Antalet människor som drabbas av smittsamma sjukdomar som HIV/AIDS, MRSA och Hepatit C är ett växande problem över hela världen, bara i Sverige lever idag omkring 59 000 med någon av de ovan nämnda sjukdomarna, av dem står Hepatit C för den största delen som utgör närmare 85 %. Personer med smittsamma sjukdomar förekommer i hela samhället och kan finnas inom alla avdelningar på sjukhus eller vårdcentraler. Till följd av okunskap och rädsla kan många som lever med en smittsam sjukdom uppleva sig stigmatiserade och bli dåligt bemötta av familj, vänner och vårdpersonal. Det kan resultera i att de känner sig isolerade från gemenskap som kan orsaka ett stort lidande. Syftet är att undersöka patientens upplevelse av att leva med en smittsam sjukdom. En kvalitativ litteraturstudie har gjorts där tio kvalitativa artiklar och två kvalitativa/kvantitativa artiklar analyserats. I resultatet framkom tre teman, att vara smittsam, att vara patient och kunskapsbrist. Till dem framställdes tio subteman, upplevelsen av att utgöra ett hot, upplevelsen av att bli bortvald, upplevelsen av skuld och skam, upplevelsen av att bli främmandegjord, upplevelsen av att bli diskriminerad, upplevelsen av att bli exponerad, upplevelsen av det tysta språket, upplevelsen av att bli bemött med fördomar, upplevelsen av vårdpersonalens bristande kompetens och upplevelsen av informationsbehov. Resultatet visar att många patienter som lever med en smittsam sjukdom upplever sig pestsmittade och skamfyllda då de möts av fördomar, diskriminering, rädsla och avståndstagande både bland familj och vänner, men lika ofta från vårdpersonal. I diskussionen belyses det lidande som orsakats patienterna och vikten av att som sjuksköterska vara professionell och stödjande för att inte öka den stigmatisering som patienterna redan upplever. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

<p>Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor kan samtala om döden och döendet med barn som har livshotande sjukdomar. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Medline (via PubMed) och Cinahl samt via manuell sökning. Tio artiklar som mötte inklusionskriterierna granskades. Resultatet bearbetades och presenterades utifrån de nio grundelementen i professionell, omvårdnadsorienterad kommunikation. Resultatet visade att en förutsättning för att sjuksköterskor ska kunna samtala om döden och döendet med barn är att de visar <em>empati</em>, har <em>yrkeskunskap</em> samt <em>ett mål</em> för samtalet. Relationen mellan sjuksköterskor och barnet måste bygga på <em>känslor</em>, <em>förnuftigt tänkande</em> samt en <em>etiskt reflekterande </em>vård. Sjuksköterskor måste se på <em>nuet</em> samtidigt som de har barnets <em>förflutna</em> i åtanke och föreställer sig hur barnets <em>framtid</em> kan gestalta sig. Genom att använda teckningar som kommunikationshjälpmedel kan sjuksköterskor åskådliggöra barnets känslor, tankar, drömmar och frågor samt förstå barnets livsupplevelser. Slutsatsen är att det finns stöd för att samtalet om döden och döendet med barn som har livshotande sjukdomar kan bygga på de nio grundelementen i professionell, omvårdnadsorienterad kommunikation.</p> / <p>The aim of the present literature review was to describe how nurses can talk about death and dying with children who have life-threatening diseases. A literature search was conducted in the databases Medline (through PubMed) and Cinahl, and through manual search. Ten articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results were processed and presented on the basis of the nine basic elements of professional, caring-oriented communications. The result showed that a condition for nurses to be able to talk about death and dying with children is that they show <em>empathy</em>, have <em>professional knowledge</em> and <em>a target</em> for the conversation. The relationship between nurses and the child must be based on <em>emotions</em>, <em>rational thinking</em> and an <em>ethically reflective</em> care. Nurses must look at the <em>present moment</em>, while they have the child's <em>past</em> in mind and imagine how the child's <em>future</em> can turn out. To use drawings as a communication tool can help nurses to visualize the child's feelings, thoughts, dreams and questions, as well as understand the child's life experiences. The conclusion is that there is evidence for that conversation about death and dying with children who have life-threatening diseases could be based on the nine basic elements of professional, caring-oriented communications.</p>

<p>Background A lot of children live in families where a parent is suffering from some kind of mental illness. As nurses we have to notice these children, when we meet patients with mental illnes.</p><p>Aim The overall purpose of this study was to examine if and how the district/ psychiatric nurse acknowledge the child’s situation, when a parent is suffering from mental illness.</p><p>Method A qualitative approach was chosen for this study. Six psychiatric nurses and seven district nurses were interviewed. Content analysis was used for the analysis.</p><p>Result Four main themes appeard in the result: dialogs of different character, family focus, collaboration and report duty. The dialog differed depending on the purpose and depending on working with a family perspective. Regarding collaboration with other organizations, the nurses requested and got help in order to come further in working with the patients and their children. The duty to report was sometimes a problematic matter.</p><p>The conclusion was that all nurses agreed to the importance of acknowledging the children of families with mental illness. However there was a lack of well-functioning working methods of how to help these children. One proposal for further research is to develop evidence based methods family intervention programs.</p>

This essay discusses the problems with the high rate of long-term sickness leave among women in Sweden. It is based on interviews with six women suffering from stress-related illness. The results show that these women hardly ever recieved an explicit diagnosis and therefore did not feel that their illness was acknowledged. In the abscense of measurable symptoms they were sometimes stigmatisized and accused of simulating their problems. From this position they tried to legitimize their situation by presenting themselves as respectable women. They seemed to be trapped between two roles, taking an active part in the labour market and struggling to be a good mother and wife. The illness can therefore, I argue, be seen as a result of the subordination of women in the Swedish society.

Background A lot of children live in families where a parent is suffering from some kind of mental illness. As nurses we have to notice these children, when we meet patients with mental illnes. Aim The overall purpose of this study was to examine if and how the district/ psychiatric nurse acknowledge the child’s situation, when a parent is suffering from mental illness. Method A qualitative approach was chosen for this study. Six psychiatric nurses and seven district nurses were interviewed. Content analysis was used for the analysis. Result Four main themes appeard in the result: dialogs of different character, family focus, collaboration and report duty. The dialog differed depending on the purpose and depending on working with a family perspective. Regarding collaboration with other organizations, the nurses requested and got help in order to come further in working with the patients and their children. The duty to report was sometimes a problematic matter. The conclusion was that all nurses agreed to the importance of acknowledging the children of families with mental illness. However there was a lack of well-functioning working methods of how to help these children. One proposal for further research is to develop evidence based methods family intervention programs.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor kan samtala om döden och döendet med barn som har livshotande sjukdomar. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Medline (via PubMed) och Cinahl samt via manuell sökning. Tio artiklar som mötte inklusionskriterierna granskades. Resultatet bearbetades och presenterades utifrån de nio grundelementen i professionell, omvårdnadsorienterad kommunikation. Resultatet visade att en förutsättning för att sjuksköterskor ska kunna samtala om döden och döendet med barn är att de visar empati, har yrkeskunskap samt ett mål för samtalet. Relationen mellan sjuksköterskor och barnet måste bygga på känslor, förnuftigt tänkande samt en etiskt reflekterande vård. Sjuksköterskor måste se på nuet samtidigt som de har barnets förflutna i åtanke och föreställer sig hur barnets framtid kan gestalta sig. Genom att använda teckningar som kommunikationshjälpmedel kan sjuksköterskor åskådliggöra barnets känslor, tankar, drömmar och frågor samt förstå barnets livsupplevelser. Slutsatsen är att det finns stöd för att samtalet om döden och döendet med barn som har livshotande sjukdomar kan bygga på de nio grundelementen i professionell, omvårdnadsorienterad kommunikation. / The aim of the present literature review was to describe how nurses can talk about death and dying with children who have life-threatening diseases. A literature search was conducted in the databases Medline (through PubMed) and Cinahl, and through manual search. Ten articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results were processed and presented on the basis of the nine basic elements of professional, caring-oriented communications. The result showed that a condition for nurses to be able to talk about death and dying with children is that they show empathy, have professional knowledge and a target for the conversation. The relationship between nurses and the child must be based on emotions, rational thinking and an ethically reflective care. Nurses must look at the present moment, while they have the child's past in mind and imagine how the child's future can turn out. To use drawings as a communication tool can help nurses to visualize the child's feelings, thoughts, dreams and questions, as well as understand the child's life experiences. The conclusion is that there is evidence for that conversation about death and dying with children who have life-threatening diseases could be based on the nine basic elements of professional, caring-oriented communications.

The main aim of this study is to determine whether the monastery in Ny Varberg has been used as a hospital during its active years. The second aim has been to investigate weather the buried individuals at the monastery at Ny Varberg exclusively are deceased monks. Only individuals from the monastery's active years has been included in this study. A total of 16 inhumated individuals was analysed. Both men, women and children was shown to be present, as well as wide spread of children and adults. Diseases as osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, sinustitis a possible presence cribra orbitalia as well as other diseases was found. The diseases found at Ny Varberg speaks for a normal distribution of skeletal alterations that we as humans, obtain during life and its endurances. The fact that I, among the buried individuals Ny Varberg, could confirm the presence of women and children implicates that monks hasn't been the only group of individuals buried here. A variation in the muscle patterns among men speaks for a possible occurance of two different groups of men, possible monks and laymen. Regarding the use of the monastery as a hospital, several things points us in a different direction. Signs of disease, mainly leprosy, tuberculosis and other contagious diseases, would be expected if the monastery was used as a hospital during it's active years. These diseases haven't been found. The monastery's orientation in the city and the presence of a S:t Jörgen-chapel located close by, contributes to the interpretation regarding the use of the monastery. The conclusion that the monastery probably hasn't been used as a hospital during it's active years has been drawn. The distributions regarding age, sex and nature of the pathologies, tells us that the monastery probably was used as a monastery. This doesn't exclude the fact that they may have taken mercy upon certain cases, provided care for the monastery's benefactors or have let their laymen and families rest on their burial grounds. It is in my opinion that further studying remains before we in the fullest can pronounce the use and the character of the monastery in Ny Varberg. Further study will be profitably in the study of the individuals buried at the monastery i Ny Varberg. / "Osteoporos och osteoartritis, då och nu", Finansierat av KK- stiftelsen och i samarbete med Sabine Sten

<p>This essay discusses the problems with the high rate of long-term sickness leave among women in Sweden. It is based on interviews with six women suffering from stress-related illness. The results show that these women hardly ever recieved an explicit diagnosis and therefore did not feel that their illness was acknowledged. In the abscense of measurable symptoms they were sometimes stigmatisized and accused of simulating their problems. From this position they tried to legitimize their situation by presenting themselves as respectable women. They seemed to be trapped between two roles, taking an active part in the labour market and struggling to be a good mother and wife. The illness can therefore, I argue, be seen as a result of the subordination of women in the Swedish society.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.