Problématique : Les femmes travailleuses du sexe (TS) constituent la population le plus à risque d’infection au VIH dans différents pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. Plusieurs interventions y ont ainsi été menées pour réduire le risque d’infection en influant sur les facteurs de risque. Parmi ces interventions, on peut citer la promotion de l’utilisation du préservatif de même que le dépistage et le traitement des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST). Cependant, certaines composantes sont peu représentées dans ce panel d’interventions offertes aux femmes TS. Le conseil dépistage volontaire pourrait s’avérer une intervention utile de prévention primaire et secondaire pour cette population mais son acceptabilité est mal connue. Par ailleurs, en termes de surveillance de l’épidémie, l’évaluation de la validité de l’auto-rapport d’utilisation du préservatif, indicateur fréquemment utilisé lors d’enquêtes populationnelles serait souhaitable. Enfin, pour ce qui est de la prévention de l’infection dans cette population, l’effet du désir d’enfant sur l’utilisation non systématique du condom avec le principal partenaire régulier non payant est peu connu. Il en est de même pour la prévalence de certaines IST comme le VPH-16 et l’effet combiné de facteurs sociodémographiques, comportementaux et préventifs sur la présence de ces IST. Objectifs : Les objectifs de cette thèse sont 1) de mesurer l’acceptabilité et les conséquences du conseil dépistage volontaire du VIH chez les femmes TS de Conakry en Guinée; 2) d’évaluer la validité de l’auto-rapport de l’utilisation du préservatif dans cette population grâce à un indicateur biologique de présence de sperme, l’antigène spécifique de la prostate (PSA); 3) d’estimer la fréquence d’utilisation systématique du préservatif avec les partenaires clients et non-clients des femmes TS et d’étudier l’importance du désir d’enfant dans l’utilisation non systématique du préservatif avec le principal partenaire régulier non-client et 4) de mesurer la prévalence des IST et du VIH et d’étudier les facteurs sociodémographiques, comportementaux et préventifs qui y sont associés. Méthodologie : Nous avons mené une étude longitudinale dans la ville de Conakry en Guinée auprès de 421 femmes TS recrutées dans trois services de santé adaptés pour elles. Un devis mixte répété un an plus tard a permis de collecter des données quantitatives et qualitatives. Des analyses biologiques de dépistage des IST et du VIH ont été effectuées. Résultats : Le premier article de résultats présenté dans cette thèse montre que l’acceptabilité du conseil dépistage volontaire est élevée chez les femmes TS. En effet, les taux d’acceptation du test, de retour pour la prise de résultats et de notification du statut sérologique avoisinaient les 100%. Cette acceptabilité semblait être le fait d’une perception de risque d’infection élevé, mais aussi d’une pression sociale du milieu prostitutionnel pour effectuer le dépistage et révéler le statut sérologique. Les conséquences négatives au dépistage étaient rares. Le deuxième article montre que l’auto-rapport de l’usage récent du préservatif a une très faible sensibilité lorsque comparé à l’étalon d’or que constitue la PSA. Ainsi, la plupart des personnes chez qui la PSA était retrouvée ne rapportaient aucun rapport non protégé récent. La discordance entre l’auto-rapport d’utilisation récente du préservatif et la présence de PSA était associée à une perception de risque d’infection au VIH élevé. Enfin, la troisième section montre que si l’utilisation systématique du préservatif était très fréquente avec les clients, elle l’est beaucoup moins avec le principal partenaire régulier non-client. Le désir d’enfant de la femme TS contribue de manière significative à l’utilisation non systématique du condom avec ce type de partenaire. Des facteurs sociodémographiques, comportementaux et la coinfection par d’autres IST sont associés à la présence d’IST/VIH, ces dernières étant fréquentes dans la population des femmes TS malgré les nombreuses interventions qui y sont menées. Conclusion : En conclusion, l’on peut dire que la prévention du VIH chez les femmes TS constitue un défi nécessitant des interventions intégrées tenant compte du contexte commercial dans lequel ces interventions sont implantées et des aspirations des femmes TS en matière de reproduction. / Background: Female sex workers (FSW) constitute the population most at risk for HIV infection in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Several interventions have been implemented in this population to reduce the risk of infection. These interventions include the promotion of condom use and the screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, some components are poorly represented among the interventions offered to FSW. Voluntary counselling and testing could be a useful intervention of primary and secondary prevention for this population but the acceptability of this intervention by FSW is little-known. In addition, in terms of surveillance of the epidemics, the evaluation of the validity of self-reported condom use is important as this indicator is frequently used in population surveys. More information is also needed about the importance of the desire for children in using inconsistently condoms with the main non-paying regular partner. Finally, the prevalence of STIs such as HPV-16 and the combined impact of sociodemographic, behavioural and preventive factors on HIV/STIs infection in this population need to be assessed. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are 1) to measure the acceptability and the consequences of voluntary HIV counselling and testing among FSW in Conakry, Guinea; 2) to assess the validity of self-report condom use in this population through a biological indicator of semen, the prostate specific antigen (PSA); 3) to measure condom use with clients and non-client partners of FSW and to study the importance of the desire for children in inconsistent condom use with the main regular non-client partner and 4) to measure the prevalence of STIs and HIV and the socio-demographic, behavioural and preventive factors related to these infection outcomes. Methodology: We conducted a longitudinal study in the city of Conakry, Guinea among 421 FSW recruited in three health centers adapted for FSW. A longitudinal mixed design allowed for quantitative and qualitative data collections at baseline and one year later. Biological screening tests for STIs and HIV were performed. Results: The first article presented in this thesis showed that the acceptability of voluntary counselling and testing is high among FSW. The acceptance rate of testing, the return rate for results and disclosure of HIV status were close to 100%. This acceptability seemed to be the result of a high risk perception of HIV infection and of social pressure on FSW by the sex work stakeholders to undergo testing and to disclose their serostatus. Negatives consequences to VCT were rare. The second paper showed that self-reported recent condom use had a very low sensitivity when compared to the gold standard. Thus, most women in whom the PSA was found did not report any recent unprotected intercourse. The discrepancy between self-reported recent condom use and the presence of PSA was associated with a perceived high risk of HIV infection. The third section showed that while condom use was very common with clients, it was much less with non-client regular partners. The desire for pregnancy among SW contributed significantly to inconsistent condom use with this type of sexual partner. Socio-demographic characteristics, behavioural factors and co-infection with other STIs were associated with the presence of STIs and HIV, which were common despite all the interventions that were conducted in this population. Conclusion: In conclusion, HIV prevention among FSW is a challenge requiring the development of integrated strategies that take into account the commercial context in which these interventions are implemented but also FSW’s childbearing aspirations.

Introduction: Social networks have shown promise in curbing drug dependency and infectious diseases among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how relationship strength in social networks is associated with risk behaviours for infectious diseases. Methods: Two reviews were conducted: 1) a systematic review exploring the association between risk behaviours and relationship strength 2) a review on the utilization of respondent driven sampling (RDS). We also analyzed network data to determine the association between recent injection drug use and recent crack use. Results: Our reviews revealed that few studies link relationship strength and risk behaviours; moreover, RDS is effective method of sampling from marginalized populations. Finally, our analysis demonstrated that close relationships are associated with drug use. Conclusion: “Close” relationships are important in arbitrating injection drug use and crack smoking. More research addressing the issues of using data from dynamic social processes and hard-to-reach populations is needed.

MPH / Department of Public Health / The exchange of money or gifts for sexual relationships, also called transactional sex, is considered a sexual risk behaviour worldwide and continues to pose sexually-transmitted infections,unwanted pregnancies risks and other health complications among people engaging in these type of relationships. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex and its effects on health at the University of Venda. The study utilized a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design to understand the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex. The target populations of the study were registered students at the University of Venda. Purposive technique was used to recruit 18 participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using using Tesch’s thematic analysis. The study concluded that students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex as a material-based relationship, prostutition, immoral behaviour and abusive relationship.Students perceived socio-economic status, social classes, behavioural aspects and peer pressure to be the driving factors pushing students to engage in transactional sex. Transactional sex is common among the University community and has far-reaching public health as well as social consequences. Students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex an a bad behavior. This calls for the University to ensure that there are enough extra-mural activities for students to engage in,which could generate some pocket money, awarenesses and educate student not to engage in transactional sex and also provide health talks through printing of pamplets communicating massages against this practie.

MA (Youth in Development) / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / Commercial sex work (CSW) has turned out to be a subject of concern in most societies. CSW occurs in most countries of the world, and has existed since ancient times. Different nations have different viewpoints with regards to prostitution. In some nations it is illegal while in others it is legal. Prostitution is regarded as a social problem that offends culture, societal morals and values and leads to the spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). In most studies about sex work, male counterparts receive little attention but they play a role in the industry. In light of the profiled background context of the problem, this study explored the experiences of female sex workers (FSWs) at Ngundu Growth Point in Zimbabwe. This study endeavored to examine the circumstances that drive women into CSW and the impact of prostitution on the wellbeing of FSWs. The study further examined the role played by government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and health professionals towards service delivery to CSWs. In order to understand the experiences of sex worker intersectionality and feminist standpoint theories were deployed. A case study approach involving Ngundu growth point in Masvingo was utilized. The choice of Ngundu emanated from the fact that it is located along the highway that connects South Africa with Zimbabwe, Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo and as a result, it experiences varying prostitution encounters. Methodologically, the study followed a qualitative research path involving the use of open-ended interviews as data collection methods. A total of nine participants were interviewed that includes sex workers as well as the key informants. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis. The overall study finding was that prostitution at Ngundu is proliferating due to economic hardships where most people are unemployed and living in poverty. From the field interviews with those involved in the prostitution business, it emerged that the socioeconomic situation in the country is forcing women to be in the sex industry. The recommendation proffered is that is that the government should create employment opportunities for the people, open vocational training centres and there should be awareness campaigns targeting sex workers. / NRF

Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse visaient d'une part à déterminer si les enfants et adolescents abusés sexuellement consultaient et étaient davantage hospitalisés pour des problèmes de santé génito-urinaire que la population pédiatrique générale et d'autre part, à explorer ce qui pouvait expliquer cette différence le cas échéant. La thèse visait également à pallier les lacunes des études antérieures pour la plupart rétrospectives, transversales et conduites principalement auprès de filles, grâce à une méthodologie prospective et de cas-contrôle apparié en ayant recours aux diagnostics médicaux documentés dans les banques administratives publiques du Québec (RAMQ, MSSS) entre les années 1996 et 2013. Dans le premier article, à partir d'un échantillon de 882 enfants (1-18 ans) dont l'agression sexuelle a été corroborée et 882 enfants de la population générale appariés selon l'âge, le sexe et la région sociosanitaire, les résultats du modèle linéaire généralisé indiquent que les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle recevaient plus de diagnostics pour des problèmes de santé urinaire (RR: 2,1) et génitale (RR: 1,4), mais qu'aucune différence n'a été décelée pour les infections transmises sexuellement (ITS). Chez les garçons, ceux ayant été victimes d'agression sexuelle recevaient un nombre équivalent de diagnostics pour les problèmes de santé génitale et urinaire et les données étaient insuffisantes pour conduire des analyses et comparer les taux d'ITS. Selon le type de problèmes de santé analysé (santé génitale, urinaire ou ITS), les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle et celles de la population générale consultaient entre 2,5 et 11 fois en lien avec des diagnostics de troubles génito-urinaires comparativement aux garçons victimes ou ceux de la population générale. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance est associée à davantage de problèmes de santé urinaire et génitale chez les filles, mais pas chez les garçons. Des efforts de prévention et d'intervention précoce pour une bonne santé génito-urinaire chez les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle pourraient prévenir l'aggravation et la chronicisation de ces problèmes de santé à l'âge adulte. Le deuxième article quant à lui testait un modèle théorique biopsychologique selon lequel une plus grande détresse psychologique (mesurée par la comorbidité des troubles psychiatriques) expliquerait en partie l'effet de l'agression sexuelle sur le nombre accru de diagnostics génito-urinaires chez les filles. Les résultats issus des analyses de médiation conduites auprès de 661 filles victimes d'agression sexuelle et 661 filles de la population générale indiquent qu'après avoir contrôlé le statut socio-économique, le nombre d'années de données médicales et le nombre de diagnostics génito-urinaires/psychiatriques reçus avant la date de signalement de l'agression sexuelle, une plus grande comorbidité psychiatrique expliquait 23% de la relation entre l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance et le nombre de diagnostics urinaires et 62% de la relation entre l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance et le nombre de diagnostics génitaux. Ces résultats indiquent que plus les filles consultent après le signalement de l’agression sexuelle pour un grand nombre de troubles psychiatriques distincts (comorbidité) et plus leur risque de consulter ultérieurement pour des problèmes génito-urinaires est augmenté. Ainsi, cette conclusion suggère que l'émergence de problèmes de santé génito-urinaire des années après l'agression sexuelle pourrait être prévenue chez les filles en prenant soin directement de leur détresse psychologique. / The general objectives of this thesis were first, to determine whether children and adolescents who were sexually abused consulted or were hospitalized more often for genitourinary health problems than the general pediatric population and second, to explore what could explain this difference if any. This thesis also aimed to overcome limitations of previous studies who were retrospective, cross-sectionnal and conducted among girls for the majority, via a prospective matched-cohort design and medical diagnoses documented in Quebec's public administrative banks (RAMQ, MSSS) between 1996 and 2013. In the first article, using a sample of 882 children (1-18 years) with a substantiated report of sexual abuse and 882 children from the general population matched by age, sex and geographic area, the results of the generalized linear mixed model indicated that abused girls received more diagnoses for urinary (RR: 2.1) and genital (RR: 1.4) health problems, but no difference was found for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Among the boys, those who have been sexually abused received an equivalent number of diagnoses for genital or urinary health problems and there were insufficient data to conduct analyses and compare STIs rates. Depending on the genitourinary health problem, sexually abused girls and those from the general population received between 2.5 and 11 times more diagnoses than abused boys or those from the general population. The results of this study indicate that childhood sexual abuse is associated with more urinary and genital health problems in girls, but not in boys. Prevention and early intervention efforts for a good genitourinary health among girls victim of sexual abuse could prevent the aggravation and chronicisation of these health problems in adulthood. The second article tested a theoretical psychobiological model according to which greater psychological distress (as measured by psychiatric comorbidity) would partly explain the effect of sexual abuse on the increased number of genitourinary diagnoses among girls. Results form mediation analyses conducted with 661 sexually abused girls and 661 girls from the general population indicated that after controlling for socio-economic level, number of years of medical data and genitourinary/psychiatric diagnostics prior sexual abuse report date, greater psychiatric comorbidity explained 23% of the relationship between child sexual abuse and the number of urinary diagnoses and 62% of the relationship between child sexual abuse and the number of genital diagnoses. These results indicate that the more girls consult after the report of sexual abuse for a large number of distinct psychiatric conditions (comorbidity), the greater their risk to consult later for genitourinary health problems. Thus, this conclusion suggests that the emergence of genitourinary health problems years after the sexual abuse could be prevented among girls by taking direct care of their psychological distress.

Les clients de TS sont considérés comme un groupe à risque de VIH et aussi agiraient comme un « pont de transmission » entre les TS et les femmes de la population générale. En dépit de leurs comportements sexuels à risque, les clients de TS ont été rarement étudiés. En conséquence, les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse étaient : 1) estimer la prévalence du VIH, de la syphilis, du VHS-2 (virus de l’herpès simplex et 2) des facteurs de risque associés chez les clients de TS en Haïti, 2) examiner les déterminants de l’intention d’utilisation du condom, et 3) estimer la prévalence des comportements de violence et ses conséquences. Pour ce faire, une enquête transversale a été effectuée en 2006 auprès de 378 clients fréquentant les milieux de prostitution de St-Marc et de Gonaïves, en Haïti. Un questionnaire structuré ainsi que des échantillons de sang séché sur papier filtre ont été utilisés pour la collecte de données comportementales et biologiques. Notre premier article a montré une prévalence élevée du VIH et des ITS chez les clients. Ces hommes avaient plusieurs partenaires sexuelles avec lesquelles l’utilisation du condom variait. Les clients qui avaient déjà consommé de la marijuana, pratiquaient le vaudou, avaient des antécédents d’ITS ou étaient infectés par le VHS-2, avaient plus de chances d’être positifs au VIH. Le fait d’habiter Gonaïves, de ne pas être protestant, d’être employé et d’avoir déjà essayé la marijuana était associé à l’infection à la syphilis. Tandis que les clients plus vieux, ceux résidants à Gonaïves ainsi que ceux pratiquant le vaudou étaient plus souvent infectés par le VHS-2. Dans notre second article, nous avons démontré que les normes subjectives, le contrôle comportemental perçu et les attitudes étaient des déterminants importants de l’intention d’utilisation du condom. Les clients qui avaient des antécédents d’ITS ou avaient utilisé le condom lors de la dernière relation sexuelle avec la TS étaient aussi plus susceptibles d’avoir l’intention d’en faire usage dans le futur. Les résultats du dernier article ont montré que la prévalence des comportements de violence envers les partenaires intimes était élevée. De plus, la violence émotionnelle et physique était associée à l’utilisation inconstante du condom avec les différentes partenaires sexuelles. En conclusion, cette étude suggère que les clients de TS agiraient comme un pont de transmission facilitant la propagation du VIH/ITS dans la population générale en Haïti et que la violence semblerait également jouer un rôle dans la transmission de ces infections. Nos résultats soulignent le besoin d’interventions en prévention du VIH et des ITS ciblant cette population vulnérable, incluant la problématique de la violence. / Male clients of FSWs are a high risk group for HIV and are considered a “bridge” of transmission between FSWs and women in the general population, through unprotected sex. In spite of their high risk behaviours, clients of FSWs have rarely been studied and they have been the target of few interventions. Therefore, the specific objectives of this thesis were to examine 1) estimate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2) infections and their associated risk factors among clients of FSWs in Haiti, to 2) examine the determinants of intention to condom use, and 3) estimate the prevalence of violence towards their intimate partners and its association with sexual risky behaviours. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 378 clients visiting commercial sex sites in St-Marc and Gonaives, in Haiti. A structured questionnaire and dried blood spot samples were used to collect the behavioural and biological data. Our first research paper found that HIV/STI prevalence was remarkably high among clients of FSWs. These men had many sex partners and condom use differed, depending on the category of partner. Multivariate analysis indicated that clients who had tried marijuana, were practicing Voodoo, had a history of STI or were infected with HSV-2 were more often HIV-positive. Living in Gonaives, not being Protestant, being employed, and having tried marijuana were associated with syphilis infection. Older clients, residents of Gonaives and Voodoo practitioners were more likely to be infected with HSV-2. The second article revealed that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes were predictors of intention to use condoms within this population. Clients having had a previous STI and who used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse with a FSW were more likely to have the intention to use them in the future. The last article showed that prevalence of lifetime IPV was high among clients of FSWs. Moreover, history of emotional and physical IPV were strong predictors of inconsistent condom use with the different sexual partners. The fact that these abusive men are also more likely to be infected with an STI puts their sexual partners at high risk of infection. In summary, this study suggested that clients of FSWs likely act as a bridge population facilitating the spread of HIV/STI throughout the general population in Haiti and that violence seemed to play a role in the transmission. Our findings highlight the importance of STI/HIV prevention interventions addressing this vulnerable population, including gender-based violence.

Les clients de TS sont considérés comme un groupe à risque de VIH et aussi agiraient comme un « pont de transmission » entre les TS et les femmes de la population générale. En dépit de leurs comportements sexuels à risque, les clients de TS ont été rarement étudiés. En conséquence, les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse étaient : 1) estimer la prévalence du VIH, de la syphilis, du VHS-2 (virus de l’herpès simplex et 2) des facteurs de risque associés chez les clients de TS en Haïti, 2) examiner les déterminants de l’intention d’utilisation du condom, et 3) estimer la prévalence des comportements de violence et ses conséquences. Pour ce faire, une enquête transversale a été effectuée en 2006 auprès de 378 clients fréquentant les milieux de prostitution de St-Marc et de Gonaïves, en Haïti. Un questionnaire structuré ainsi que des échantillons de sang séché sur papier filtre ont été utilisés pour la collecte de données comportementales et biologiques. Notre premier article a montré une prévalence élevée du VIH et des ITS chez les clients. Ces hommes avaient plusieurs partenaires sexuelles avec lesquelles l’utilisation du condom variait. Les clients qui avaient déjà consommé de la marijuana, pratiquaient le vaudou, avaient des antécédents d’ITS ou étaient infectés par le VHS-2, avaient plus de chances d’être positifs au VIH. Le fait d’habiter Gonaïves, de ne pas être protestant, d’être employé et d’avoir déjà essayé la marijuana était associé à l’infection à la syphilis. Tandis que les clients plus vieux, ceux résidants à Gonaïves ainsi que ceux pratiquant le vaudou étaient plus souvent infectés par le VHS-2. Dans notre second article, nous avons démontré que les normes subjectives, le contrôle comportemental perçu et les attitudes étaient des déterminants importants de l’intention d’utilisation du condom. Les clients qui avaient des antécédents d’ITS ou avaient utilisé le condom lors de la dernière relation sexuelle avec la TS étaient aussi plus susceptibles d’avoir l’intention d’en faire usage dans le futur. Les résultats du dernier article ont montré que la prévalence des comportements de violence envers les partenaires intimes était élevée. De plus, la violence émotionnelle et physique était associée à l’utilisation inconstante du condom avec les différentes partenaires sexuelles. En conclusion, cette étude suggère que les clients de TS agiraient comme un pont de transmission facilitant la propagation du VIH/ITS dans la population générale en Haïti et que la violence semblerait également jouer un rôle dans la transmission de ces infections. Nos résultats soulignent le besoin d’interventions en prévention du VIH et des ITS ciblant cette population vulnérable, incluant la problématique de la violence. / Male clients of FSWs are a high risk group for HIV and are considered a “bridge” of transmission between FSWs and women in the general population, through unprotected sex. In spite of their high risk behaviours, clients of FSWs have rarely been studied and they have been the target of few interventions. Therefore, the specific objectives of this thesis were to examine 1) estimate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2) infections and their associated risk factors among clients of FSWs in Haiti, to 2) examine the determinants of intention to condom use, and 3) estimate the prevalence of violence towards their intimate partners and its association with sexual risky behaviours. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 378 clients visiting commercial sex sites in St-Marc and Gonaives, in Haiti. A structured questionnaire and dried blood spot samples were used to collect the behavioural and biological data. Our first research paper found that HIV/STI prevalence was remarkably high among clients of FSWs. These men had many sex partners and condom use differed, depending on the category of partner. Multivariate analysis indicated that clients who had tried marijuana, were practicing Voodoo, had a history of STI or were infected with HSV-2 were more often HIV-positive. Living in Gonaives, not being Protestant, being employed, and having tried marijuana were associated with syphilis infection. Older clients, residents of Gonaives and Voodoo practitioners were more likely to be infected with HSV-2. The second article revealed that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes were predictors of intention to use condoms within this population. Clients having had a previous STI and who used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse with a FSW were more likely to have the intention to use them in the future. The last article showed that prevalence of lifetime IPV was high among clients of FSWs. Moreover, history of emotional and physical IPV were strong predictors of inconsistent condom use with the different sexual partners. The fact that these abusive men are also more likely to be infected with an STI puts their sexual partners at high risk of infection. In summary, this study suggested that clients of FSWs likely act as a bridge population facilitating the spread of HIV/STI throughout the general population in Haiti and that violence seemed to play a role in the transmission. Our findings highlight the importance of STI/HIV prevention interventions addressing this vulnerable population, including gender-based violence.

The term 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) as commonly used by HIV/AIDS researchers and policy makers is said to describe an obvious group of men. Or does it? While MSM disrupts the homosexual/heterosexual dichotomy through focusing on sexual practices rather than sexual identity, it remains entrenched in binary understandings of sex and gender. Influenced by queer and trans theories, a genderqueer methodology is employed to examine what discourses are deployed when MSM are categorized as a seemingly homogenous group. Who are the “men” in MSM and what are the material consequences of MSM discourse in HIV/AIDS work? Guided by feminist poststructural and Foucauldian theories, this study highlights how MSM discourse functions to exclude trans, intersex, and other non-normative sexed and gendered people while considering the potentially deadly effects of this discourse on those outside of MSM categorizations particularly focusing on its use in the Canadian Guidelines on STIs.

The lack of a contextualised, relevant communication strategy focusing specifically on HAST diseases in the Limpopo Province was the impetus for this research. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to explore the knowledge, perceptions and utilisation of health facilities for HAST in order to develop an acceptable and effective communication strategy for the Province to address the high rate of HAST diseases. The study followed a qualitative approach guided by the major tenets of the Health Belief Model, namely, to determine modifying factors, individual beliefs and cues for action. An in-depth literature review was followed by focus group interviews with the community members and personal interviews with District and Provincial Deputy Directors. Based on these findings, a communication strategy was drafted and piloted for three months in one of the districts in Limpopo. Further refinement of the communication strategy followed after member-checking and further interviews with directors HAST. The final strategy specifically focused on risk groups with each of the diseases in terms of their beliefs and perceptions. It further resulted in guidelines for health providers in terms of the content and implementation of effective communication strategies within the context of educational, cultural, social and economic factors relevant to Limpopo / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

MPH / Department of Public Health / The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among High Schools has reached an epidemic level, calling for public health intervention. The study purpose was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviours related to STIs among learners at a selected high school in Collins Chabane Municipality. A quantitative-descriptive study was carried among 2018 officially registered high school learners in Malamulele. Malamulele West was conveniently selected because of the accessibility and Photani High School was selected purposefully. A simple-random sampling technique was used to select 252 respondents. Data collected with self-administered questionnaires was analysed using SPSS software version 25.0, the response rate was 100%. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationships between more categorical variables. Statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. Majority (63.1%) of the respondents never knew of STIs. Majority of respondents (31%) incorrectly identified the types and causative organisms of STIs. Poor knowledge on the modes of transmission was found amongst 73% of the population. Majority of the respondents (67%) did now know that STIs are infections. A large proportion (54%) had a positive attitude on STIs as they emphasised the importance of STI screening. Misconceptions regarding STIs is rife, 61% and 59.9% of the respondents believed preventing STIs by going to church every Sunday and sleeping with virgins respectively. 95.6%) were sexual active and 29% of the respondents had poor knowledge on risk sexual behaviours. Respondents had adequate knowledge regarding treatment as 56% of the respondents reported knowing where to seek treatment. However, 92.1% respondents reported bad treatment by nurses. Each high school should be allocated a social worker and a nurse for the coordination of awareness campaigns on STIs. Churches should offer formal programs regarding STIs to their congregants in collaboration with universities and clinics. / NRF