Student Number: 0514022R Masters of Arts, Department of Sociology FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES / This study seeks to investigate the sources and the content of sexual information available to Rwandase youths aged 15 to 20 in Impala district. The rationale of this study is that young people need to have information on sexual development, reproduction, contraception, physical changes and about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. By getting such information, young people are likely to avoid a number of sex-related problems, including diseases, unforeseen sexual behaviour (early sexual intercourse and unintended pregnancy). To gather data, this study used in –depth interviews with 20 youths of both sexes and 20 key informants from different groups involved in youth sexual education. The study found that there is a range of sources of sexual information in Impala district such as school, peers, church, community meetings, anti-AIDS clubs, parents and radio. The school and peers emerged as the key sources of sexual education for educated youth, while community meetings and church are pointed to be the primary sources of this information for uneducated youth. However, most youth reported having little or no sexual education from parents. Concerning the content of this information, adolescent’s reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, gender roles, sexual experience and practice are the most discussed, and vary depending on the source involved. The information provided by those social agents has been well appreciated by most of the youth I interviewed. However, I argue that the interpretation is different in people depending on their beliefs, background, attitudes and so on. The study concludes with a number of recommendations both for policy implications and further research.

A sexualidade humana desperta interesse, curiosidade e fascínio. Trabalhos sobre avaliação da abordagem da Educação Sexual (ES) no âmbito escolar fornecem informações relevantes para área da sexualidade. Esta tese de doutorado investigou sete escolas da rede pública de Fundamental e Médio de um município do Norte do Paraná; algumas diretoras, professores, pedagogas e alunos; um grupo de licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas de uma Universidade Estadual, no projeto de extensão Oficinas de Sexualidade. Os objetivos foram: criar indicadores de adesão à ES, para a compreensão do envolvimento das escolas com a temática; organizar um quadro diagnóstico que apontasse a adesão das escolas à ES; avaliar o comprometimento global das mesmas em relação à problemática da ES. Utilizamos como orientadores na elaboração de indicadores empíricos os Patamares Subjetivos de Aprendizagem de Villani e Barolli (1998; 2000) transformando-os em Patamares de Adesão à ES. São eles: Rejeição à ES (RES), com a recusa da ES; Adesão Passiva à ES (APES), quando a ES não pertence ao currículo escolar; Adesão Ativa à ES (AAES), com o aceite da orientação e prevenção; Adesão Criativa à ES (ACES), com criatividade e objetivo de formação dos alunos para a vivência da sexualidade e o exercício responsável da cidadania. Elaboramos dimensões, subdimensões e categorias, que nos permitiram classificar os relatos dos sujeitos da pesquisa. As categorias de análise corresponderam aos Patamares Fundamentais; a articulação entre as várias classificações nos permitiu delinear o grau de adesão das escolas à ES, e para a classificação final das escolas foram utilizados também Patamares Intermediários, definidos em analogia aos Patamares Intermediários do referencial. Para interpretar os resultados de nossa análise, utilizamos também analogias com as Metas de Realização (MIDGLEY, KAPLAN, MIDDLETON e MAEHR, 1998; BORUCHOVITCH; BZUNECK, 2001), apontando para a motivação da escola para efetuar a ES. Obtivemos um quadro diagnóstico pouco favorável à ES no município, de modo que cinco das sete escolas foram classificadas no APES e apenas duas escolas foram classificadas num nível intermediário entre APES e AAES. Tais resultados, que revelam uma representação social da ES bastante conservadora e com a presença de preconceitos, estão longe do que consideramos ser necessário na ES, com vistas à sexualidade responsável e saudável, que assegure os direitos sexuais e desconstrua a heteronormatividade, conforme inspiração na perspectiva da Abordagem Emancipatória de ES (FIGUEIRÓ, 2011; WEREBE, 1982; NUNES, 1996) e no construcionismo (WEEKS, 1999; VANCE, 1995; PAIVA, 2000, 2008). Nossas considerações finais apontam que mudanças mais significativas no panorama observado envolveriam intervenções externas ao ambiente escolar, que poderiam acontecer sob a forma de convênios entre a Universidade e a Secretaria de Educação. Estas intervenções serviriam para que os professores capacitados sustentassem mudanças na representação social do fenômeno entre os membros da escola. / Human sexuality is object of interest, curiosity and fascination. Works about evaluation of the approaches of Sexual Education (SE) at the schools environment supports important information to sexuality area. This Ph D. thesis research seven schools of the public net of the basic education and high school of one city of the north of Parana; some directors, teachers, educators and students; a group of undergraduates of the biological science of one State University, in the project of extension called Workshops of Sexuality. The aim were establish indicators of adhesion of SE, to understand the involvement of the schools with the theme, organize a diagnostic frame that points the adhesion of the schools to SE, to evaluate the total their commitment related to the problematic. We use as guiding to the elaboration of empirical indicators the Subjective Levels of Learning of Villani and Barolli (1998, 2000) transforming them in the Levels of Adhesion to SE. They are: SE Rejection (SER), with the refusal of SE; Passive Adhesion to SE (PASE), when the SE do not belongs of the curriculum of the school; Active Adhesion to SE (AASE), with the acceptation of the orientation and prevention; Creative Adhesion to SE (CASE), with the creativity an aimed the formation of the students to sexuality experience and the responsible exercise of the citizenship. We elaborated dimensions, sub-dimensions and categories that allowed us to classify the reports of the subject of research. The Analyses categories corresponded to the Fundamental Levels; the articulation between the various classifications permitted us to delineate the degree of adhesion of the schools to SE, and to the final classification of the schools also were used Intermediary Levels, defined in analogy to the Intermediary Levels of the referential. To interprets the results, we used the analogies with Realization Goals (MIDGLEY, KAPLAN, MIDDLETON e MAEHR, 1998; BORUCHOVITCH; BZUNECK, 2001), pointing to the motivation of the schools to effect the SE. We obtained a diagnostic frame little favorable to SE in the city, so that five of seven schools were classified in the PASE and only two schools were classified in a intermediary level between PASE and AASE. These results, that reveals a very conservative social representation of SE and with the presence of prejudices, are away of that we consider to be necessary in the SE, to look of responsible and health sexuality, that ensure the sexual rights and deconstructs the heteronormativity, as inspiration in the perspective of Emancipatory Approach of SE (FIGUEIRÓ, 2011; WEREBE, 1982; NUNES, 1996) and the constructionism (WEEKS, 1999; VANCE, 1995; PAIVA, 2000, 2008). Our final considerations point that more significant changes in the panorama observed would involve external interventions to the school environmental, that could happens as covenants established between the University and Education Secretary. These interventions would serve to that the teachers trained would sustain changes in the social representation of the phenomena among the members of the school.

Nesta tese problematizo os modos de incorporação da Educação Sexual no currículo de licenciatura em Biologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS). Para tanto, busquei articular os campos de estudos de sexualidade e gênero, estudos sobre currículo e os estudos culturais pós-estruturalistas com aporte em teorizações foucaultianas, visando analisar como discursos acerca de sexualidade e gênero atravessam a proposta de Educação Sexual desse currículo. Para produção do material empírico, essa trajetória investigativa envolveu: exame de documentos, como o projeto político pedagógico e a matriz curricular do curso; grupos focais com sete licenciandos/as e/ou recém-licenciados/as em Biologia organizados em três encontros; realização de 14 entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sete participantes do grupo focal e mais sete formandos/as e/ou egressos do curso. A trajetória analítica foi norteada pela análise foucaultiana do discurso, que permitiu descrever os limites e as possibilidades da Educação Sexual incorporada nesse currículo. No primeiro capítulo analítico, questiono ‘o que a biologia tem a enunciar’ sobre sexualidade e gênero. Os ditos dos/as (futuros/as) biólogos/as anunciaram questionamentos, conflitualidades e contradições decorrentes de uma multiplicidade de discursos essencialistas, fundacionalistas e universalistas, que instituem binarismos e normatizações acerca dessas dimensões da vida. Entretanto, um incessante exercício de problematização e desconstrução desses discursos deixou marcas nesse currículo para além do que a Biologia costumava ‘enunciar’, principalmente ao reconhecer sexualidade e gênero como “constructos socioculturais”. Ao argumentar a Educação Sexual como um campo transdisciplinar que engloba discursos sobre sexualidade e gênero, a partir das enunciações dos/as participantes, discuti as (des)conexões entre abordagens biológico-higienistas e sociocultural, bem como problematizei as pedagogias culturais encenadas nesse currículo. Nesse cenário, destaquei os limites e as possibilidades para mudanças e ressignificações, visto que o currículo investigado sugeriu tanto conflitualidades quanto rasuras e deslocamentos decorrentes da problematização de “verdades absolutas” acerca das temáticas da Educação Sexual; principalmente por meio da inclusão das disciplinas Corpo, Gênero e Sexualidade (CGS) e Perspectivas culturais no Ensino de Biologia e Educação, que instigaram acionar um campo discursivo com múltiplas identidades e diferenças ecoantes além da Biologia. Conclusões contingentes e transitórias permitem sintetizar esse processo sociocultural e político ensaiado para uma ressignificação da Educação Sexual “além do biológico”, o que instiga múltiplos questionamentos e (des)aprendizados acerca dos regimes de verdade no campo da Biologia e distintos modos de produção e/ou manutenção de relações de poder que marcam sexualidade e gênero. / In this thesis, I problematize the ways of incorporating Sexual Education in the undergraduate curriculum in Biology of the Federal University of Sergipe (FUS). In order to do so, I sought to articulate the fields of sexuality and gender studies, studies on curriculum and post-structuralist cultural studies with contributions in Foucauldian theorizations, aiming to analyze how discourses about sexuality and gender cross the Sexual Education proposal of this curriculum. For the production of the empirical material, this investigative trajectory involved: examination of documents, such as the pedagogical political project and the curricular matrix of the course; focus groups with seven graduates and/or recent graduates in Biology organized in three meetings; 14 semi-structured interviews with the seven focal group participants and seven other graduates and/or alumnus of the course. The analytical trajectory was guided by the Foucauldian discourse analysis, which allowed us to describe the limits and possibilities of Sexual Education incorporated in this curriculum. In the first analytical chapter, I question ‘what biology has to say’ about sexuality and gender. The sayings of future biologists have raised questions, conflicts and contradictions stemming from a multitude of essentialist, foundational and universalist discourses that institute binarisms and norms about these dimensions of life. However, an incessant exercise in the problematization and deconstruction of these discourses left traces in this curriculum beyond what Biology used to ‘enunciate’, especially when recognizing sexuality and gender as ‘sociocultural constructs’. In arguing Sexual Education as a transdisciplinary field that encompasses discourses on sexuality and gender, from the enunciations of the participants, I discussed the disconnections and connections between biological-hygienist approaches and sociocultural, as well as problematizing the cultural pedagogies staged in this curriculum. In this scenario, I highlighted the limits and possibilities for changes and resignifications, since the curriculum investigated suggested both conflicts and destabilities and displacements resulting from the problematization of “absolute truths” about the themes of Sexual Education; mainly through the inclusion of the disciplines Body, Gender and Sexuality (BGS) and Cultural Perspectives in the teaching of Biology and Education, which instigated a discursive field with multiple identities and echoing differences beyond Biology. Contingent and transient conclusions allow us to synthesize this socio-cultural and political process rehearsed for a re-signification of Sexual Education “beyond the biological”, which instigates multiple questions and learning and/or unlearning about the regimes of truth in the field of Biology and different modes of production and/or maintenance of power relations that mark sexuality and gender.

Sexualkunskapen i skolan är viktig för att guida ungdomar framåt i livet, där vissa skolor lyckas bättre med denna uppgift än andra. Forskning kring resultat av sexualundervisningen finns, men studier som undersöker ungdomarnas uppfattning är mer sällsynt. Denna fenomenologiska studie ämnar bidra till att synliggöra elevernas åsikter och önskemål. Studien baseras på elva semistrukturerade intervjuer där 18-åriga ungdomar fått möjlighet att utvärdera och kommentera sexualkunskapen i skolan. I resultaten av den tematiska analysen framträdde tre tydliga teman: lärarens insats och påverkan, undervisningens innehåll och upplägg samt tid som ägnas åt ämnet. Det övergripande resultat som återfinns i samtliga intervjuer är besvikelse/missnöje, vilket även präglar resultaten av analysen. Ett oväntat resultat var att flertalet informanter var nöjda med sexualundervisningen i mellanstadiet, men att den blev sämre i högstadiet. Studiens resultat ger förståelse för att eleverna upplevt sexualkunskapen som knapphändig, ytlig och gammaldags samt att de önskar en uppdaterad undervisning som möter deras behov. Vidare önskas lärare som är trygga inom ämnet och därmed påvisar en säkerhet i rollen som sexualkunskapslärare, samt mer lektionstid för sexualkunskap. Studien utgör därmed ett bidrag till utvecklingen av dagens sexualundervisning. / Sexual education in school is important to provide a guideline forward in adolescents' lives, where some schools seem to accomplish this mission in a better way than others. Research in these results in education is available, but studies that examine adolescents' perception are rare. This phenomenological study aims to make visible the opinions and wishes of the students. The study is based upon semi-structured interviews in which eleven 18-year-olds had the opportunity to evaluate and comment on their sexual education in school. In the results of the thematic analyses three themes emerged; the teachers' contribution and impact, content and arrangement of the tuition, and time dedicated to the subject. The overall result that was found in all interviews was discontentment and disappointment, which also incuse the results of the analyses. An unexpected finding was that a majority of the informants were more satisfied with the sexual education at lower grades, but that it got worse at higher grades. The results of this study provides an understanding that the students perceive the sexual education as scanty, shallow and old fashioned and that they wish for a more updated tuition that meet their needs in a better way. Furthermore, there is a desire for teachers that are confident in the topic which leads to a confidence in their role as sexual educators, as well as more time in class for sexual education. The study thereby constitutes a contribution to the vega development of the contemporary sexual education.

Orientador: Elisabeth Gelli Yazlle / Banca: Solange Franci Raimundo Yaegashi / Banca: Maria de Fátima Araújo / Resumo: Este trabalho é fruto de nossas inquietações, em relação à educação sexual que as crianças vêm recebendo atualmente, principalmente em creche universitária. Tem como objetivo investigar a compreensão que as educadoras de creche têm acerca das manifestações da sexualidade de crianças de zero a três anos de idade. Considerando que as crianças pequenas manifestam sua sexualidade também no decorrer de seus contatos com tais adultos, abordamos, também, aspectos referentes à formação destes profissionais, especificamente na área da Educação Infantil, como também em um estudo mais aprofundado sobre educação sexual na infância. O desenvolvimento da sexualidade das crianças pequenas foi estudado sob o enfoque dos seguintes teóricos: Sigmund Freud, René Spitz, Jean Piaget e Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, que, com seus estudos contribuíram para explicar a evolução psíquica, afetiva e cognitiva de uma criança. Neste estudo foram entrevistadas oito educadoras de uma creche universitária, da cidade de Maringá-PR, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados uma entrevista semi-estruturada, com roteiro previamente estabelecido. A partir da análise das entrevistas foi possível verificar-se que, apesar das recentes informações sobre a sexualidade infantil, as educadoras apresentam dificuldades em educar seus alunos, principalmente pela não educação que tiveram enquanto crianças. / Abstract: This research happened because of the worries that were brought up by the work about sexual education developed in the university childcare center. The main objective of this study is to investigate the comprehension and knowledge that the childcare center educators have about sexuality of children from 0 to 3 years old. knowing that this children have sexual related behavior during their being with these adults, we also studied how these professionals were prepared, specially on their child education. The children's sexual behavior was studied under the theories of the following authors Sigmund Freud, Rene Spitz, Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, who also explained the Psychological, cognitive and affective development. In this paper eight child educators from the University of Maringa Childcare Center were interviewed in the city of Maringa-PR, using as means of data resource a semi-structured previously established schedule. From the interviews' analysis it was possible to see that, although the recent information about child sexuality, the educators had difficulties in educating the children of the childcare center, mostly because they weren't educated like that when they were children. / Mestre

Orientador: Tania Moron Saes Braga / Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a presença de ações educativas voltadas à sexualidade em uma escola pública de uma pequena cidade do interior paulista e as sugestões apontadas pelos professores e alunos para a viabilização de ações voltadas à realidade escolar. Foram utilizados questionários e registros de ocorrências para a coleta de dados junto a professores e alunos. Os resultados indicaram que a abordagem dos assuntos relativos à educação sexual está condicionada ao currículo de matérias específicas e vinculada à figura do professor, sendo realizada de maneira assistemática e descontínua, distante das proposições dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Utilizando-se o referencial da psicologia da saúde e os princípios da análise do comportamento, identificou-se a necessidade de programas de intervenção dirigidos primeiramente à capacitação de professores e, em seguida, à promoção da saúde de alunos, focando-se conteúdos e habilidades envolvidos no comportamento sexual saudável. / Abstract: The objective of this study is to identify the presence of educative actions directed to sexuality in a public school of a small town of the Paulista country and the sugestions showed by teachers and pupils to make possible the actions concerning the educational reality. Questionnaires and registrations of occurrences have been used to the data collection related to teachers and pupils. The results showed that the approach of the subjects relating to sexual education is conditioned to the curriculum of specific disciplines and linked to the teacher's figure, being performed in an asystematic and discontinuous way, remote from the propositions of the National Curricular Parameters. By using the reference of health psychology and the principles of behaviour analysis, it has been identified the necessity of intervention programs directed firstly to capacitate teachers and then to promote the pupils health, emphasizing contents and abilities involved in healthy sexual behaviour. / Mestre

Esta pesquisa teve como foco de análise representações de sexualidade presentes num Curso Normal noturno, de uma escola particular católica de Porto Alegre. Inserida no campo dos estudos feministas numa perspectiva pós-estruturalista, a pesquisa tomou como inspiração metodológica a etnografia e a produção de dados se deu a partir de observações sistemáticas ao longo de um semestre, análise documental e entrevistas individuais com as estudantes. A questão central da pesquisa - “Onde “está” a sexualidade num curso de formação de professoras?” - ampliou-se para a discussão de quando, onde e como a sexualidade entrava em cena naquele contexto escolar. Para tanto, foram criados três eixos analíticos que dizem do “currículo da sexualidade” neste curso: o “tempo” da sexualidade; o “espaço” da sexualidade e o “tom” da sexualidade. Esses três eixos se atravessam, e talvez seja possível afirmar que cada representação de sexualidade tem o seu tempo, o seu espaço e o seu tom para se fazer visível. Em relação ao primeiro eixo, enfatizo que, assim como é atribuído um “tempo da sexualidade” no curso (contando com uma aula específica sobre o tema), também na vida humana a sexualidade parece ter um tempo devido para aparecer, para se manifestar, para se desenvolver... Sobre o eixo “espaço da sexualidade”, volto o olhar para pelo menos dois “lugares”: os documentos da Escola e do Curso (mais especificamente o Projeto Educativo da Congregação da qual a escola faz parte, os Regimentos da Escola e do Curso Normal e os Planos de Estudos) e os espaços físicos onde questões de sexualidade puderam emergir – salientando que a sala de aula é um dentre outros lugares os quais desenham uma “geografia da sexualidade” naquele curso. E finalmente, sobre o “tom da sexualidade”, procuro mapear não só os discursos que foram utilizados, mas, principalmente, os modos como esses discursos se articulavam para dar conta das explicações, dos comentários, das recomendações e “dicas” em torno da sexualidade. O tom se refere, pois, ao como a sexualidade entrava em cena neste curso. / This research had as its main focus of analysis some sexual representations presented in a night course for Teachers’ Formation of a private Catholic school in Porto Alegre. Inserted in the field of feminist studies and in a post-structuralist perspective, the research had as its methodological inspiration the ethnography. The production of data was done through systematic observations during a term, documental analysis and individual interviews with the students. The core issue in this research - “Where is sexuality in a course to form teachers?” – was amplified to the discussion of when, where and how the sexuality started to become part of the course in that context. Three analytical axes were created in order to explain the “curriculum of sexuality” in this course: “time” for sexuality; “space” for sexuality and “tone” for sexuality. These three axes cross each other and it is possible to state that each representation of sexuality has its own time, space and tone to become apparent. In relation to the first axis, I emphasize that as it is given a “time for sexuality” in the course (being one specific class about the issue) the same happens in human life, the sexuality seems to have only one specific time to arise, to disclose, to develop... About the axis “space for sexuality”, I concentrate in at least two “places”: the School and Course documents (more specifically to the Educative Project of the Congregation which the school belongs to, the Internal Rules of the School and Teachers’ Formation Course and the Study Plans) and the physical spaces where the issues of sexuality could emerge – pointing out that the classroom is a place (among others) which draws the “geography of sexuality” in that course. Finally, about the “tone of sexuality”, I tried to map not only the speeches (informal talks) which were made, but also, the ways those speeches were articulated to favor their explanations, their comments, recommendations and “cues” concerning sexuality. The tone refers to how the sexuality comes on stage in the mentioned course.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Cabral2.pdf: 2453588 bytes, checksum: a040e619b1561537c695dd8acbc3a154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / The National Curricular Parameters (NCPs) included Sexual Education in the school curriculum as one of the cross-cutting themes in health, the main objective is to reduce the cases of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and teenage pregnancy. In 2007, the Health and Education Ministries established an intersectoral policy through the Health in School Program (PSE), which proposes to work on Sexual Education that is one of its components. Discussions about the work with the topic of sexuality in the classroom still generate polemics and conflicts between teachers and parents, when family and school should be co-responsible for the formation of the individual, helping young people in the pursuit of a healthy sexuality. This paper aims to describe what the parents of elementary school students in the municipal schools of Foz do Iguaçu-PR think about the teaching of sexual education which is proposed by the Health in School Program. The research was responded by 46 parents and / or heads of fifth year elementary students, who were individually interviewed and asked about the concept of Sex and Sexuality; what they think about sex education in school and who they assign the task of sexually educating their children to. The responses were recorded in audio and then transcribed, read, categorized and quantified. Most of the participants were mothers (78,2%). The participants were able to conceptualize Sex (65.1%), but were not safe about the meaning of the term sexuality, characterizing it only as the sexual orientation of a person (30%). They talk with their children mainly about Body Transformations and Body Care (19,3%). They consider it difficult to talk about Sexual Behavior (37%) and it is easy to talk about Sexuality, affection, intimacy (24,2%) and Body Transformations (22,1%). They chose the Family (73,5%) as the main responsible for sexually educating their children and consider it appropriate to talk about the topic between the ages of 10 and 12. They think the school should talk more about STD Prevention and condom use (25,5%) and the family should talk about various contexts of sexuality (24,2%). It was found that it is still necessary to clarify the definition of the basic terms of sex and sexuality among parents. Although they talk to their children about the subject, they restrict the conversations to topics linked to the biological part of the organism, such as the modifications of the body. Although they take responsibility for the sexual education of their children, they agree that the School plays an important role in teaching the theme to children and adolescents. Thus, parents regard sexual education as an issue to be addressed to when teaching sexuality in school. / Os Parâme¬tros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN s) incluíram no currículo da escola a Educação Sexual como um dos temas transversais em saúde, tendo como proposta principal a redução dos casos de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST s) e gravidez na adolescência. Em 2007, o Ministério da Saúde e da Educação estabeleceu uma política intersetorial por meio do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE), que propõe trabalhar em um dos seus componentes a questão da Educação Sexual. Discussões acerca do trabalho com a temática da sexualidade em sala de aula ainda geram polêmicas e conflitos entre professores e pais, quando família e escola deveriam ser corresponsáveis pela formação do indivíduo, auxiliando os jovens na busca de uma sexualidade sadia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o que pensam os pais de alunos do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Foz do Iguaçu-PR, aderidas ao PSE sobre o ensino da temática da Educação Sexual. A pesquisa contou com a participação de 46 pais e ou responsáveis de alunos do quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental, que foram entrevistados individualmente e indagados sobre o conceito de Sexo e Sexualidade; o que pensam sobre a educação sexual na escola e a quem atribuem a tarefa de educar sexualmente os filhos. As respostas foram gravadas em áudio e após transcritas, foram lidas, categorizadas e quantificadas. A maior adesão foi das mães (78,2%). Os participantes souberam conceituar Sexo (65,1%), porém não tem clareza sobre o significado do termo Sexualidade, caracterizando-a apenas como a Orientação Sexual de uma pessoa (30%). Conversam com os filhos principalmente sobre Transformações corporais e cuidados com o corpo (19,3%). Consideram difícil conversar sobre o Comportamento Sexual (37%) e tem facilidade para dialogar sobre Sexualidade, afeto, intimidade (24,2%) e Transformações corporais (22,1%). Elegeram a Família (73,5%) como principal responsável por educar sexualmente os filhos e consideram apropriado falar sobre o tema entre os 10 e 12 anos. Pensam que a escola deve falar mais sobre Prevenção de DST s e uso de preservativo (25,5%) e a família deve conversar sobre Diversos contextos da sexualidade (24,2%). Conclui-se que ainda é necessário esclarecer sobre a definição dos termos básicos de sexo e sexualidade entre os pais. Apesar de dialogarem com os filhos sobre a temática, restringem as conversas, a temas atrelados a parte biológica do organismo, como as modificações do corpo. Apesar de tomarem para si a responsabilidade sobre a Educação sexual dos filhos concordam que a Escola tem grande importância no ensinamento da temática para as crianças e adolescentes. Assim, educação sexual para pais poderia ser um foco do ensino em sexualidade na escola.

abstract: In the last 200 years, advancements in science and technology have made understanding female sexual function and the female body more feasible; however, many women throughout the US still lack fundamental understanding of the reproductive system in the twenty-first century. Many factors contribute to the lack of knowledge and misconceptions that women still have. Discussing sexual health tends to make some people uncomfortable and this study aims to investigate what aspects of somewhat recent US history in women’s health care may have led to that discomfort. This thesis examines the question: what are some of the factors that shaped women’s reproductive medicine in the US from the mid 1800s and throughout the 1900s and what influence could the past have had on how women and their physicians understand female sexuality in medicine and how physicians diagnose their female patients in the twenty-first century. A literature review of primary source medical texts written at the end of the 1800s provides insight about patterns among physicians at the time and their medical practice with female patients. Factors like gendered expectations in medical practice, misconceptions about the female body and behaviors, and issues of morality in sex medicine all contributed to women lacking understanding of sex female reproductive functions. Other factors like a physician’s role throughout history and non-medical reproductive health providers and solutions likely also influenced the reproductive medicine women received. Examining the patterns of the past provides some insight into some of the outdated and gendered practices still exhibited in healthcare. Expanding sexual education programs, encouraging discussion about sex and reproductive health, and checking gendered implicit bias in reproductive healthcare could help eliminate echoes of hysteria ideology in the twenty-first century medicine. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2019

Adolescents with developmental disabilities (DD) experience regular physical and sexual development. Some adolescents with developmental disabilities engage in problematic sexual behaviors (PSB). In order to be able to address the needs of this population in terms of prevention of PSB, and provision of effective treatment after PSB has begun, their experience must be understood and contributing factors identified. It is with this in mind that this study was designed, with the purpose being the exploration of the experiences of adolescents with DD who have engaged in sexually problematic behaviors, including compulsive or addictive patterns of behavior, and to identify the contributing factors for engaging in these behaviors. A grounded theory approach with a directed analysis component was used. Eleven participants were interviewed including five persons with developmental disabilities (PWDD) and six parents regarding the experiences of seven different individuals with DD who have engaged in PSB. Results of this study indicate that the presence of a DD increases the complexity of this experience. A model was created to explain the overall process of engaging in PSB as requiring exposure, motivation, opportunity, and deficits in sexual education. In addition, nine different factors were identified that may be contributing factors that increase the risk of an individual with DD engaging in PSB. These results may be of value for parents of children with DD, service providers, and educators.