This paper proposes the notion that early Native American autobiographical writings from such authors as William Apess provide rich sources for understanding syncretic authors and their engagement with dominant Anglo-Christian culture. Authors like William Apess construct an understanding of what constitutes Indianness in similar and different ways to the master narratives produced for Native peoples. By studying this nonfiction, critics can gain a broader understanding of contemporary Indian fiction like that of Sherman Alexie. The similarities and differences between the strategies of these two authors reveal entrenched stereotypes lasting centuries as well as instances of bold re-signification, a re-definition of Indianness. In analyzing these instances of re-signification, this paper focuses on the performance of re-membering, the controversy of assimilation/authenticity, accessing audience, the discourse of Indians as orphans, and journeys to the metropolis.

La scène théâtrale postdramatique, telle qu'Hans-Thies Lehmann la décrit, a souvent recours à la mise en place d'éléments de réel et de fiction qu'elle proclame comme tels. Ce faisant, elle se rallie à la discipline de la performance et porte le spectateur à percevoir le théâtre en tant que « processus » de création et de représentation. La série photographique Untitled Films Stills de Cindy Sherman interpelle le public d'une façon similaire, par l'ambiguïté entre le réel et le simulacre que le sujet photographié, toujours Sherman, met en place. Nous constatons que plutôt que de présenter des illusions parfaites, le photographique et le postdramatique témoignent d'une volonté de produire des instants fictionnels qui s'affichent pour produire un discours sur le réel, leur pratique et sur les actants qui y participent. Le premier chapitre de ce mémoire convoque quelques théories concernant l'œuvre de Cindy Sherman. Le courant photographique dans lequel sa pratique s'inscrit, ses inspirations majeures, soit Diane Arbus et Andy Warhol, tout autant que l'inscription de sa démarche artistique sur son propre corps, confèrent à l'artiste une grande singularité. Nous appliquant par la suite à l'examen des illustres Untitled Films Stills, nous relevons les raisons pour lesquelles cette série évoque en nous un caractère énigmatique. Nous appuyant sur les théories de Rosalind Krauss, Régis Durand et Arthur Danto, nous soulevons la dualité entre le réel et la fiction que met en lumière l'œuvre de Sherman. Une fois l'œuvre initiatrice exposée, nous définissons les composantes esthétiques générales du théâtre postdramatique en nous attardant davantage au texte, à la présence et à la réception du public. Nous effectuons cette réflexion en regard de l'ouvrage intitulé Le Théâtre postdramatique d'Hans-Thies Lehmann. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la notion de performance et plus particulièrement à l'idée de « présent continu » et de « marge » du théâtre tels que décrits par Josette Féral. Nous montrons par la suite pourquoi il est judicieux de recourir à la forme postdramatique pour créer notre essai scénique, qui divulgue notre point de vue sur l'œuvre de Cindy Sherman. L'essai scénique produit dans le cadre de cette maîtrise est l'exemple auquel nous recourrons afin de montrer que l'utilisation de quatre caractéristiques stylistiques du théâtre postdramatique (la mise en musique, l'irruption du réel, la parataxe et la simultanéité des actions) peut engendrer un discours à la fois sur l'œuvre citée, notre point de vue par rapport à celle-ci, ainsi que sur l'acte théâtral. Nous présentons comment nous avons décortiqué sur la scène, ce que l'instant et l'acte photographique chez Cindy Sherman condensent et camouflent partiellement à notre avis, révélant ainsi notre point de vue quant à l'œuvre initiatrice de ce projet. Étaler sur scène les souvenirs populaires, qu'évoquent en nous les photographies de Cindy Sherman, nécessite un examen attentif de ce qu'elles renferment. Écrire, mettre en scène et agir à titre de performeuse au sein d'un spectacle qui divulgue notre point de vue sur une œuvre, suppose non seulement de se commettre en tant que personne, mais également d'exposer la mémoire de sa propre culture. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Théâtre postdramatique, Cindy Sherman, Untitled Films Stills, Photographique, Réel

The regnant interpretation of the American Civil War includes the fact that it evolved into a “total war,” which adumbrated the total wars of the twentieth century. Mark E. Neely, in 1991, published an influential paper calling this interpretation into question for the first time. In the article Neely revealed that the first mention of “total war” in connection with the Civil War was an article written in 1948 by John Bennett Walters about Gen. William T. Sherman and a raid he ordered on Randolph, Tennessee in reprisal for an attempted hijacking of the packet boat Eugene on the Mississippi River. Walters castigates Sherman’s raid as brutal, cruel, and wanton and tries to depict Sherman as a violent and hateful man who set out to punish Southerners for turning their backs on the Union. He—along with modern residents of Tipton County, Tennessee—claim that Sherman burned the whole town to the ground. But a close investigation of the target of Sherman’s attack shows that Randolph, Tennessee had been a ghost town since the mid 1840s with the result that very little actual damage was done. There may have been as many as six dwellings in the area along with dozens of abandoned and derelict buildings. Sherman’s orders to the troops were to let the citizens know that Union officials abhorred this kind of violence but were forced by guerilla activities to burn their homes to discourage continued attacks on river boats. The residents were given sufficient time to remove their belongings before the buildings were set afire. The results of this investigation suggest that the raid on Randolph might be emblematic of much of the purported devastation of the South by Sherman and his armies. Perhaps the “total war” on the South was illusory and has been greatly exaggerated along with the destructiveness of the Civil War. The term “total war” seems never to have been used in the nineteenth century. Total war is a twentieth-century term and is completely bound up with twentieth-century technology, especially with aircraft as weapons of mass destruction. The kind of destruction encompassed by “total war” was unimaginable in Civil War times, especially the deliberate killing of noncombatant civilians. It is argued, then, that the use of the term “total war” to describe the American Civil War is anachronistic and thus entails the projection of twentieth century realities into the past.

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In this dissertation two art works of two female artists, Cindy Sherman and Berni Searle, are analysed comparatively using a method developed in semiotics. The artworks of Sherman that are used in this dissertation forms part of her Untitled Film Stills series and the artworks of Searle that are discussed forms part of her Looking Back series. The artworks and artists are contextualised within the postmodernism and within the realm of performance art. The study focuses on and discusses the way in which these two artists depict identity in their artworks. In Sherman's artworks this identity is linked to a Western, white identity. In contrast with this, the identity that Searle depicts is linked to an African, coloured identity. The study is concluded by a comparative summary of the different identities Sherman and Searle represent in their artworks as well as the way in which they represent these identities. / Thesis (M.A. (History of Arts))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

In this dissertation two art works of two female artists, Cindy Sherman and Berni Searle, are analysed comparatively using a method developed in semiotics. The artworks of Sherman that are used in this dissertation forms part of her Untitled Film Stills series and the artworks of Searle that are discussed forms part of her Looking Back series. The artworks and artists are contextualised within the postmodernism and within the realm of performance art. The study focuses on and discusses the way in which these two artists depict identity in their artworks. In Sherman's artworks this identity is linked to a Western, white identity. In contrast with this, the identity that Searle depicts is linked to an African, coloured identity. The study is concluded by a comparative summary of the different identities Sherman and Searle represent in their artworks as well as the way in which they represent these identities. / Thesis (M.A. (History of Arts))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 70 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).

Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra Cindy Shermans och Francesca Woodmans sätt att arbeta med temat identitet och sätta detta i relation till ett didaktiskt perspektiv. Utifrån frågeställningarna: Vad finns det för likheter och skillnader mellan Cindy Shermans och Francesca Woodmans sätt att arbeta med identitet genom fotografi? och Hur kan man utifrån dessa fotografer arbeta med identitet i bildundervisningen? kommer en komparativ analys göras på fyra bilder. Två av Cindy Sherman och två av Francesca Woodman. Resultatet påvisar att Francesca Woodman arbetar med identitet utifrån ett modernistiskt synsätt där inre psykologiska processer och tillstånd uttrycks i fotografiska bilder. Cindy Sherman däremot arbetar med iscensättning av sociala roller och kulturella representationer utifrån ett postmodernistiskt perspektiv.

This essay examines Instagrams as platforms for displaying and promoting art, this by looking at two photo artists, Arvida Byström and Cindy Sherman who are active on Instagram to varying degrees. The essay goes through how their feed is structured and how they shape their feed to reflect their identity as artists. A formal and a semiotic analysis is done on their feeds and selected images from their feeds. The result of the study shows that Arvida Byström uses here instagram to promote her art while Cindy Sherman focus more on her everyday life and shows a more casual approach to Instagram.