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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Regulação econômica : a aplicação da teoria e os efeitos da prática nos setores de infra-estrutura do Brasil

Bered, Rafael January 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise da regulação nos setores de infra-estrutura do Brasil. A regulação é entendida como um conjunto de normas e regras que tem a finalidade de controlar e estimular a atividade econômica de cada setor, e se justifica na medida em que existem falhas de mercado. Para entender melhor essa relação fez-se uma revisão teórica e um breve histórico dos principais conceitos que fazem parte deste instituto. Primeiramente estudamos as privatizações e o marco regulatório brasileiro que seguiu a tendência mundial experimentada por países da União Européia e dos Estados Unidos. A partir daí procuramos as origens da regulação econômica brasileira e as novas agências regulatórias. O objeto prático de análise aqui proposto examina quatro setores fundamentais da infra-estrutura brasileira; telecomunicações, energia elétrica, saúde e transportes terrestres. Mais especificamente as atuações das agências ANATEL, ANEEL, ANS E ANTT. De maneira geral as agências tem contribuído para um melhor desempenho econômico e social, mas os desafios de aumentar os índices de investimento permanecem. Depois de aproximadamente 13 anos de experiência institucional, a situação macroeconômica melhorou e o progresso feito pelas agências reguladoras setoriais também foi satisfatório, contudo é necessário que haja uma estratégia sistemática, com uma estrutura de análise da regulação que assegure transparência, participação social e eficiência econômica. Com referência as agências, o desafio tem sido operar como organismos autônomos dentro de um ambiente político a fim de prover confiança e transparência para o setor privado e para a sociedade civil. / The objective of this study is to analyze the regulation in the sectors of infrastructure in Brazil. The regulation is understood as a set of standards and rules which aims to monitor and stimulate economic activity in each sector, and is justified in that there are gaps in the market. To better understand this relationship has become a theoretical review and a brief history of the main concepts that are part of this institute. First study the Brazilian privatization and regulatory framework that followed the global trend experienced by EU countries and the United States. From then seek the origins of economic regulation and the new Brazilian regulatory agencies. The practical object of analysis proposed here examines four key sectors of the Brazilian infrastructure, telecommunications, energy, health and land transport. More specifically the actions of agencies ANATEL, ANEEL, ANS E ANTT. In general the agencies has contributed to better economic performance and social, but the challenges of increasing the rates of investment remain. After approximately 13 years of institutional experience, the improved macroeconomic situation and progress made by the sectoral regulatory agencies was also satisfactory, however there must be a systematic strategy, with an analysis of the structure of regulation that ensures transparency, social participation and economic efficiency. With reference agencies, the challenge has been operating as autonomous bodies within a political environment in order to provide confidence and transparency to the private sector and civil society.
42

Societies, Sectors and Formative Period Sites in Zaña and Jequetepeque Valleys, North Coast of Perú / Sociedades, sectores y sitios formativos en los valles de Zaña y Jequetepeque, costa norte del Perú

Dillehay, Tom D. 10 April 2018 (has links)
This article focuses on the major Formative Period sites of the Zaña and Jequetepeque valleys, focusing on settlement patterns, monumental architecture, specific sectors within the two valleys where sites were concentrated. Specific attention is given to the Cupisnique and Huacaloma ceramic styles in the valleys. The two valleys shift cultural allegiances through time and space to provide regional Formative patterns. Factors explaining these patterns are postulated. / El presente artículo se enfoca en el estudio de los principales sitios del Periodo Formativo de los valles de Zaña y Jequetepeque, y analiza, en especial, los patrones de asentamiento, arquitectura y sectores específicos al interior de ambos valles donde los yacimientos se concentran. Se presta particular atención a los estilos cerámicos Cupisnique y Huacaloma, los que manifestaron filiaciones diferentes de acuerdo con el tiempo, el espacio y el ámbito en el que se desenvolvieron, con lo que conformaron patrones regionales durante el Periodo Formativo. En este trabajo se postulan varias hipótesis respecto de los factores que explican estos patrones.
43

Hållbarhetsrapportering- En deskriptiv studie om skillnader mellan finans- och industrisektorn : En studie på börsnoterade bolag i Sverige / Sustainability reporting- A descriptive study on differences between the financial and industrial sector

Johansson, Amanda, Werkmäster, Josefin January 2018 (has links)
Sammanfattning  Titel: Hållbarhetsrapportering- en deskriptiv studie om skillnader mellan finans- och industrisektornNivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomiFörfattare: Amanda Johansson och Josefin WerkmästerHandledare: Fredrik Hartwig Datum: 2018 - januari Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala indikatorer undersöka skillnaderna i hållbarhetsrapporteringen mellan företag inom industrisektorn och finanssektorn i Sverige samt att undersöka om det har skett någon förändring över tid. Metod: I föreliggande studie antas en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien är kvantitativ och sekundärdata i form av hållbarhetsrapporter har samlats in från företagens hemsidor. En longitudinell design har använts där data från åren 2012 och 2016 har granskats. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att hållbarhetsrapporteringen skiljer sig åt mellan industri- och finanssektorn. Resultatet visar även att det har skett en förändring gällande rapporteringen över tid. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Framtida studier skulle kunna undersöka andra sektorer och avgränsa sig till en storlek. Det skulle även kunna göras en undersökning som fokuserar på kausala samband för att se vad skillnaderna kan bero på. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens bidrag är att den jämför skillnaderna mellan enbart två sektorer på den svenska marknaden då tidigare studier har gjorts i andra länder och på flera branscher. Nyckelord: CSR, GRI, hållbarhetsrapportering, indikatorer, sektorer, tid / Abstract Title: Sustainability reporting- A descriptive study on differences between the financial and industrial sectorLevel: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Amanda Johansson och Josefin WerkmästerSupervisor: Fredrik Hartwig Date: 2018 – January Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in sustainability reporting between companies in the industrial sector and the financial sector in Sweden based on economic, environmental and social indicators and to investigate whether there has been any change over time. Method: In this study, a positivist research philosophy is assumed with a deductive approach. The study is quantitative and secondary data in the form of sustainability reports have been collected from companies' websites. A longitudinal design has been used where data from 2012 and 2016 have been reviewed. Result & Conclusions: The study's results show that sustainability reporting differs between the industry and the finance sector. The result also shows that there has been a change in reporting over time. Suggestions for future research: Future studies could investigate other sectors and limit themselves to one size. It could also be a study focusing on causal relationships to see what the differences may be. Contribution of the thesis: The contribution of the study is that it compares the differences between only two sectors in the Swedish market since previous studies have been conducted in other countries and in several industries. Key words: CSR, GRI, sustainability reporting, indicators, sectors, time.
44

IndÃstria AutomobilÃstica como um setor-chave dada estrutura produtiva de uma regiÃo: O caso do complexo Ford de CamaÃari / Automotive Industry like as key sector to the productive struture of a region: The case of the complex of Ford CamaÃari

Roberto Alves Gomes 31 August 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as transformaÃÃes na economia do Estado da Bahia, com base nos impactos gerados pelo Complexo Industrial Ford Nordeste e nas mudanÃas na configuraÃÃo industrial baiana, bem como identificar os encadeamentos setoriais e setores-chave. Pretende-se tambÃm contextualizar historicamente a indÃstria automotiva, atravÃs de uma anÃlise dos modos de produÃÃo, da inserÃÃo da IndÃstria Automotiva no Brasil e, finalmente, da implantaÃÃo do complexo Ford na Bahia em 2001. AtravÃs da anÃlise da cadeia produtiva do automÃvel, o estudo identifica a formaÃÃo de uma indÃstria motriz capaz de gerar incremento na renda na regiÃo onde està localizada. Abordando aspectos de competitividade da indÃstria automotiva em escala global, esse trabalho busca trazer essa discussÃo do campo teÃrico para o empÃrico. Por fim, o estudo identifica, atravÃs da Matriz de Insumo-Produto (MIP), as repercussÃes econÃmicas ocorridas na Bahia, os benefÃcios causados pela grande renÃncia fiscal decorrente da instalaÃÃo do Complexo Ford em CamaÃari. Outra abordagem atravÃs da MIP serà analisar os efeitos de encadeamento dos setores chaves e sua importÃncia dentro da economia baiana.
45

Regulação econômica : a aplicação da teoria e os efeitos da prática nos setores de infra-estrutura do Brasil

Bered, Rafael January 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise da regulação nos setores de infra-estrutura do Brasil. A regulação é entendida como um conjunto de normas e regras que tem a finalidade de controlar e estimular a atividade econômica de cada setor, e se justifica na medida em que existem falhas de mercado. Para entender melhor essa relação fez-se uma revisão teórica e um breve histórico dos principais conceitos que fazem parte deste instituto. Primeiramente estudamos as privatizações e o marco regulatório brasileiro que seguiu a tendência mundial experimentada por países da União Européia e dos Estados Unidos. A partir daí procuramos as origens da regulação econômica brasileira e as novas agências regulatórias. O objeto prático de análise aqui proposto examina quatro setores fundamentais da infra-estrutura brasileira; telecomunicações, energia elétrica, saúde e transportes terrestres. Mais especificamente as atuações das agências ANATEL, ANEEL, ANS E ANTT. De maneira geral as agências tem contribuído para um melhor desempenho econômico e social, mas os desafios de aumentar os índices de investimento permanecem. Depois de aproximadamente 13 anos de experiência institucional, a situação macroeconômica melhorou e o progresso feito pelas agências reguladoras setoriais também foi satisfatório, contudo é necessário que haja uma estratégia sistemática, com uma estrutura de análise da regulação que assegure transparência, participação social e eficiência econômica. Com referência as agências, o desafio tem sido operar como organismos autônomos dentro de um ambiente político a fim de prover confiança e transparência para o setor privado e para a sociedade civil. / The objective of this study is to analyze the regulation in the sectors of infrastructure in Brazil. The regulation is understood as a set of standards and rules which aims to monitor and stimulate economic activity in each sector, and is justified in that there are gaps in the market. To better understand this relationship has become a theoretical review and a brief history of the main concepts that are part of this institute. First study the Brazilian privatization and regulatory framework that followed the global trend experienced by EU countries and the United States. From then seek the origins of economic regulation and the new Brazilian regulatory agencies. The practical object of analysis proposed here examines four key sectors of the Brazilian infrastructure, telecommunications, energy, health and land transport. More specifically the actions of agencies ANATEL, ANEEL, ANS E ANTT. In general the agencies has contributed to better economic performance and social, but the challenges of increasing the rates of investment remain. After approximately 13 years of institutional experience, the improved macroeconomic situation and progress made by the sectoral regulatory agencies was also satisfactory, however there must be a systematic strategy, with an analysis of the structure of regulation that ensures transparency, social participation and economic efficiency. With reference agencies, the challenge has been operating as autonomous bodies within a political environment in order to provide confidence and transparency to the private sector and civil society.
46

As relações de trabalho no setor aereo : estudo sobre o impacto das transformações no transporte aereo regular no Brasil sobre os trabalhadores / Labor relations in the transport sector : a study on the impact of changes in the airline in Brazil on workers

Garcia, Altair da Silva 15 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Amilton Jose Moretto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:04:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_AltairdaSilva_M.pdf: 2118469 bytes, checksum: 6afb07925172ef7682ea713004bf050a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa as transformações ocorridas no transporte aéreo regular no Brasil entre os anos 1990 e 2006 e os principais impactos nas relações de trabalho no setor. Para dar conta dessas alterações procuramos, num primeiro momento, analisar o setor aéreo desde a criação das primeiras empresas, da constituição do seu marco regulatório, como também através dos movimentos de expansão e retração do setor. No período mais recente, buscamos traçar um paralelo entre os determinantes macroeconômicos, regulatórios, bem como das estratégias de gestão adotadas pela empresas aéreas. Com efeito, num segundo momento estabelecemos uma breve caracterização do emprego no setor, com ênfase na categoria aeronauta. Analisamos também a representação de classe da categoria e as negociações coletivas ocorridas nas entre 1990 e 2006. Foi possível constatar que tais mudanças afetaram o setor de forma decisiva. O desempenho, inferido pelo tráfego aéreo indicou taxas de crescimento superiores ao crescimento do PIB. Esse bom resultado foi puxado pela demanda no mercado doméstico (ass-km utilizados), que cresceu 174% no período. Essa expansão garantiu ao segmento doméstico maior participação em relação ao segmento internacional. Por outro lado, grandes empresas aéreas que atuavam no mercado doméstico na década de 1990, como Transbrasil, Vasp e Varig desapareceram. A Varig, após uma longa agonia, acabou sendo absorvida pelo Grupo GOL. Contudo, essa mudança radical não afetou a forte concentração do setor, que continuou com pelo menos duas grandes empresas aéreas, abocanhando aproximadamente 90% do mercado doméstico. Porém, é preciso destacar que esse período trouxe à baila uma profunda mudança, caracterizada pela redução generalizada de custos nas aéreas, lançamentos de novos produtos/serviços, segmentação de clientes, incrementos tecnológicos e aumento expressivo da produtividade. Os ajustes descritos acima atingiram os trabalhadores, precarizando as relações de trabalho. Nesse sentido foi possível verificar uma contração dos rendimentos reais, além da intensificação do trabalho e da alteração do perfil dos aeronautas, sobretudo na redução dos vínculos de trabalho de longa duração. Observamos que dentre os aeronautas, os comissários de bordo absorveram os maiores impactos, tanto pela elevação da rotatividade, como pela contração dos rendimentos reais e pelo aumento dos vínculos de trabalho de curta duração. Diante desse cenário, de forte instabilidade e de pesada ofensiva das empresas aéreas, buscando flexibilizar as relações de trabalho e reduzir custos, os trabalhadores conseguiram resistir, o Sindicato dos Aeronautas-SNA conseguiu preservar a regulamentação da categoria, bem como o padrão das negociações coletivas, ainda que esse período tenha-se notabilizado pela fragilidade sindical (baixa sindicalização e descolamento da base) e pela fragmentação da representação dos trabalhadores do setor. / Abstract: In this thesis we analyze the changes in the air transport sector in Brazil between 1990 and 2006 as well as the main impacts on labor relations in the sector. To understand these changes, we initially analyze the airline industry since the creation of the first companies, the formation of its regulatory framework, until the period of intense movements of expansion and contraction of the sector. In a more recent period, we seek to draw a parallel among three aspects: macroeconomic, regulatory, and those associated to management strategies adopted by airlines. Considering this scenario, we established a brief description of employment in the sector, with emphasis on the category (Flight Deck Crew and Cabin Crew member), analyzing also the representation of the class and collective bargaining occurred in between 1990 and 2006. It was possible to observe that these changes had affected the air traffic sector in a decisive way. The business performance, as inferred by air traffic, had presented higher growth rates than the GDPgrowth. This good result was driven by demand in the domestic market (ass-km used), which grew 174% in the period. This expansion assured the domestic segment greater participation in relation to the international segment. Nevertheless major airline companies that have operated in the domestic market in the 1990s, as Transbrasil, Varig and Vasp, have disappeared. Varig, after a long agony, was finally absorbed by the group GOL. This radical change did not affect the strong concentration of the sector, which continued with at least two major airlines, snapping up about 90% of the domestic market. We must emphasize also that this period brought to fore a profound change, characterized by the general reduction of total operating costs, launching of new products/services, customer segmentation, technological advances and significant increase in productivity. Never the less the adjustments described above affected workers, causing a precarization of work relations. In this sense, it could be seen a contraction in real incomes, besides na intensification of the working journey. Changes on the employees profile were experienced, especially because of the reduction of working ties of long duration. We noticed that among the category, flight attendants category absorbed the greatest impact, by the increase in turnover, by the contraction in real incomes and also by the increase of short-term employment bonds. Facing this scenario, of strong instability and of heavy offensive by the airlines companies, seeking more flexible employment relationships and reduced costs, the workers were able to resist. The union of category (Flight Deck Crew and Cabin Crew member) -SNA has managed to preserve the rules of the class, as well as the pattern of collective negotiations, although this period has became notorious by a weak union (low unionization and detachment of the base), the fragmentation of worker representation in the sector. / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
47

DiagnÃstico e previsÃo da atividade econÃmica no setor primÃrio brasileiro / Diagnosis and forecast of the economic activity in the Brazilian primary sector

Vanessa Gomes Simonassi 29 August 2008 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Recentemente, tem surgido um novo debate sobre o âpossÃvel ponto de estrangulamentoâ que poderia ser alcanÃado pela atividade agropecuÃria e industrial no Brasil. Esse fato à representado pelos altos nÃveis de utilizaÃÃo da capacidade industrial instalada e pela busca por novas Ãreas para a atividade agrÃcola. Esta saturaÃÃo da capacidade instalada e de Ãreas para plantio poderia levar a uma pressÃo sobre o nÃvel de preÃos. Nesse contexto, observa-se que o setor primÃrio, apesar de sua importÃncia na estrutura da economia como um todo, ainda à negligenciado. O recente perÃodo à marcado por uma trajetÃria de crescimento da economia brasileira, mas a nÃveis menores que outros paÃses latino-americanos com idÃntica estrutura produtiva, sinalizando a falta de impulso frente a economias competitivas de paÃses emergentes. Este fato pode ser resultado de uma possÃvel saturaÃÃo dos setores industrial e agrÃcola, reforÃando a necessidade de estudar o comportamento e os determinantes da produÃÃo brasileira do setor primÃrio, elemento fundamental da estrutura produtiva nacional. O estudo utiliza tÃcnicas economÃtricas e modelos de sÃries temporais e variÃveis determinantes da produÃÃo agrÃcola brasileira, como: investimentos, taxa de juros, taxa de cÃmbio, preÃos externos e tendÃncia da atividade do setor primÃrio nacional. O trabalho permitiu constatar uma mudanÃa nos ciclos de produÃÃo agropecuÃria nacional devida, provavelmente, a mudanÃas nas tÃcnicas de produÃÃo. TambÃm, se verifica que a sustentabilidade do crescimento do setor primÃrio, indicada pela cointegraÃÃo entre produto e investimento, os investimentos do setor tÃm acompanhado a produÃÃo, evitando, portanto, uma eventual saturaÃÃo e pressÃo inflacionÃria nos preÃos dos produtos agropecuÃrios / The impact on the Gross National Product of investments, interest rates, exchange rates and prices of agricultural exported products are unknown in time to permit previous evaluation of economic activity of Brazilian primary sector. The present work has the objective to preview Brazilian economic activity trend. Econometric techniques and temporal series will be used besides of variables as investments, interest rates, and trend of national primary sector activity. The present work permits to know changes in production techniques. Also, permits verify a sustainable growth of primary sector as indicated by cointegration between products and investments, showing that investments of primary sector has been accompanied the production, avoiding, then, eventual saturation and inflationary press on prices of agricultural products
48

Child prevention and group based parenting programs : effectiveness and implementation

Olofsson, Viveca January 2015 (has links)
Approximately 10–25% of children and youth suffer from mental health problems, such as depression, emotional difficulties, and disruptive behaviors. The evidence base of the effectiveness of preventive interventions targeting youth mental health currently delivered in regular care is weak. Also, little is known about what is needed for continued delivery of preventive programs in regular care. Hence, there is an evident need of effectiveness evaluations of preventive interventions and their implementation in regular care. In childhood, parenting is an important risk or protective factor for child development, and many programs to improve parents’ parenting has been developed used as preventive interventions. Using an ecological approach to prevention and the prevention research cycle as the theoretical framework this dissertation aim to investigate: 1) the long-term effectiveness of four parenting programs (Cope, Comet, Connect, and the Incredible Years); 2) whether the programs work better for some compared to others; 3) if it matters where parents attend the programs; 4) the field of implementation research regarding group based parenting programs ; and 5) implementation challenges specifically related to such parenting programs. Overall, the long-term results reveal that there are no significant difference in effectiveness across the programs over time. Also, the programs does not seem work better for some compared to others, and neither does it seem as if program effectiveness is much influenced by the sectors delivering the programs (child and adolescent psychiatry, social care, or school). Concerning the implementation of preventive interventions the research base is small, and conclusive evidence concerning implementation aspects of group based parenting programs are non-existing. Thus, it was not possible to draw firm conclusions about their implementation. Nonetheless, existing research clearly suggest that program specific challenges can influence the implementation of group based parenting programs. Implications for practice and research are discussed, for instance, adaptations to the prevention research cycle.
49

Analýza zadluženosti podnikové sféry dle jednotlivých odvětví v letech 2011-2015 / Analysis of debt financing by individual sectors for the period from 2011 to 2015

Bělinová, Kristýna January 2016 (has links)
The main goal of this thesis is to find out whether is within individual industries preferred as the main source of financing debt financing for the period from 2011 to 2015. Then determine an industry that prefers foreign capital the most and select three representatives from that industry and analyze them in detail. Materials that are used for this work have the character of available public resources. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The theoretical part explains the indicators of the debt, theories to determine the optimal debt and other terms that are used in the third part. In the second part are described individual industries using the classification CZ NACE. Work is finished by the summary, which sums the findings
50

Dynamics within and between NGOs' influence strategies towards Business : The case of environmental NGOs mobilizing around soybean sustainability issues (2000-2013) / Les ONG à la rencontre des entreprises : Une étude sur les dynamiques de leurs stratégies d'influence

Escobar, Mariana 05 December 2014 (has links)
Depuis les années 1990, des Organisations Non-Gouvernementales (ONG) se sont impliquées de manière croissante dans la définition et la résolution des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux liés aux activités des entreprises. En actant tout au long des chaînes de production globales, ces ONG ont transformé les marchés, où ces entreprises opèrent, en espaces de plus en plus contestés. De nos jours, la littérature disponible sur les agissements des ONG dans des contextes corporatifs catégorise les stratégies d'influence des ONG comme étant soit de confrontation, soit de coopération. Notre recherche vise à amener une vision plus nuancée à ces dichotomies théoriques, notamment nous cherchons à mieux comprendre les possibles approches mixtes entre confrontation et coopération qui peuvent avoir lieu dans une même stratégie d'influence. Empiriquement nous nous sommes focalisés sur différentes stratégies d'influence menées par trois des ONG Environnementales les plus reconnues au monde : le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature, Greenpeace et les Amis de la Terre, au sein d'un même secteur économique, l'agro-industrie du soja. L'étude examine plus particulièrement la progression individuelle de ces stratégies, ainsi que les convergences et divergences entre elles. Notre analyse montre premièrement, que les ONG définissent leurs stratégies d'action en fonction et en interaction avec celles des autres ONG agissant sur le secteur. Les ONG cherchent à intégrer des améliorations soit dans le projet soit dans le procès d'influence collectif. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que les stratégies d'influence individuelles impliquent souvent une approche hybride entre collaboration et confrontation. Cette approche peut prendre deux formes distinctes : dynamique évolutive (de la confrontation vers la coopération) ou duale (coopération et confrontation simultanée). / Since the 1990s, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have been increasingly involved in defining and solving social and environmental problems related to business activities. Extant literature analysing NGOs mobilization in corporate contexts, commonly characterizes NGOs' influence strategies as either confrontational or collaborative. Our research aims to bring a more nuanced view of these theoretical dichotomies, in particular we seek to better understand the possible mixed approaches, using both confrontation and collaboration, that can take place within one strategy. Empirically we focused on different strategies of influence conducted by three of the world's most recognized Environmental NGOs : World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth (FoE), in the same economic sector, the soybean agribusiness. The study looks specifically at the individual progress of these strategies, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Our analysis shows firstly that NGOs strategies develop in an interrelated and dialectic process, building on each other achievements and shortcomings. Second, we showed that the impact of individual strategies often involve a hybrid approach between collaboration and confrontation. This approach can take two distinct forms : a progressive dynamics (from confrontation to cooperation) or dual one (simultaneous cooperation and confrontation). These initial results contribute globally to the emerging NGO-Business literature, and speak to current attempts that seek to overcome static and dyadic approaches of NGO-Business relations.

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