquema vigente e outras variáveis experimentais como sexo. Não foi observado, entretanto, efeito específico sobre a eficácia de reforçadores condicionados / Benzodiazepines are the most sold of legal drugs in Brazil about 50 million Brazilians use this kind of drug on a daily basis. The importance of knowing the effects of these drugs on behavior is clear. There are several gaps in the knowledge of these drugs affect operant behavior, however. Specifically, the effect of treatment on the responding for conditioned reinforcements is an area that has seldom been investigated. The present study proposed to investigate the effects of bromazepam treatment on the responding for a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus, in two complementary schedules, namely, progressive ratio and second order. Three experiments were held. Experiment I: 9 female rats of approximately 9 months of age underwent a progressive ratio schedule, with a sucrose solution (SUC) and a light presentation (LIGHT) as concomitant consequences. Once baseline was stablished, treatment with 1mg/kg bromazepam was started for 4 subjects (BRO). The remaining received saline (VEI). After 29 days, SAC was removed. After 8 days, LIGHT was also removed. Then 5 sessions of extinction took place. Lower responding was observed in BRO. Treatment did not further effect behavior in the remaining experimental stages (consequence removal). Experiment II: pilot replication using 18 male rats and including a stage of habituation to the injection procedure. Treatment incurred in the increase of responding for BRO (F2,23=8.13; p=0.001), but had no further effects on the subsequent stages. Experiment III: 20 male rats underwent two experimental stages: maintenance (for four days the animal underwent second order schedules composed of a Ratio and an Interval component, in which the interval increased with each session ( (FI 2min(FR5:light); FI 5min(FR5light); FI10min(FR5light) E FI20min(FR5light) and test (T1 FI20min(FR5light)), T2 FR5 and T3 FI20min). Maintenance stages were intended to stablish and strengthen the LIGHT/SUC relation. VEI responded in a stable manner in all test stages, while BRO showed a reduction in responding in T3. Overall results indicate BRO was able to modulate responding for the unconditioned reinforcer in all experimental situations, interacting with other variables such as schedule and sex. No particular effect was found on the efficacy of the conditioned stimulus, however

Asset and Liability Management (ALM) models have become well established decision tools for pension funds. ALMs are commonly modelled as multi-stage, in which a large terminal wealth is required, while at intermediate time periods, constraints on the funding ratio, that is, the ratio of assets to liabilities, are imposed. Underfunding occurs when the funding ratio is too low; a target value for funding ratios is pre-specified by the decision maker. The risk of underfunding has been usually modelled by employing established risk measures; this controls one single aspect of the funding ratio distributions. For example, controlling the expected shortfall below the target has limited power in controlling shortfall under worst-case scenarios. We propose ALM models in which the risk of underfunding is modelled based on the concept of Second Order Stochastic Dominance (SSD). This is a criterion of ranking random variables - in our case funding ratios - that takes the entire distributions of interest into account and works under the widely accepted assumptions of decision makers being rational and risk averse. In the proposed SSD models, investment decisions are taken such that the resulting short-term distribution of the funding ratio is non-dominated with respect to SSD, while a constraint is imposed on the expected terminal wealth. This is done by considering progressively larger tails of the funding ratio distribution and considering target levels for them; a target distribution is thus implied. Different target distributions lead to different SSD efficient solutions. Improved distributions of funding ratios may be thus achieved, compared to the existing risk models for ALM. This is the first contribution of this thesis. Interesting results are obtained in the special case when the target distribution is deterministic, specified by one single outcome. In this case, we can obtain equivalent risk minimisation models, with risk defined as expected shortfall or as worst case loss. This represents the second contribution. The third contribution is a framework for scenario generation based on the "Birth, Immigration, Death, Emigration" (BIDE) population model and the Empirical copula; the scenarios are used to evaluate the proposed models and their special cases both in-sample and out-of-sample. As an application, we consider the planning problem of a large DB pension fund in Saudi Arabia.

Orientador: Bruto Max Pimentel Escobar / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos o formalismo Hamiltoniano de Dirac para sistemas singulares, analisando inclusive a construção do gerador de transformações de gauge. A seguir discutimos brevemente a generalização, já conhecida, desse formalismo para o caso de Lagrangeanos singulares de segunda ordem fazendo também uma análise da estrutura de vínculos presente em tais teorias. Desenvolvemos então o formalismo de Hamilton-Jacobi para sistemas singulares fazendo sua generalização para Lagrangeanos de segunda ordem. Por último, ambos formalismos são aplicados à Eletrodinâmica de Podols y e os resultados obtidos são comparados. / Abstract: In this work we study Dirac's Hamiltonian formulation for singular systems including the construction of the gauge transformations generator. Next we briefy discuss the generalization, already developed, of this formalism for singular second order La grangians. Besides that we also make an anlysis of the constrains structure present in such theories. Then we develop the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for singular systems making its generalization for the case of second order Lagrangians. Finally, both formalisms are applied to Podols y's eletrodynamics and the obtained results are comparad. / Mestre

Benzodiazepínicos são as drogas lícitas mais vendidas no Brasil - certa de 50 milhões de brasileiros fazem uso diário desse tipo de droga. É clara a importância de se conhecer os efeitos que essas drogas podem ter sobre o comportamento. Existem diversas lacunas no conhecimento de como afetam diferentes aspectos do comportamento operante, entretanto. Especificamente, o efeito do tratamento sobre o responder por reforçadores condicionados tem sido uma área pouco explorada. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar os efeitos do tratamento com bromazepam sobre o responder por um estímulo condicionado e um incondicionado, em dois esquemas complementares, razão progressiva e segunda ordem. Foram conduzidos três experimentos. Experimento I: 9 ratas de aproximadamente 9 meses de idade foram submetidas à um esquema de razão progressiva, tendo um composto de luz (LUZ) e solução de sacarose (SAC) como consequência; uma vez obtida uma linha de base foi iniciado tratamento com 1 mg/kg de bromazepam em 4 dos sujeitos (BRO) e salina (VEI) nos demais. Após 28 dias, foi removida SAC. Após 8 dias, foi removida também LUZ. Ocorreram então 5 sessões de extinção. Foi observada uma redução no responder durante o tratamento em BRO. O tratamento não apresentou efeitos adicionais durante a fase de remoção das consequências. Experimento II: replicação do I utilizando 18 machos de aproximadamente 3 meses de idade e com uma entrefase de adaptação ao procedimento de injeção. O tratamento levou ao aumento do responder em BRO (F2,23=8,13; p=0,001), porém não trouxe diferenças após a remoção das consequências. Experimento III: 20 ratos machos de 3 meses de idade foram submetidos à duas fases experimentais: manutenção (no qual, por quatro dias, eram expostos à esquemas de segunda ordem de Razão/Intervalo com a duração do intervalo crescente a cada sessão (FI 2min (FR5:luz); FI 5min(FR5:luz); FI10min(FR5:luz) e FI20min(FR5:luz), e teste (T1 FI20min(FR5luz)), T2 FR5 e T3 FI20min). As fases de manutenção tinham por objetivo estabelecer e fortalecer a relação LUZ/SAC. Responder para VEI se mostrou estável nas fases teste, enquanto foi observada uma redução em T3 para BRO. Os resultados indicam que BRO teve efeito de modular o responder pelo reforçador incondicionado em todas as situações experimentais, interagindo com o esquema vigente e outras variáveis experimentais como sexo. Não foi observado, entretanto, efeito específico sobre a eficácia de reforçadores condicionados / Benzodiazepines are the most sold of legal drugs in Brazil about 50 million Brazilians use this kind of drug on a daily basis. The importance of knowing the effects of these drugs on behavior is clear. There are several gaps in the knowledge of these drugs affect operant behavior, however. Specifically, the effect of treatment on the responding for conditioned reinforcements is an area that has seldom been investigated. The present study proposed to investigate the effects of bromazepam treatment on the responding for a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus, in two complementary schedules, namely, progressive ratio and second order. Three experiments were held. Experiment I: 9 female rats of approximately 9 months of age underwent a progressive ratio schedule, with a sucrose solution (SUC) and a light presentation (LIGHT) as concomitant consequences. Once baseline was stablished, treatment with 1mg/kg bromazepam was started for 4 subjects (BRO). The remaining received saline (VEI). After 29 days, SAC was removed. After 8 days, LIGHT was also removed. Then 5 sessions of extinction took place. Lower responding was observed in BRO. Treatment did not further effect behavior in the remaining experimental stages (consequence removal). Experiment II: pilot replication using 18 male rats and including a stage of habituation to the injection procedure. Treatment incurred in the increase of responding for BRO (F2,23=8.13; p=0.001), but had no further effects on the subsequent stages. Experiment III: 20 male rats underwent two experimental stages: maintenance (for four days the animal underwent second order schedules composed of a Ratio and an Interval component, in which the interval increased with each session ( (FI 2min(FR5:light); FI 5min(FR5light); FI10min(FR5light) E FI20min(FR5light) and test (T1 FI20min(FR5light)), T2 FR5 and T3 FI20min). Maintenance stages were intended to stablish and strengthen the LIGHT/SUC relation. VEI responded in a stable manner in all test stages, while BRO showed a reduction in responding in T3. Overall results indicate BRO was able to modulate responding for the unconditioned reinforcer in all experimental situations, interacting with other variables such as schedule and sex. No particular effect was found on the efficacy of the conditioned stimulus, however

Denna uppsats undersöker svenska väljare tendens att rösta med hjärtat, det vill säga närmre sina preferenser, i Europaparlamentsvalet 2014. I förhållande till den existerande litteraturen så studerar jag hur Europaparlamentsvalets "second-order"-karaktär påverkar deras val av parti i det. Hur kan man veta vad som har fått väljarna att rösta på ett visst parti? Jag har genom binär logistisk regressionsanalys i kombination med bivariat analys funnit indikationer på att väljarna tenderar att rösta med hjärtat och då efter deras preferenser på vänster-högerskalan i större utsträckning jämfört med deras syn på EU.

Les équipes ressources régionales de soins palliatifs pédiatriques ont été créées en France, en 2010 dans le cadre d’une politique nationale de développement des soins palliatifs. Mon travail présente un concept aux fondements éthiques appelé « care de second ordre ».Ces équipes, dont la mission est l’intégration de la démarche palliative dans la pratique de tout professionnel de santé, sont particulièrement dédiées aux professionnels de santé. En effet, les professionnels de ces équipes de care de second ordre, doivent assurer conseil et soutien aux professionnels de care de premier ordre ayant la charge d’un patient en situation palliative. Or la pratique quotidienne de ce care de second ordre révèle des tensions éthiques entre le principe de justice qui sous-tend la création de ces équipes (tous les patients qui le nécessitent doivent avoir accès à des soins palliatifs) et les éthiques du care (l’importance de la singularité des situations). Pour résoudre ces tensions éthiques, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie qualitative appelée objectivation participante.Le care de second ordre suppose une pratique éthique, faite d’attitudes et d’activités qui s’acquièrent par un mouvement volontaire de la pensée. Avec l’aide de l’empathie inductive, le care de second ordre doit avoir pour visée éthique l’autonomisation du professionnel de care de premier ordre dans l’identification et la prise en charge de ses propres besoins. Grâce à la narration des histoires cliniques, le care de second ordre doit ajuster les temporalités en jeu, celles du patient, celles de ses proches et celles des professionnels de care de premier ordre. In fine, ce care de second ordre implique un changement majeur de paradigme : la considération de notre interdépendance en lieu et place de notre semblant d’autonomie. Ce concept de care de second ordre, a priori extrapolable aux équipes ayant les mêmes missions, contribue à la réflexion nécessaire sur la modernisation de notre système de santé. / Following the French national strategy to develop palliative care promulgated in 2010, several regional pediatric palliative care teams have been implemented nationwide. Our work will present a fundamental ethical concept, which we call “second order care”.The primary mission of these teams is to integrate a palliative approach in all areas of health care, and they are especially dedicated to assisting health care professionals. For “second order care teams”, this entails advising and supporting “first order care teams” who directly provide for patients in palliative care. However, the daily practice of these second order care teams reveals underlying ethical tensions between the principle of justice which created these teams initially (palliative care must be available to all patients in need of such care) and the ethics of care (importance placed upon the singularity of each situation). In order to resolve these ethical tensions, we used a qualitative methodology known as “participant objectivation”.Second order care implies an ethical practice combining one’s disposition, outlook and activities, which are acquired by voluntary thought movements. The ethical aim of second order carers, with the help of inductive empathy, must be to assist first order carers in being autonomous in identifying and managing their own needs. Using clinical narratives, the second order team must adapt and harmonize the different temporalities in play: that of the patient, of their family and of the first order care team. Ultimately, second order care implies a major paradigm shift: to consider our inter-dependence in place of an illusionary autonomy. The concept of second order care, which can be extrapolated to other teams with identical missions, is a necessary contribution when considering the modernization of our health care system.

Focus of interest in this article are the concepts of globalization and civic citizenship and the questions are; what is required to be a global citizen, and how to work with this in civic education. The concept of civic citizenship implies democracy. A citizen is an independent and (to some extent) educated decision maker and actor, not a mere subject loyal to the sovereign. So whenever speaking of a global citizen democracy is implied. But the world is not a democratic place as such. Most of it in fact is quite undemocratic. The question therefore is how it is possible to act as a citizen (as a democrat) in global space. The article argues that this will only be possibly if citizens are capable of dealing with complex societal problems and to understand their own role as citizens (democrats) in relation to these problems. The argument is firstly that problems and issues in global space are complex and can only be understood interdisciplinary. Therefore the ability to reflect problems interdisciplinary is crucial to the global citizen. The second argument is that the ability of self-reflection is necessary for citizens in their efforts to understand, maintain and develop their own (democratic) identity and (democratic) values and practices in relation to the complexity and unfamiliarity of the various non-democratic identities, values and practices in a global space. Therefore it is suggested that students in civic education need to develop competencies of reflection on interdisciplinarity and self-reflection-as-citizen as key tools for analyzing societal problems and to act democratically on them. And it is suggested that dealing with interdisciplinarity requires use of second order concepts and that self-reflection as citizens requires third order concepts

In this thesis, we proposed a precoding scheme for semi-blind channel estimation in amplify-and-forward (AF) multipath two-way relay networks (TWRN), where two terminals exchange their information through multi-relays. The precoding scheme, which diminishes computational complexity of semi-blind channel estimator, is used to distinguish received signal at both terminals from multi-relays. By applying a non-redundant linear precoding scheme at multi-relays, we proposed a semi-blind channel estimation to estimate the channel impulse response (CIR) of direct link and the cascaded source-relay-terminal links. Firstly, semi-blind channel estimation adopts least-square (LS) estimation to find the CIR of direct link between both terminals using a smaller number of training symbols. Secondly, the CIR of the cascaded source-relay-terminal links are obtained through second-order statistics (SOS) of received signals at both terminals. Consequently, the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the computational complexity and enhance the spectral efficiency in overall system. Simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.