In my essay I have examined how teachers look upon their role as leader in the classroom. I have interviewed six teachers, senior level ones and teachers from the upper secondary school, about how they look upon tasks that involve planning, control, motivation, groups, and individuals. Based on their answers, I have analyzed if there is anything that can be related to a common leader competence within their profession and, in that case, how it will appear. The result that I have found has been that it exists a common leadership style that teachers are more or less conscious of. The teachers decide on what level the classes or the pupils are and after that decision they plan their education. The leadership in the classroom can be of different kinds depending on the situation. The leadership is then a situational leadership which means that at one point the teacher tells the pupils exactly what to do. After they have learnt more the teacher tells the pupils what to do, but also why they must do it. Next step is that the teacher only tells the pupils why they must do it. The final step is when the pupils themselves know what to do and why they must do it.

Title: Leadership and its implications on Work integrated social enterprises Level: Final study for Master Degree in Business Administration University of Gävle Department of Business Administration and Economic Studies 801 76 Gävle Sweden Telephone (+46) 26 64 85 00 Telefax (+46) 26 64 85 89 Web site http://www.hig.se Authors: Andreas Petersson and Ivette Solla Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Abstract Aim: Leadership and its implications on empowering employees of work integrated social enterprises Method: We based our study on the data gathered from two interviews of Coompanion in Sweden and four interviews on Work Integrated Social Enterprises of Hudiksvall. The data was gathered through case studies. Major focus of the study: How a leader and the way leadership is promoted within a social enterprise can influence the people working within a Social Enterprise and specifically the role of the empowerment in social enterprises are the major focus of this study. Situational leadership was used as the theoretic model to study the role of empowerment and motivation. In order to draw our conclusions we studied four social enterprises and Coompanion, which is an organization that works as an adviser of Social Enterprises. Result: Our analysis illustrates how the unique network consisting of the public sector, Coompanion Hudiksvall and the four Work Integrated Social Enterprises creates a win-win situation for all parts. It also creates the foundation of empowerment with a clear vision to the leaders of these four enterprises, which flows through them. Conclusion: The network, the work integrated social enterprises and the leaders within the social enterprises coexist to create social gain, increasing society’s welfare. Further studies: A quantitative research to find out what are the specific aspects that are relevant to the employees in terms of being motivated. Correlations between what the employee thinks are important and empowerment could be measured. Key words: Coompanion, motivation, empowerment, social enterprise, networking, Den glada Hudik-modellen, situational leadership, case study, qualitative method.

The purpose of this study has been to examine what it is in the situation that affects which leadership that is applied on the members of the organization. Our questions that we have explored were; What is it in the situation that influences the leadership applied on an individual or staff group? What similarities and differences have emerged by Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model? Further, we used qualitative semi-structured interviews at the interview procedures with three managers and three employees. Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model and Goffmans theory in the book "The presentation of self in everyday life" have been used as a foundation and inspiration in this study. We have found that circumstances like the size of the staff group along with the organizations financials and the resources affect the leadership behavior and how well it is matched with the employees. The function of the leaders position in the context, and the purpose of the situation influences how the leadership is formed. The organizations interests and goals are also affecting what leadership that is applied, which we found that Hersey and Blanchard do not express in the situational leadership model. Another difference that we found in relation to the model is that the employees overall experienced the leadership as well adapted, even thought that they have not been designed according to what Hersey and Blanchard advocates. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vad det är i situationen som påverkar vilket ledarskap som tillämpas på en organisations medlemmar. De frågeställningar vi sökt finna svar på genom vår undersökning är; Vad är det i situationen som påverkar vilket ledarskap som tillämpas på en individ/personalgrupp? Vilka likheter och olikheter har framkommit utifrån Hersey och Blanchards situationsanpassade ledarskapsmodell? Vidare har vi använt oss av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer vid intervjuförfarandena med tre chefer respektive tre anställda. Hersey och Blanchards situationsanpassade ledarskapsmodell samt Goffmans teori i boken "Jaget och maskerna" har vi använt som grund och inspiration i denna studie. Vi har funnit att omständigheter såsom en personalgrupps storlek samt organisationens budget och resurser inverkar på hur väl ledarskapet kan anpassas till de anställda. Även syftet med ledarens roll i sammanhanget och syftet med situationen påverkar hur ledarskapet utformas. Organisationens intressen och målbild påverkar också vilket ledarskap som tillämpas, något vi funnit att Hersey och Blanchard inte behandlar i sin situationsanpassade ledarskapsmodell. Ytterligare en olikhet vi funnit i förhållande till modellen är att de anställda i stort sätt upplevt ledarskapet som välanpassat, trots att ledarskapet inte utformats enligt vad Hersey och Blanchard förespråkar.

In 2014 came new guidelines for after-school centers. These guidelines clarifies that it is the principal who is pedagogically responsible for the after-school centers. Due to that fact we became interested in investigating how principals describe their educational leadership for after-school centers.   With qualitative interviews as a method we have investigated how four principals describe their educational leadership for the after-school center based on the new guidelines and how they talk about their employees and the after-school centers.   Our results are based on the empirical material we received from these interviews. By analyzing this empirical material, based on the theory of situational leadership, we received answers to our research questions.

Sweden has through history had a non-equal society, but today it is one of the most equal countries in the world. However, there still seems to be obstacles for women to make a career and there are different perceptions about what the obstacles consist of. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to study perceptions of men and women about the qualities and abilities that are male and female in leadership to see in which situations leadership is most beneficial, and by analyzing whether there is any connection to how it can affect women's career opportunities. The results have been analyzed using Hersey and Blanchard's Theory of Situational Leadership.Through a qualitative field study, six semi structured interviews have been conducted with respondents of both male and female gender from the Handelsbanken organization. We have had a comparative design of the study to clearly analyze and compare similarities and differences in the views of both sexes.Our study has focused on to what extent perceptions per se can be seen as an obstacle to women's career. Our findings show that there are perceptions that indicate that women can be considered unsuitable leaders in situations of high task orientation because their perceived characteristics such as more caring, pending and cautious are not preferable for such positions. Male leaders were regarded as more suitable candidates for the kind of situation as they were perceived to have features characterized by high task orientation. We therefore consider that the perceptions of female leadership can be seen as a contributing factor to why women's careers are restricted from reaching certain top positions. In conclusion, we believe that our research contributes a new dimension to the existing theory of why there are few women in top manager positions.The written language of this paper is Swedish. / Sverige har genom historien haft ett icke jämställt samhälle men är idag ett av världens mest jämställda länder. Dock verkar det kvarstå hinder för kvinnor att göra karriär och vad hindren består av råder det delade uppfattningar om. Därför är syftet med studien att studera uppfattningar hos män respektive kvinnor om egenskaper och förmågor som är manliga och kvinnliga i ledarskapet för att se inom vilka situationer respektive ledarskap är mest gynnsamt, samt genom en analys undersöka om det finns någon koppling till hur det kan påverka kvinnors möjligheter till att göra karriär. Resultaten har analyserats med hjälp av Hersey och Blanchards teori om Situationsanpassat ledarskap.Genom en kvalitativ fältstudie har sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med respondenter av både manligt och kvinnligt kön från organisationen Handelsbanken. Vi har haft en komparativ design av studien för att tydligt kunna analysera och jämföra likheter och skillnader i uppfattningarna av båda könen.Vår studie har fokuserat på i vilken mån eller omfattning uppfattningar i sig kan ses som ett hinder för kvinnors karriär. Våra resultat visar på att det finns uppfattningar som indikerar på att kvinnor kan anses som olämpliga ledare vid situationer med hög uppgiftsorientering eftersom deras uppfattade egenskaper som mer omhändertagande, avvaktande och försiktiga inte premieras till sådana positioner. Manliga ledare sågs som mer lämpliga kandidater till den typ av situation i och med att de uppfattades ha egenskaper som karaktäriseras av hög uppgiftsorientering. Vi anser därför att uppfattningarna om det kvinnliga ledarskapet kan ses som en bidragande faktor till varför kvinnors karriärer hindras från att nå vissa toppositioner. Med den slutsatsen anser vi att vår forskning bidrar med en ny dimension till den befintliga teorin om varför det finns få kvinnor på toppchefspositioner.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como fin estudiar la relación entre el liderazgo y el desempeño financiero del área comercial, en específico en la fuerza de ventas en Lima de cada una de las empresas a evaluar, dentro del sector asegurador. Para ello, se analizarán los siguientes estilos de liderazgo: Transaccional, Transformacional y Situacional. Cabe indicar que no estamos tomando en cuenta el estilo de liderazgo laissez-faire, ya que, partiendo de las investigaciones analizadas, llegamos a la conclusión que no existe un único estilo de liderazgo sino más bien siempre se da una mezcla entre ellos, dependiendo de cada situación presentada. Con relación al desempeño financiero abordaremos los indicadores de rentabilidad como ROI y Rendimiento sobre las ventas. Dentro del sector en el cual se basará la siguiente investigación encontramos a las principales compañías aseguradoras, conformadas por Rímac Seguros, Pacífico y Mapfre, ya que entre las 3 albergan aproximadamente el 60% de la participación del mercado nacional en los últimos ocho años. Finalmente, optamos por investigar esta relación puesto que actualmente no existen diversas investigaciones que evalúen este tipo de variables de manera conjunta; empero existen investigaciones que si evalúan el liderazgo con diversas variables ya sea productividad, desempeño, motivación, mas no con desempeño financiero que es la finalidad de esta investigación. / The main purpose of this research work is to study the relationship between leadership and financial performance of the sales force in each of the companies to be evaluated in Lima, within the insurance sector. For this, the leadership styles that are analyzed are the following: Transactional, Transformational and Situational. It should be noted that we are not taking in account the laissez-faire leadership style, since, based on the analyzed investigations, we come to the conclusion that there is no single leadership style, but rather there is always a mixture between them, depending on the situation presented. In accordance to the financial performance, we are considering the profitability indicators, such as ROI and performance on sales. Within the sector on which the following research will be based, we are considering the main insurance companies in Peru, such as Rimac, Pacifico and Mapfre since among the three they house around 60% of the market share in Peru in the last eight years. Finally, we chose to investigate this relationship since there are currently not many researches that evaluate these types of variables jointly. However, there are researches that evaluate leadership with other similar variables, such as productivity, performance, motivation, among others, but not specifically related to financial performance, which is the main purpose of this investigation. / Tesis

During the year 2020 the world was struck by the covid-19 pandemic. Due to this, many businesses asked their employees to work from home (Sheehan, 2020) and thus presented organizational leaders with new challenges. Leaders started to operate their teams through virtual communication channels.The purpose of the study is to investigate whether leadership has changed due to working at distance. To investigate this, we have brought forward a model of "optimal distance leadership" based on previous research within the field, including theories regarding leadership and communication. The previous studies tend to focus on the pros and cons of distance leadership. This study intends to review how the leadership has changed in the transition to distance work.The study is based on qualitative semi structured interviews with nuanced descriptions of management leadership. The result of the study shows that the leadership has changed. Leaders adopted a situational leadership, became more solid in their communication and more available than before the pandemic. The change can largely be explained through the model of "optimal distance leadership". / Under år 2020 drabbades världen av coronapandemin. I och med detta bad många företag sina medarbetare att arbeta hemifrån (Sheehan, 2020) och chefers ledarskap utsattes därmed för nya utmaningar. Chefer började leda på distans genom virtuella kommunikationskanaler.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om chefers ledarskap har förändrats på grund av distansarbetet. För att undersöka detta har vi tagit fram en modell om ett ”optimalt distansledarskap” som baseras på tidigare forskning inom ämnet samt teorier om ledarskap och kommunikation. Den tidigare forskningen tenderar fokusera på för- och nackdelar med distansledarskap. Denna studie avser istället att undersöka hur förändringen i ledarskapet ser ut i övergången till distansarbete.Studien baserar sig på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyanserade beskrivningar av förändringen i chefers ledarskap. Resultatet i studien visar att ledarskapet har förändrats. Cheferna har bland annat situationsanpassat sitt ledarskap, blivit tydligare i sin kommunikation och blivit mer tillgängliga än innan pandemin. Förändringen kan i stora delar förklaras utifrån modellen om det ”optimala distansledarskapet”.

Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur chefer upplever ledarskap i krissituationer. Studien närmar sig syftet genom att ta utgångspunkt i följande tre frågeställningar: Hur upplever chefer att deras ledarskap förändras i kris? Vilka utmaningar och problem uppstår i krissituationer? Vilka typer av strategier använder chefer för att möta de utmaningar och problem som uppstår i kris? Vi har utgått från krisen som orsakas av Covid-19 pandemin under 2020, men vår ambition är att resultatet ska kunna appliceras även på andra typer av kriser. Studien bedrivs med en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer används som datainsamlingsmetod. Materialet har analyserats genom en tematisk analys med grund i studiens teoretiska ramverk; Situationsanpassat ledarskap II.  Historiskt är ledarskap ett välbeforskat område med stor variation i både infallsvinklar och fenomen som har undersökts. Vår studie ämnar undersöka ledarskap i kris och hur detta upplevs av dem som utövar det, vilket är en del i fältet som tycks vara tämligen outforskat. Det är sedan tidigare fastställt att ledarskap och ledare har en avgörande roll i kris. Resultatet i vår studie visar att cheferna tvingats ändra sitt ledarskap som en konsekvens av krisen och de använder sig främst av en styrande ledarskapsstil. Upplevelsen av den förändringen skiljer sig mellan cheferna, där några upplever att krisen utmanat dem på ett roligt sätt och andra menar att ledarskapet nu är helt skilt från hur de vill leda. Hos de chefer som menar att krisen varit delvis rolig kan vi identifiera en konflikt mellan vilken ledare de uttrycker att de vill vara och vilken ledare de känner tillfredsställelse av att vara. Cheferna använder olika strategier för att möta de utmaningar som uppstår, men kommunikation tycks vara den främsta. Studien fastställer också att många pedagogiska processer har blivit lidande under krisen, som en konsekvens av att cheferna inte hinner individanpassa sitt ledarskap. / The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how managers experience leadership in crisis. The study approaches the purpose by asking the following questions: How do managers experience  that their leadership changes in crisis? What challenges and problems arise in crisis? What type of strategies do managers use to meet the challenges and problems that arise in crisis? The study is referring to the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, however our ambition is that the result should also be applicable to other types of crises. The study is conducted with a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews are used as a method for data collection. The material has been analyzed through a thematic analysis based on the theoretical framework of the study; Situational leadership II. Historically, leadership has been a well-researched area with considerable variation in both approaches and phenomena. Our study aims to explore leadership in crisis and how this is experienced by those who practice it, which is part of the field that seems to be fairly unexplored. What has been established in earlier studies is that leadership play a crucial role in crisis. Our result shows that the managers were forced to change their leadership as a consequence of the crisis, and they mainly use a directing leadership style. The experience of this change differs among the managers, where some feel that the crisis has challenged them in a fun way and others feel that the leadership is now completely different from how they want to lead. Among the leaders who think the crisis has been partially fun we can identify a conflict when it comes to which leader they express they want to be and which leader they feel satisfaction of being. The leaders tend to use different types of strategies to face the challenges as a consequence of the crisis, the most common one seems to be communication. The study also states that many educational processes have suffered during the crisis, as a consequence of the leaders not being able to adapt their leadership to meet the individual needs of their followers.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between school administrators' path-goal approach to leadership and their teachers' perceptions of working conditions. Findings from this research may help school administrators and leadership preparation programs to understand better the application of theories related to motivation, leveraging power, and goal attainment. The conceptual framework behind this study was the inherent inclinations of school administrators in approaching leadership decisions from four pathways; directive, supportive, participative, and/or achievement-oriented. For use in statistical analysis through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), data were collected via a questionnaire to currently practicing school-based administrators regarding their path-goal approach to leadership and a download of the publicly available teacher working conditions survey results from teachers as matched to each administrator respondent. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 level of significance. Six research questions were addressed by testing the null hypothesis. The results revealed that there were no statistical differences in teacher working conditions survey results between administrators with different tendencies toward any one path-goal approach to leadership.

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar la existencia de relaciones significativas entre la Teoría del Liderazgo Situacional y el Clima Organizacional, en un grupo de colaboradores pertenecientes a una empresa de electrificación, en el año 2018. Para ello, se realizó una investigación no experimental, con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo correlacional, utilizando métodos comparativos causales de corte transversal. Para recolectar la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos, uno para evaluar los estilos del Liderazgo Situacional y la efectividad de su adaptabilidad, aplicado a los jefes de mandos medios; y otro a los subordinados para determinar el nivel de influencia sobre el Clima Organizacional, con el fin de analizar y comparar relaciones entre ambas variables. El cuestionario de Liderazgo Situacional es el diseñado por Paul Hersey y Ken Blanchard, denominado LEAD (Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) que consta de 12 items, y el de Clima Organizacional es el que actualmente utiliza la empresa para medir la satisfacción, con una escala de Likert de cinco niveles y una adaptación de los ítems en base a la metodología Great Place to Work. La muestra está compuesta por 162 colaboradores en total: 28 jefes de mandos medios y 134 subordinados. Los resultados demuestran una correlación causal positiva moderada de 0,588 entre ambas variables, determinando una influencia moderada y aceptando de esta manera la hipótesis alternativa planteada. Es decir, cuando el estilo del liderazgo del jefe es más adaptable a la situación, mayor es la satisfacción en los colaboradores de esta entidad. / The objective of this study was to identify the existence of significant relationships between the theory of leadership and the organizational climate, in a group of employees who are in a private multinational institution of electrification, during the year 2018. This, investigation will be carried out non-experimental with correlation-type quantitative approach, using cross-sectional causal comparative methods. Two instruments were used to collect information, one to evaluate the styles of Situational Leadership and the effectiveness of their adaptability, applied to the middle managers, and another to the subordinates to determine the level of influence on the Organizational Climate, with the objective of analyze and compare relationships between both variables. The Situational Leadership questionnaire is designed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, called LEAD (Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) which consists of 12 items and the Organizational Climate questionnaire is the one currently used by the company to measure satisfaction, with a scale of five-level Likert and an adaptation of the items based on The Great Place to Work methodology. The sample is composed of 162 employees in total, 28 middle managers and 134 subordinates belonging proportionally to the six company business units. The results show a positive moderate correlation of 0.588 between both variables, which determinate a significant influence and accept in this way the alternative hypothesis proposed. So, we can say that when the leadership manager style is more adaptable to the situation, the satisfaction of the employees increases as well in the company. / Tesis