<p>Bakgrunden till vårt examensarbete var att Försäkringskassan hade som mål att sänka sjukfrånvaron hos personalen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka de anställdas uppfattning om vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för hög respektive låg sjukfrånvaro vid FK:s avdelning för aktivitetsstöd. Våra frågeställningar var:</p><ul><li>Varför har vissa enheter inom nationellt försäkringscenter på Försäkringskassan låg sjukfrånvaro och andra enheter hög sjukfrånvaro?</li><li>Hur påverkar ledarskapet anställdas sjukfrånvaro?</li><li>Hur påverkar arbetsmiljön sjukfrånvaron?</li><li>Hur uppfattar personalen inom aktivitetsstöd arbetsplatsens fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljö?</li></ul><p>Som fallstudieorganisation valdes Försäkringskassan/Nationellt försäkringscenter/aktivitetsstöd i Östersund.</p><p> </p><p>Vi valde en kvantitativ undersökning med tvärsnittsdesign. Våra resultat visade att oavsett om man arbetade på en enhet med låg eller hög sjukfrånvaro, upplevde många anställda brister i arbetsmiljön, höga krav och ett svagt ledarskap. Ett stort antal anställda kände olust när de gick till arbetet och av dessa var det ett stort antal som misströstade på grund av de svårigheter som de ställs inför på arbetsplatsen. Kände man stöd från chefen hade man mindre sömnsvårigheter, kände mindre olust och mindre muskuloskeletala smärtor.</p> / <p>The background of our thesis is that the Department of Social Insurance (Försäkringskassan) should lower their absenteeism amongst staff. There is a risk of high absenteeism at several units at the Försäkringskassan and a risk of high costs causes by illness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the employees´ perception on the basis of high and low sick leave at the Försäkringskassan/ activity benefit. The research questions we asked ourselves were;</p><ul><li>Why do certain units at the Nationellt försäkringscenter/department of Social Insurance have low absenteeism and other units’ high absenteeism?</li><li>How does leadership affect the employees’ absenteeism?</li><li>How much does the satisfaction of work environment affect the employees’ absenteeism?</li><li>How do employees at Nationellt försäkringscenter/activity benefit perceive their physical and psychosocial work environment?</li></ul><p>As a case study organization, the Department of Social Insurance/Nationellt försäkringsccenter/activity benefit has been selected. The results, based on a quantitative survey and a cross-sectional design, show that whether you are working at a unit with low or high absenteeism, many employees have ailments such as pain and stress. This is because the work- environment, requirements and leadership does affect employees’ health. A large number of the employees´ feel dissatisfaction when they go to work and there are many who despair because of the difficulties they face at the workplace. With supported management the employees´ had less insomnia, dissatisfaction and less musculoskeletal disorders.</p>

Bakgrunden till vårt examensarbete var att Försäkringskassan hade som mål att sänka sjukfrånvaron hos personalen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka de anställdas uppfattning om vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för hög respektive låg sjukfrånvaro vid FK:s avdelning för aktivitetsstöd. Våra frågeställningar var: Varför har vissa enheter inom nationellt försäkringscenter på Försäkringskassan låg sjukfrånvaro och andra enheter hög sjukfrånvaro? Hur påverkar ledarskapet anställdas sjukfrånvaro? Hur påverkar arbetsmiljön sjukfrånvaron? Hur uppfattar personalen inom aktivitetsstöd arbetsplatsens fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljö? Som fallstudieorganisation valdes Försäkringskassan/Nationellt försäkringscenter/aktivitetsstöd i Östersund.   Vi valde en kvantitativ undersökning med tvärsnittsdesign. Våra resultat visade att oavsett om man arbetade på en enhet med låg eller hög sjukfrånvaro, upplevde många anställda brister i arbetsmiljön, höga krav och ett svagt ledarskap. Ett stort antal anställda kände olust när de gick till arbetet och av dessa var det ett stort antal som misströstade på grund av de svårigheter som de ställs inför på arbetsplatsen. Kände man stöd från chefen hade man mindre sömnsvårigheter, kände mindre olust och mindre muskuloskeletala smärtor. / The background of our thesis is that the Department of Social Insurance (Försäkringskassan) should lower their absenteeism amongst staff. There is a risk of high absenteeism at several units at the Försäkringskassan and a risk of high costs causes by illness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the employees´ perception on the basis of high and low sick leave at the Försäkringskassan/ activity benefit. The research questions we asked ourselves were; Why do certain units at the Nationellt försäkringscenter/department of Social Insurance have low absenteeism and other units’ high absenteeism? How does leadership affect the employees’ absenteeism? How much does the satisfaction of work environment affect the employees’ absenteeism? How do employees at Nationellt försäkringscenter/activity benefit perceive their physical and psychosocial work environment? As a case study organization, the Department of Social Insurance/Nationellt försäkringsccenter/activity benefit has been selected. The results, based on a quantitative survey and a cross-sectional design, show that whether you are working at a unit with low or high absenteeism, many employees have ailments such as pain and stress. This is because the work- environment, requirements and leadership does affect employees’ health. A large number of the employees´ feel dissatisfaction when they go to work and there are many who despair because of the difficulties they face at the workplace. With supported management the employees´ had less insomnia, dissatisfaction and less musculoskeletal disorders.

Background and purpose: The main goal was to examine which factors in the psychosocial work environment that would predict turnover intention among engineering employees in a larger global company within the oil and gas industry. The second goal was to examine if the predictors would differ for employees under the age of 40, compared to employees over the age of 40. Method: Data was collected using a self-reported electronic questionnaire designed by Mille Myhre and myself. The analyses included three control variables and seven independent variables, which also encompassed a new aspect of the psychosocial work environment research in relation to turnover intention, namely the personal resources optimism and selfefficacy. The questionnaire was distributed through an e-mail sent from the Vice President HSE, and a sample of 128 participants was used in the analyses conducted in SPSS. Key findings: The predictors were job satisfaction, leadership and sickness absenteeism, and were found to have different rank of importance for the employees in the two age groups, regarding the predictor’s beta value. Optimism and self-efficacy were not found as predictors of turnover intention in the current sample. Conclusion: To manage the employee’s turnover intention the leaders should focus on the employee’s satisfaction with their work, keeping a high qualitative transactional leadership and be observant to the employee’s sickness absenteeism, but control for the employee’s age if they were to initiate actions to control for turnover intention.

I och med de restriktioner som Covid-19-pandemin medförde blev hemarbete ett nytt arbetssätt för många arbetstagare i Sverige. Forskning som vi tagit del av beskriver att sjukfrånvaro i organisationer minskar samtidigt som mörkertalet gällande sjuknärvaro är stort, vilket skapade intresset för denna studie. Forskning kring sjuknärvaro fokuserar på den fysiska arbetsplatsen och inte vid hemarbete som nu är ett vedertaget arbetssätt i Sverige. Denna studie syftar till att skapa förståelse för hur arbetstagare upplever sjuknärvaro vid hemarbete samt hur den upplevda arbetskvaliteten påverkar valet att sjuknärvara. Samtliga arbetstagare inom en organisation som tillhandahåller både produkter och tjänster inom den privata sektorn ombads besvara en enkät och åtta respondenter har intervjuats i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga intervjuer har tematiserats och analyserats vilket har lett fram till resultatet av denna studie. Resultatet visar att sjuknärvaro i hemarbete förekommer i hög grad och tillgängligheten som arbetssättet innebär ökar anställdas val att sjuknärvara. Valet att sjuknärvara tas speciellt då arbetstagarna upplever hög arbetsbelastning, lojalitet mot kollegor samt arbetsgivare och ur ekonomiska aspekter. Arbetstagare upplever att sjuknärvaron har en negativ påverkan på effektiviteten då arbetstempot inte sker i samma takt, samt fler pauser behövs för att klara av att arbeta sjuk vid hemarbete. Genom att arbeta med arbetskvalitet och tillgodose de behov arbetstagare har för att uppleva en god arbetskvalitet menar författarna av denna studie att sjuknärvaro kan förebyggas. / With the restrictions imposed by Covid-19-pandemic, work from home (WFH) became a new method of working for many employees in Sweden. The research we have found describes that sickness absence in organizations is decreasing, but the prevalence of sickness presenteeism is still unknown, which created the interest for our study. Research on sickness presenteeism focuses on the traditional physical workplace and not WFH, which is now an established method in Sweden as a result of the Covid-19-pandemic. This study aims to understand how workers experience sickness presenteeism when working from home and how the perceived quality of work affects the decision to choose such presenteeism. A survey was sent out to all workers in an organization in the private sector, which provides both products and services and eight respondents were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. All the interviews were then thematized and analyzed, leading to the results of this study. The results show that sickness presenteeism in WFH occurs to a high degree, and is perceived by workers as common due to the accessibility of the working method. The choice to work with sickness presenteeism is made especially when employees experience high workload, loyalty to colleagues and employers and from economic aspects. Employees feel that sickness presenteeism has a negative effect on efficiency as they do not work at the same pace, and need to take more breaks to cope with working from home while sick. By working on quality of work and meeting employees' needs to experience good quality of work,the authors of this study argue that sickness presenteeism can be prevented.

p. 1-136 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-25T18:55:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 77777777777777.pdf: 986333 bytes, checksum: 91fbaac7375c1ea35f4b2c4892321d83 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:19:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 77777777777777.pdf: 986333 bytes, checksum: 91fbaac7375c1ea35f4b2c4892321d83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 77777777777777.pdf: 986333 bytes, checksum: 91fbaac7375c1ea35f4b2c4892321d83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O aumento da frequência de licenças para tratamento da saúde no setor público tem se constituído em um importante problema de saúde pública, tanto pelo aumento dos custos diretos e indiretos que representam para o governo e o contribuinte como pela pouca atenção à área da saúde do trabalhador e pelos danos causados a saúde do servidor e à sua família em razão do adoecimento. O estudo teve por objetivo descrever o perfil do absenteísmo por doença considerando a duração do afastamento, estimar a sua prevalência e identificar os fatores sócio-demográficos e funcionais associados ao maior percentual do absenteísmo-doença em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, descritivo com base de dados secundários, envolvendo 5.312 servidores públicos ativos e 1.283 ocorrências de licenças médicas para tratamento da saúde,ambos os sexos, durante o ano de 2006. A duração do afastamento foi categorizada em dois grupos de afastamento ausências de curta duração (15 a 47 dias) e ausências de longa duração (48 dias e mais). Os dados institucionais foram obtidos da base de dados do Sistema Integrado de Administração de Recursos Humanos–SIAPE e as informações das ocorrências de afastamentos foram obtidas pelo sistema de ocorrências funcionais da Instituição. O diagnóstico da causa mórbida foi obtido a partir de registros nos prontuários no Serviço Médico da Instituição e classificado segundo a CID-10, foram comparados com a lista de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho elaborada pelo Ministério da Saúde. As variáveis foram analisadas por meio de distribuições de freqüências e medidas descritivas (media, desvio padrão e mediana). Para verificar as associações foram utilizados os testes estatísticos Chi-quadrado de Pearson ou o Teste Exato de Fischer. As associações entre os fatores sócio-demográficos e funcionais e a ocorrência de licenças foram expressas por meio de razões de chances (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, ajustados por idade. O nível de significância adotado em todas as análises estatísticas foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Foram calculados e expressos os indicadores sugeridos pelo Subcomitê de Absenteísmo da Sociedade Internacional de Saúde Ocupacional: o total de dias perdidos por doença, a freqüência à gravidade e a duração média dos episódios. Foi calculado o índice de absenteísmo (IA). A prevalência de absenteísmo-doença na IFE foi de 8%, representou 43.031 dias perdidos por doença, sendo maior entre as mulheres 10,3% e 5% entre os homens. O Índice de absenteísmo global foi 2,2%, entre os homens 1,9%, entre as mulheres 2,5%. A duração média dos episódios foi de 33,5 dias, entre os homens 40,4 dias e entre as mulheres 30,5 dias. Os principais grupos de causas das licenças foram atribuídos às doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (34,5%), transtornos mentais e comportamentais (24,9%), neoplasias (9,3%), envenenamentos e outras conseqüências de causas externas (9,3%), doenças do aparelho circulatório (7,4%) e somados os grupos de menor frequência (14,5%). A associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e funcionais foram significantes para o sexo, grupo etario, escolaridade, tempo na instituição, grupo de atividade e local de trabalho. Os afastamentos de longa duração representaram 50% do total de indivíduos que solicitaram afastamento, cujo diagnóstico tivemos acesso, representou 4% do total de servidores ativos. Essas ocorrências representaram 33.290 dias perdidos por doença, 77,4% do total global de dias perdidos por doença. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo confirmam a importante contribuição dos fatores sociodemográficos e funcionais associados à ocorrência de licenças na instituição, bem como a magnitude e variabilidade destas associações. Apontam para a importante contribuição da causa do afastamento na gravidade do absenteísmo por doença na Instituição, para ambos os sexos. O aumento da frequência de licenças para tratamento da saúde no setor público tem se constituído em um importante problema de saúde pública, tanto pelo aumento dos custos diretos e indiretos que representam para o governo e o contribuinte como pela pouca atenção à área da saúde do trabalhador e pelos danos causados a saúde do servidor e à sua família em razão do adoecimento. O estudo teve por objetivo descrever o perfil do absenteísmo por doença considerando a duração do afastamento, estimar a sua prevalência e identificar os fatores sócio-demográficos e funcionais associados ao maior percentual do absenteísmo-doença em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, descritivo com base de dados secundários, envolvendo 5.312 servidores públicos ativos e 1.283 ocorrências de licenças médicas para tratamento da saúde,ambos os sexos, durante o ano de 2006. A duração do afastamento foi categorizada em dois grupos de afastamento ausências de curta duração (15 a 47 dias) e ausências de longa duração (48 dias e mais). Os dados institucionais foram obtidos da base de dados do Sistema Integrado de Administração de Recursos Humanos–SIAPE e as informações das ocorrências de afastamentos foram obtidas pelo sistema de ocorrências funcionais da Instituição. O diagnóstico da causa mórbida foi obtido a partir de registros nos prontuários no Serviço Médico da Instituição e classificado segundo a CID-10, foram comparados com a lista de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho elaborada pelo Ministério da Saúde. As variáveis foram analisadas por meio de distribuições de freqüências e medidas descritivas (media, desvio padrão e mediana). Para verificar as associações foram utilizados os testes estatísticos Chi-quadrado de Pearson ou o Teste Exato de Fischer. As associações entre os fatores sócio-demográficos e funcionais e a ocorrência de licenças foram expressas por meio de razões de chances (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, ajustados por idade. O nível de significância adotado em todas as análises estatísticas foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Foram calculados e expressos os indicadores sugeridos pelo Subcomitê de Absenteísmo da Sociedade Internacional de Saúde Ocupacional: o total de dias perdidos por doença, a freqüência à gravidade e a duração média dos episódios. Foi calculado o índice de absenteísmo (IA). A prevalência de absenteísmo-doença na IFE foi de 8%, representou 43.031 dias perdidos por doença, sendo maior entre as mulheres 10,3% e 5% entre os homens. O Índice de absenteísmo global foi 2,2%, entre os homens 1,9%, entre as mulheres 2,5%. A duração média dos episódios foi de 33,5 dias, entre os homens 40,4 dias e entre as mulheres 30,5 dias. Os principais grupos de causas das licenças foram atribuídos às doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (34,5%), transtornos mentais e comportamentais (24,9%), neoplasias (9,3%), envenenamentos e outras conseqüências de causas externas (9,3%), doenças do aparelho circulatório (7,4%) e somados os grupos de menor frequência (14,5%). A associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e funcionais foram significantes para o sexo, grupo etario, escolaridade, tempo na instituição, grupo de atividade e local de trabalho. Os afastamentos de longa duração representaram 50% do total de indivíduos que solicitaram afastamento, cujo diagnóstico tivemos acesso, representou 4% do total de servidores ativos. Essas ocorrências representaram 33.290 dias perdidos por doença, 77,4% do total global de dias perdidos por doença. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo confirmam a importante contribuição dos fatores sociodemográficos e funcionais associados à ocorrência de licenças na instituição, bem como a magnitude e variabilidade destas associações. Apontam para a importante contribuição da causa do afastamento na gravidade do absenteísmo por doença na Instituição, para ambos os sexos. / Salvador

<p>The present thesis follows an intensive care unit during four year of hard work and demanding organisational changes (1998-2001). The changes were mainly initiated by diminishing resources and a legislative claim to pay regard to the quality aspect of health care service. The process of implementing a quality system was the main focus for the thesis. Triangulation was used aiming at explore the process from different views. Two interviews studies were conducted one with the staff and another with the leadership. Both interviews were analysed thematically combined with a phenomenographic technique (e.g. using the how, and what aspect). A longitudinal quasi experimental time-series study was also accomplished. The correlation between staff variables and workload were measured once a year. The result show a 20 % increase in workload per staff and year. The staff judged the organisational climate for innovativeness stable over the period. Sick leave increased, and more so, than the general trend in the society. In spite of this increase the prevalence of stress related symptoms was the same. Two different systems emerged, a complex adaptive system and a mechanical system. The two systems exist and functions intertwined. Because of the construction of the patient register it is possible to see that the situation around a patients being admitted ≥ 5 days functions according to the complex systems character while the situation around the acute patients functions according to a mechanical system. Sick leave correlated with number of patient admitted ≥ 5 days (P=,000). It seemed the problem found had its root in the unawareness of the existing of a complex system. The result has implications for a need of increased awareness about how to manage the situation when the ICU is functioning according to the complex adaptive system.</p>

The present thesis follows an intensive care unit during four year of hard work and demanding organisational changes (1998-2001). The changes were mainly initiated by diminishing resources and a legislative claim to pay regard to the quality aspect of health care service. The process of implementing a quality system was the main focus for the thesis. Triangulation was used aiming at explore the process from different views. Two interviews studies were conducted one with the staff and another with the leadership. Both interviews were analysed thematically combined with a phenomenographic technique (e.g. using the how, and what aspect). A longitudinal quasi experimental time-series study was also accomplished. The correlation between staff variables and workload were measured once a year. The result show a 20 % increase in workload per staff and year. The staff judged the organisational climate for innovativeness stable over the period. Sick leave increased, and more so, than the general trend in the society. In spite of this increase the prevalence of stress related symptoms was the same. Two different systems emerged, a complex adaptive system and a mechanical system. The two systems exist and functions intertwined. Because of the construction of the patient register it is possible to see that the situation around a patients being admitted ≥ 5 days functions according to the complex systems character while the situation around the acute patients functions according to a mechanical system. Sick leave correlated with number of patient admitted ≥ 5 days (P=,000). It seemed the problem found had its root in the unawareness of the existing of a complex system. The result has implications for a need of increased awareness about how to manage the situation when the ICU is functioning according to the complex adaptive system.

The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse seven major factors that tend to influence the rate of early retirement in Sweden. The scope of data was gathered for every municipality in Sweden. Economic theories of labour supply, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection and the Insurance Model were used to analyse the empirical results. In the analysis, earlier studies of the rate of sickness absence were important and used as a framework in choosing the explanatory variables for the econometric model. The analysed variables were; average income, average sickness days, educational level, foreign born, public sector employment, unemployment and the share of women in the population. As a consequence of the rift that occurred in 2003, when the average sickness days decreased and disbursed early retirements simultaneously increased, the relationship between these two variables was given special attention. The empirical findings confirmed our conjectures and were consistent with earlier research. Average income and the level of education were negatively related to the rate of early retirement. Moreover foreign born, average sickness days and unemployment showed a positive relation to early retirement. The relationship between average sickness days and early retirement had statistically changed and decreased between the years. A possibility is that other factors, such as changed social norms and increased stress in society (which are difficult to measure in a statistical and economical sense) might have become more relevant in explaining the rate of early retirement. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera sju viktiga faktorer som tenderar att påverka graden av förtidspensionering i Sverige. Data omfånget insamlades för alla kommuner i Sverige. Ekonomiska teorier om arbetsutbud, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection och Insurance Model användes för att analysera de empiriska resultaten. I analysen var tidigare studier utav graden av sjukfrånvaro viktig och användes som ramverk i valet av de förklarande variablerna till den ekonometriska modellen. De analyserade variablerna var; medelinkomst, genom-snittliga sjukdagar, utbildningsnivå, utlandsfödda, offentligt anställda, arbetslöshet och andelen kvinnor i befolkningen. Som en konsekvens utav den klyfta som uppstod 2003, när de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna minskade och utbetalda förtidspensioner samtidigt ökade, gavs sambandet mellan dessa två variabler speciell uppmärksamhet. De empiriska iakttagelserna bekräftade våra förväntningar och stämde överens med tidigare forskning. Medelinkomst och utbildningsnivå var negativt relaterade till graden av förtidspensionering. Dessutom var utlandsfödd, genomsnittliga sjukdagar och arbetslöshet positivt relaterade till förtidspensionering. Relationen mellan de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna och graden av förtidspensionering hade statistiskt sätt ändrats genom att ha minskat mellan åren. En tänkbar förklaring till detta skulle kunna vara att andra faktorer, såsom skiftande sociala normer och en ökande stress i samhället (vilka är svåra att mäta statistiskt och ekonomiskt) kan ha blivit mer relevanta i att förklara graden av förtidspensionering.

<p>The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse seven major factors that tend to influence the rate of early retirement in Sweden. The scope of data was gathered for every municipality in Sweden. Economic theories of labour supply, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection and the Insurance Model were used to analyse the empirical results. In the analysis, earlier studies of the rate of sickness absence were important and used as a framework in choosing the explanatory variables for the econometric model. The analysed variables were; average income, average sickness days, educational level, foreign born, public sector employment, unemployment and the share of women in the population. As a consequence of the rift that occurred in 2003, when the average sickness days decreased and disbursed early retirements simultaneously increased, the relationship between these two variables was given special attention. The empirical findings confirmed our conjectures and were consistent with earlier research. Average income and the level of education were negatively related to the rate of early retirement. Moreover foreign born, average sickness days and unemployment showed a positive relation to early retirement. The relationship between average sickness days and early retirement had statistically changed and decreased between the years. A possibility is that other factors, such as changed social norms and increased stress in society (which are difficult to measure in a statistical and economical sense) might have become more relevant in explaining the rate of early retirement.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera sju viktiga faktorer som tenderar att påverka graden av förtidspensionering i Sverige. Data omfånget insamlades för alla kommuner i Sverige. Ekonomiska teorier om arbetsutbud, Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection och Insurance Model användes för att analysera de empiriska resultaten. I analysen var tidigare studier utav graden av sjukfrånvaro viktig och användes som ramverk i valet av de förklarande variablerna till den ekonometriska modellen. De analyserade variablerna var; medelinkomst, genom-snittliga sjukdagar, utbildningsnivå, utlandsfödda, offentligt anställda, arbetslöshet och andelen kvinnor i befolkningen. Som en konsekvens utav den klyfta som uppstod 2003, när de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna minskade och utbetalda förtidspensioner samtidigt ökade, gavs sambandet mellan dessa två variabler speciell uppmärksamhet. De empiriska iakttagelserna bekräftade våra förväntningar och stämde överens med tidigare forskning. Medelinkomst och utbildningsnivå var negativt relaterade till graden av förtidspensionering. Dessutom var utlandsfödd, genomsnittliga sjukdagar och arbetslöshet positivt relaterade till förtidspensionering. Relationen mellan de genomsnittliga sjukdagarna och graden av förtidspensionering hade statistiskt sätt ändrats genom att ha minskat mellan åren. En tänkbar förklaring till detta skulle kunna vara att andra faktorer, såsom skiftande sociala normer och en ökande stress i samhället (vilka är svåra att mäta statistiskt och ekonomiskt) kan ha blivit mer relevanta i att förklara graden av förtidspensionering.</p>