Diploma thesis introduces general principles of design and build of Shared Service Centres. Shared Service Centre is described as a suitable platform for streamlining of internal supporting services. The thesis also introduces general principles of internal processes transformation into a shared service as well as procedure for selection of suitable location. Final assessment presents most convenient countries in the world for implementation of Shared Service Centres.

Human Resources arbetet har präglats av ständiga förändringar och ställt krav på organisationers anpassning till utvecklingen vilket främst skett genom framtagna modeller. Konceptet HR-transformation och modellen shared service har fått stort genomslag i Sverige där fokuset varit på att centralisera och effektivisera HR-arbetet. Genom att ändra fokus från det administrativa arbetet och frigöra tid för att arbeta mer strategisk och värdeskapande. Intresset av att studera en genomförd HR-transformation väcktes i och med våra anställningar i en offentlig organisation som vi visste med oss nyligen genomgått en omorganisering av HR-funktionen likt en HR-transformation. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka HR-medarbetares och chefers upplevelser av de förändringar som en omorganisation likt en HR-transformation har medfört. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en empirisk ansats där fokuset är på respondenternas egna upplevelser av det undersökta fenomenet. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat från 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer med både HR-medarbetare och chefer. I resultatet från den offentliga organisationen vi studerat identifierades två framträdande konsekvenser som deras genomförda HRT medfört, det verksamhetsnära stödet och relationer. Det verksamhetsnära stödet som chefer efterfrågade var främst en verksamhetsförståelse från HR-medarbetare. Cheferna önskade att HR-medarbetare hadeförståelse för den specifika kontext chefen befinner sig i, då det inom en offentlig organisationfinns olika typer av verksamheter som kräver anpassningar i HR-medarbetares stöd samt förhållningssätt. Vidare visade studiens resultat att både HR-medarbetare och chefer ansåg att relationerna påverkats av HR-transformationen. Det centraliserade och digitaliserade mötet har försvårat dialogen och samarbetet vilket utmanat relationen mellan HR-medarbetare och chefer. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna studie likt tidigare forskning att organisationer bör involvera både HR-medarbetare och chefer vid implementeringen av en HR-transformation samt att modellen anpassas efter den organisatoriska kontexten för att lyckas med samsynen kring HR-arbetet i en organisation. / Human Resources ' work has been characterized by constant changes and placed demands on organizations' adaptation to development, which has mainly been done through developed models. The concept of HR-transformation and the shared service model have had a major impact in Sweden, where the focus has been on centralizing and streamlining HR work. By changing the focus from the administrative work and freeing up time to work more strategic and value-creating. The interest in studying a completed HR-transformation was aroused by our employment in a public organization that we knew had recently undergone are organization of the HR function like an HR-transformation. This study aims to investigate HR employees' and managers' experiences of the changes that a reorganization like an HR-transformation has brought. The study is based on a qualitative research method with an empirical approach where the focus is on the respondents' own experiences of the investigated phenomenon. The empirical material is collected from 10 semi-structured interviews with both HR employees and managers. In the results from the public organization we studied, two prominent consequence of their implemented HR-transformation were identified, the operational support and relationships.The business-related support that managers requested was primarily a business understanding from HR employees. The managers wanted HR employees to understand the specific context the manager is in, as within a public organization there are different types of business that require adjustments in HR employees' support and approach. Furthermore, the results of the study showed that both HR employees and managers felt that relationships were affected by the HR-transformation. The centralized and digitized meeting has made dialogue and collaboration more difficult, which has challenged the relationship between HR employees and managers. In summary, this study shows similar too previous research that organizations should involve both HR employees and managers in the implementation of an HR-transformation and that the model is adapted to the organizational context to succeed with the consensus on HR work in an organization.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the accountability movement that has engulfed education in the last 20 years have put leadership at the heart of school improvement. Student achievement is affected by multiple factors that must be addressed with unique leadership skills and specialized knowledge. No one person can be responsible for orchestrating the success of each student within a school building. When members of a school community share responsibility for the many activities that contribute to student learning, the work of educational leaders becomes a manageable task. The purpose of this study was to create an operational definition of shared leadership by identifying key descriptors that define the characteristics and behaviors of shared leadership and the aspects of school cultures in which it can be effective. The procedure used to construct a rich description of shared leadership was a three-round Delphi study. A panel of experts was assembled from writers or researchers in the field of leadership and superintendents, principals, and teachers who have practiced shared leadership in the school environment. The first-round Delphi instrument consisted of four open-end questions that asked for key words or phrases that describe the characteristics and behaviors of shared leadership, key words or phrases that describe aspects of school cultures in which shared leadership can be effective, and key words or phrases that describe barriers to shared leadership. In the second round, panelists were asked to rate the compiled responses from round one on a four-point scale. In the third round, panelists received statistical information based on second-round responses. They were allowed to revise opinions once more using a four-point scale. Using the Delphi technique, the panel of experts reached consensus on 84 critical elements of effective shared leadership. An inventory that can be used by schools as a guide for planning, implementing, and evaluating shared leadership in school settings was created from the data. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study is to explore Swedish leaders in staffing agencies experiences, thoughts, and insights regarding the implementation of the legislative works around SAM (Systematic Work Environmental Management AFS 2001:1). In the context of SAM, the legislation entails a complex triangular relationship between the staffing agency, their customer, and the consultant. In this relationship the consultant finds themselves with two leaders, who must establish a cooperation across organisational borders to create a sufficient working environment. With an inductive approach to this phenomenon, three themes were derived from the conducted interviews: Risk for complacency, Tear in responsibility and Experiences of Shared Leadership. The findings displayed a risk for complacency for the respondents, as the comfort of long-term contracts and well-established routines diminished the incentive to conduct recurring risk assessments. The respondent’s detachment from the daily activities of the consultants resulted in a sense of deflection of the daily responsibilities on the customer and consultants. Finally, the theoretical notion of shared leadership offered some insight in the dual managerial position that is created in the context of working environment management in the staffing industry. This relation was explored through an inter-organisational perspective.

The purpose of this study was to assess the status of institutional stakeholders’ perceptions and application of shared governance on an American higher education campus and a counterpart in China and determine if there were differences among the groups of stakeholders both within and between the institutions. Significant differences were found among the four categories of participants at the Chinese institution. For the General Acceptance dimension of the Perceptions of Shared Governance Inventory (PSGI) the Chinese staff members reported significantly higher scores than all the other three categories. For the Implementation dimension, staff members and the students scored significantly higher than the administrators and the faculty members. For the two dimensions of the Application of Shared Governance Inventory (ASGI), administrators reported significantly higher scores than the other categories. At the participating American university, a significant difference was found between the students and the administrators in the General Acceptance dimension. Comparisons between the American institution and the Chinese institution found that the Chinese faculty members scored significantly higher than Americans in the General Acceptance dimension, but the American faculty members scored significantly higher in both the General Acceptance and the Implementation dimensions. Chinese staff members and the Chinese students scored significantly higher than Americans in both the General Acceptance and the Implementation dimensions, but the American staff members and the American students scored significantly higher in both the General Acceptance and the Implementation dimensions. Also, years of service plays a significant role in two Chinese groups.

Problem:                      What role do sub-contractors have in a partnering project? Purpose:                       The purpose of the case study is to describe, explain and understand the sub-contractor’s role in a partnering project. The study will complement existing partnering research that is one-dimensional. Method:                       The study had an abductive approach and was based on a literature study, which collected secondary data and created the theoretical framework, and a qualitative case study, where semi-structured interviews collected primary data and created the empirical chapter. The empirical study is based on interviews with six respondents, all participants in the same project, three sub-contractors, one main contractor and one project manager. To ensure that the empirical study answered the issue and is relevant in relation to the theoretical framework, an operationalization scheme was used in the development of the interview guide. The interviews were transcribed, commented, categorized and coded. The empirical study was built around the themes presented in the theoretical framework. The analysis was done by systematically testing the empirical material against the theories. The study has limited generalization possibilities since it only highlights one project but the study is not meant for generalization. Conclusion:                  The case study complements existing knowledge through the factors participation and trust where the sub-contractors role is explained, described and understood in the Swedish construction industry. Organisations and individuals who want to understand the role of the sub-contractor in a partnering project can use the case study. It can also be used in a more general meaning to raise knowledge about partnering. The study shows that formal means are not as crucial as earlier research states; instead the informal means are the important ones. / Frågeställning:            Vilken roll har underentreprenörerna i ett partneringprojekt? Metod:                          Studien genomfördes med en abduktiv ansats och baseras på en litteraturstudie, som samlade in sekundärdata och skapade den teoretiska referensramen, och en kvalitativ fallstudie, där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes som samlade in primärdata och ligger till grund för empiri-kapitlet. Den empiriska studien baseras på ett urval av sex respondenter, alla aktörer i samma projekt, tre underentreprenörer, en huvudentreprenör och en projektledare. För att säkerställa att den empiriska studien besvarade frågeställningen och var relevant i förhållande till litteraturstudien gjordes ett operationaliseringsschema som användes vid utvecklandet av intervjuguiden. Intervjuerna transkriberades, kommenterades, kategoriserades och kodades. Empirin byggdes upp kring de teman som presenterades i den teoretiska referensramen. Analysarbetet skedde genom att systematiskt testa empiri mot teori. Studien har begränsade generaliseringsmöjligheter eftersom den endast utgår ifrån ett projekt. Den är dock inte menad att användas för att generalisera. Slutsats:                        Studien kompletterar befintlig kunskap genom faktorerna delaktighet och förtroende som beskriver, förklarar och förstår underentreprenörers roll i den svenska byggindustrin. Studien kan användas av organisationer och individer som vill förstå underentreprenörens roll i ett partneringprojekt. Den kan också användas för att få en mer generell förståelse för partnering. Studien visar att formella medel inte är lika avgörande som tidigare forskning menar utan det är de informella medlen som har betydelse.

A large software system is built by composing multiple programs, possibly developed independently. The component programs communicate by sharing data. Data sharing involves creation of instances of the shared data by one program, called the producer, and its interpretation by another program, called the consumer. Valid instances of shared data and their correct interpretation is usually specified by a protocol or a standard that governs the communication. If a consumer misinterprets or does not handle some instances of data produced by a producer, it is called as a data compatibility bug. Such bugs manifest as various forms of runtime errors that are difficult to find and fix. In this work, we define various compatibility relations, between both producer-consumer programs and version-related programs, that characterize various subtle requirements for correct sharing of data. We design and implement a static analysis to infer types and guards over elements of shared data and the results are used for automatic compatibility checking. As case studies, we consider two widely used shared data-the TIFF structure, used to store TIFF directory attributes in memory, and IEEE 802. 11 MAC frame header which forms the layer 2 header in Wireless LAN communication. We analyze and check compatibility of 6 pairs of producer-consumer programs drawn from the transmit-receive code of Linux WLAN drivers of 3 different vendors. In the setting of version-related programs, we analyze a total of 48 library and utility routines of 2 pairs of TIFF image library (libtiff) versions. We successfully identify 5 known bugs and 1 new bug. For two of known bugs, bug fixes are available and we verify that they resolve the compatibility issues.

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samt analysera hur linjechefer uppfattar en centraliserad HR-funktion, då tidigare forskning påvisar att en HR-transformation kan innebära utmaningar. Det har tidigare konstaterats att samspelet mellan linjechefer och HR-funktionen påverkas av omorganiseringen och aktörerna måste inta nya roller samt förvärva nya kunskaper. Tidigare forskning belyser även att det som förefaller effektivt på en övergripande nivå inte alltid upplevs som effektivt för linjecheferna och därmed behöver linjechefernas åsikter beaktas. Studien bidrar till att synliggöra utvecklingsmöjligheter och förhoppningen har varit att HR-center inom en offentlig organisation ska kunna använda resultatet för att generera ett ändamålsenligt stöd. Studien har genomförts inom Falu kommun som nyligen har genomgått en HR-transformation. För att uppnå syftet har en kvalitativ fallstudie med åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Resultatet från intervjuerna har sedan analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning inom ämnet för att kunna förstå vad empirin säger i förhållande till teori. Resultatet visar på att en centraliserad HR-funktion skapar en större styrka till organisationen, genom att HR-specialisterna kan utbyta kunskaper med varandra. HR-transformationen medför dock nya tillvägagångssätt för att hantera personalfrågor och linjecheferna saknar den personliga kontakten. Den nya shared service-organisationen som innebär att linecheferna ska kunna söka ett mer specialiserat stöd hos olika HR-funktioner, leder till att linjecheferna har många olika HR-handläggare i olika ärenden. Respondenterna är överens om att detta är en av baksidorna med HR-transformationen och efterfrågar kontakt med en specifik HR-medarbetare. Linjechefernas anställningstid har betydelse för hur omorganiseringen uppfattas. De linjechefer som varit med under HR-transformationen saknar i större utsträckning en HR-medarbetare på plats. För att HR-funktionen ska få en förståelse för linjechefernas arbete behöver de vara mer närvarande ute i organisationen. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning förefaller det dock finnas en tydlig arbetsfördelning och linjecheferna ser personalansvaret som positivt. Sammanfattningsvis uppfattar linjecheferna den centraliserade HR-funktionen som positiv, HR-medarbetarna är kunniga och stöttande i alla personalärenden. Det finns dock utvecklingsmöjligheter att ta i beaktande för att HR-transformationen ska skapa värde och effektivitet för såväl linjechefer som för HR-funktionen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze how line managers perceive a centralized HR function, as previous research shows that an HR transformation can pose challenges. It has previously been found that the interaction between line managers and the HR function is influenced by the reorganization and the operators must take on new roles and acquire new knowledge. Earlier research also highlights that what seems to be effective at an overall level is not always perceived as effective for the line managers and thus the line managers' views need to be considered. The study contributes to highlighting development opportunities and the hope has been that HR centers within a public organization should be able to use the results to generate appropriate support. The study has been carried out within Falu commune which has recently undergone an HR transformation. To achieve the purpose, a qualitative case study with eight semi-structured interviews has been conducted. The results of the interviews have then been analyzed based on previous research in the subject in order to understand what the empiricism says in relation to theory. The result shows that a centralized HR function creates a greater strength for the organization, because the HR specialists can exchange knowledge with each other. The HR transformation, however, entails new approaches to managing personnel issues and the line managers lack the personal contact. The personal contact does not necessarily mean that there is an HR employee out in the administrations. The new shared service organization, which means that the line managers should be able to apply for a more specialized support from different HR functions, leads to the line managers having many different HR managers in different cases. The respondents agree that this is one of the back sides to the HR transformation and asks for contact with a specific HR employee. The line managers' employment period is important for how the reorganization is perceived. The line managers who participated in the HR transformation lack a HR employee on site to a greater extent. For the HR function to gain an understanding of the work of the line managers, they need to be more present in the organization. However, unlike previous research, it seems that there is a clear division of labor and the line managers see personnel responsibility as positive. To sum up, the line managers perceive the centralized HR function as positive, the HR employees are knowledgeable and supportive in all staff matters. However, there are development opportunities to consider in order for the HR transformation to create value and efficiency for both line managers and for the HR function.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-06T12:10:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cléber Alexandre Agazzi_.pdf: 3762662 bytes, checksum: 0f34e06d7787ebe4575c698c49267877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T12:10:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cléber Alexandre Agazzi_.pdf: 3762662 bytes, checksum: 0f34e06d7787ebe4575c698c49267877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / SICREDI- Sistema de Crédito Cooperativo / A estratégia de centralização de serviços vem sendo adotada por muitas empresas como forma de organizar as atividades de back office, buscando pela redução de custos e melhoria de eficiência das operações. Essa estratégia de centralização pode seguir diferentes trajetórias, as quais variam em grau de consolidação. Seguir caminhos que levam a um nível menor de consolidação faz com que não se usufrua dos benefícios máximos do ganho de escala, um dos principais fatores para uma estratégia de eficiência em custo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo busca compreender por que, em um sistema de cooperativas de crédito, algumas cooperativas optam por desenvolver estruturas locais para centralização de serviços, ao invés de utilizar a estrutura do centro de serviços compartilhados disponível para todo o sistema através de sua confederação, abdicando em parte dos ganhos de escala. Em caráter qualitativo-descritivo, através do estudo de caso, foram entrevistados executivos das cooperativas e da confederação e, após a análise de conteúdo, foi possível demonstrar que há racionalidade na estratégia adotada pelas cooperativas, uma vez que modelos encontrados durante a fase de revisão de literatura podem suportar essa afirmação. Além do tema central de estudo, a revisão de literatura abordou temas relacionados ao contexto em que a organização objeto do estudo está inserida, o que auxiliou na compreensão e revelou alguns fatores distintivos desse tipo de organização, os quais também geram influência sobre o cenário. Sob a perspectiva acadêmica, o estudo preenche lacunas de pesquisa quando aplica um modelo de análise desenvolvido em outro país em uma empresa privada no Brasil. Já no âmbito gerencial, fornece informações importantes e apresenta uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada em definições estratégicas sobre centralização de serviços. / Many companies have adopted a strategy of centralized services as a way of organizing back office activities, seeking a reduction of costs and improving the overall efficiency of operations. This strategy of centralization can follow different trajectories, which vary in degree of consolidation. Following paths that lead to a lower level of consolidation means that one cannot sow the maximum gains of scale, one of the main factors of a cost efficient strategy. In this sense, the present study seeks to comprehend why, in a system of credit unions, some credit unions choose to develop local structures in order to centralize services, instead of using the structure of the shared service center (SSC) available to all the system through it’s “confederation”, abdicating in part in gains related to scale. By using a descriptive qualitative case study, executives of credit unions and of the “confederation” were interviewed and, after analyzing this content, it was possible to demonstrate that there is rationality behind the strategy adopted by the credit unions, taking into consideration that models found during the bibliographical review can support this statement. Beyond the central theme of the study, the bibliographical review addressed themes related to the context in which the object organization is inserted, which aided in the comprehension and revealed some distinct factors of this type of organization, which also influenced the scenario. Within an academic perspective, the study fills gaps of research when applying a model of analysis, developed in another country, to a private company in Brazil. In an overall perspective, the study provides important information and presents a tool that can be used in strategic definitions about centralizing services.