Syfte: Att beskriva arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av interventioner för klienter med sömnstörning, med en fördjupad inriktning mot tyngdtäcken. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Deltagarna i studien utgjordes av åtta arbetsterapeuter, från samma geografiska område, med klinisk erfarenhet av arbete med interventioner vid sömnstörning. Insamlade data analyserades med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen av data resulterade i fem kategorier: Vikten av en arbetsterapeutisk kartläggning för en framgångsrik intervention, Att kombinera interventioner vid sömnstörning, Tyngdtäckets inverkan på symptom kopplade till sömnstörning, Sömnstörningens och tyngdtäckets inverkan på möjlighet till delaktighet i aktivitet samt Organisatoriska förutsättningar för arbetsterapeutiska interventioner vid sömnstörning. Arbetsterapeuternas kliniska erfarenhet påvisade i denna studie att tyngdtäcke och sömnhygiensiska råd var betydande interventioner för klienter med sömnstörning. Resultatet visade att dessa interventioner kunde ha en positiv inverkan på klientens hälsa samt bidra till ökad förmåga att utföra vardagsaktiviteter. Slutsats: Studien har bidragit med kunskap kring arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av interventioner vid sömnstörning och dess inverkan på klienterna. Vidare forskning krävs inom området för att ytterligare kunna styrka sömnhygieniska råden och tyngdtäckes positiva inverkan på individer med sömnstörning.

Previous studies show the need to find a solution to improve the athlete's recovery and help overcome their sleep disorders. Sleep hygiene is a list of habits and recommendation that enhance sleep quality. Sleep hygiene education has been used in some research to fill the need of the athletes. Still, a lack of information exists on the development of sleep hygiene programs and related impacts. This thesis aims to perform a systematic review of the literature of scholarly journals articles from 2007 to 2018, focusing on the relationship between sleep hygiene education and athletes sleep quality and quantity. The investigation concluded with 16 qualifying articles. A synthesis of recommendations from all studies offered sleep hygiene suggestions for athletes; all the results are provided in table 12. The further overall conclusion of the selected articles settled that sleep hygiene is recommended for athletes, yet the methods and strategies are vague and not precise. A strong recommendation from this systematic literature review is the creation of a standardized list of sleep hygiene habits focused on athletes to improve their sleep quality and quantity.

Patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk of developing an acute condition known as ICU delirium, which can impact patients’ length of hospital stay and increase short term and 6-month mortality. The cause of ICU delirium is multifactorial, and lack of quality sleep is a known risk factor. Patients’ sleep in the ICU is frequently interrupted by clinicians involved in their care and equipment alarms. Sleep hygiene interventions to minimize these interruptions for the patient are one strategy to reduce the risk of ICU delirium. Examples of sleep hygiene interventions include eye masks, earplugs, and grouping patient care to minimize nighttime interruptions. The primary purpose of this thesis was to review the available evidence on non-pharmacological sleeping interventions and how they can prevent the development of ICU delirium in adults hospitalized with a critical illness. A secondary aim of this thesis was to study the impact of non-pharmacological interventions on sleep quality. Seven studies conducted in critical care units were included in this scoping review, which examined how non-pharmacological sleep hygiene interventions impacted both the prevention of ICU delirium, and sleep quality. Study results were analyzed to determine their effectiveness in relation to the two outcome measures. Although this review identified many benefits of non-pharmacological sleep interventions, the results on which are most effective in preventing delirium and improving sleep quality are inconclusive. Future research needs to be done to evaluate which sleep-promoting intervention(s) will benefit critical care patients most in preventing or lowering their risk of delirium. The feasibility of both health care staff consistently and effectively executing the intervention(s) outside of research conditions, and patient compliance to the interventions needs to be further studied. Additionally, there is a need for future studies measuring sleep quality as a result of sleep promoting interventions to be measured by PSG rather than subjective written/oral reports in order to obtain objective, reliable results.

Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre calidad de sueño y otros factores con el dolor músculo esquelético en docentes de la facultad de ciencias de la salud en una universidad privada peruana Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal con un total de 115 docentes universitarios que pertenecían a la facultad de Ciencias de la Salud los cuales respondieron a un cuestionario con 81 preguntas de identificación de dolor músculo esquelético, auto reporte brindado por el PhD Edgar Vieira (7), el cuestionario de calidad de sueño de Pittsburg, y el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck. En relación con el análisis de múltiples variables, se utilizó regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, de donde se calcularon PR crudos y ajustados con IC 95%. Resultados Se encuestaron a 115 profesores, con edad media de 41,44 + 10,46 años. El 94% del total de la muestra mostró dolor en una o más partes del cuerpo, mientras que el 90,4% del porcentaje mencionado presentó dolor en cuello o espalda alta o espalda baja. En relación con la calidad de sueño, los que presentaron perturbaciones de sueño de nivel mínimo fueron 72,6%. Se observó que la presencia de dolor músculo esquelético no estuvo asociado con la edad, el sexo ni con algún nivel de calidad de sueño (p >0.05) Conclusiones Aunque nuestro estudio no encontró asociación de dolor músculo esquelético con calidad de sueño, se halló una alta prevalencia de dolor músculo esquelético específicamente en la zona cervical y espalda baja para los docentes de todas las carreras. Además, no se ha encontrado asociación significativa entre ansiedad y dolor músculo esquelético. Se recomienda realizar más investigaciones, de naturaleza longitudinal. / Objective To determine the association between sleep quality and other factors with musculoskeletal pain in faculty of the School of Health Sciences in a Peruvian private University Material and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 115 faculty belonging to the School of Health Sciences who answered a questionnaire with 81 musculoskeletal pain identification questions, a self-report provided by the PhD Edgar Vieira (7), the Pittsburg sleep quality questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In relation to the analysis of multiple variables, Poisson regression with robust variance was used, where crude PR were calculated and adjusted with 95% CI. Results A total of 115 faculty were surveyed, with an average age of 41.44 + 10.46 years. 94% of the total sample showed pain in one or more parts of the body, while 90.4% of the mentioned percentage presented pain in the neck or upper back or lower back. In relation to the quality of sleep, those who presented disturbances of sleep of minimum level were 72.6%. It was observed that the presence of skeletal muscle pain was not associated with age, sex or with any level of quality of sleep (p> 0.05) Conclusions Although our study found no association of skeletal muscle pain with sleep quality, a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was found specifically in the cervical area and lower back for Faculty of all careers. In addition, there is no significant association between anxiety and skeletal muscle pain. / Tesis

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the effects of sleep on human health. Lack of sleep has demonstrable effects on a person's physical and mental health. People are succumbing to strong influences of present day society, which degrade their quality of sleep. These influences do not only effect adults, but children and adolescents as well. One can improve sleep quality by following sleep hygiene rules. Nowadays these rules are often violated. The main problem is ignorance. The aim of the practical part of this diploma thesis was to compare satisfaction with quality of sleep between groups of students in elementary schools, students of secondary schools, and adult working people. It was also investigated whether respondents in schools were familiar with sleep hygiene and whether they followed it. The results of the questionnaire surveys found that the group least satisfied with sleep quality was the group with working adults. More than half of the respondents in schools were unaware of sleep hygiene. It was confirmed that more than two thirds of respondents do not follow sleep hygiene rules. In the conclusion, the author has included material on sleep problems for grade eight students of elementary schools. It could be used as a draft chaper for future school textbooks, because...

Sömn är grundläggande för elitidrottares återhämtning och uppbyggnad. För ungdomar som elitidrottar kan upprätthållande av en god sömnkvalitet, sömnkvantitet och sömnhygien vara utmanande. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien var att studera skillnader i sömnvanor mellan elitidrottande ungdomar och ungdomar som inte elitidrottar. Undersökningen riktades mot elevers sömnhygien med ett specifikt fokus på skärmanvändande. 504 elever deltog i enkätstudien varav 256 studerade på riksidrottsgymnasium och 248 på vanligt gymnasium. Signifikanta skillnader observerades där elitidrottande ungdomar hade bättre sömnkvalitet och sömnkvantitet, men sämre sömnhygien än jämförelseelever. Skärmanvändande skiljde sig inte mellan grupperna. Resultatet pekade på att elitidrottande ungdomar hade sämre sovmiljö, men bättre sömnhygien när det gällde substansintag och insomningsfördröjande beteenden än jämförelseelever. Ett signifikant samband mellan sömnhygien och sömnkvalitet observerades. Specifika faktorer som predicerade sömnkvalitet hos RIG-elever var skärmanvändande efter sovförsök och uppvaknanden av aviseringar under natten. Slutsatser från studien är att även om elitidrottssatsande elever har bättre sömnkvalitet och sömnkvantitet än elever på jämförelsegymnasium, finns det fortfarande stort utrymme för förbättring. Då elevernas sömnhygien kan anses vara bristfällig, pekar resultatet på att större fokus bör läggas på att ge eleverna optimala förutsättningar för bättre sömn. / Sleep is fundamental for an athlete’s recovery and adaptation. It can be hard for high school athletes to maintain good sleep quality, quantity and hygiene. The main purpose of this study was to examine differences in sleep habits between high school athletes and non-athlete high school adolescents. The students’ sleep hygiene was studied, and specific focus was drawn to screen time. 504 students participated in the survey whereas 256 studied at National Sports High Schools and 248 at a reference high school. Significant differences were observed suggesting that high school athletes had superior sleep quality and sleep quantity, but inferior sleep hygiene compared to the reference group. Screen time did not differ between the groups. The result showed that high school athletes had inferior sleep environment, but superior sleep hygiene regarding substance use and sleep delaying behaviors compared to the reference group. A significant correlation between sleep hygiene and sleep quality was observed. Specific factors predicting sleep quality for high school athletes were screen time after sleep attempt and awakenings due to notifications. The study’s conclusion is that there is still room for improvement even though high school athletes shows superior sleep quality and sleep quantity compared to the reference group. Since the students’ sleep hygiene can be seen as inadequate, the study suggests that interventions to support high school athletes’ optimal sleep should be considered.

This study is a bachelor thesis in the field of Information Design with a focus on Interaction Design. It aims to develop an interactive application to raise self-awareness on the matter of sleep hygiene for young adults, especially college students.  The study integrates both quantitative methods such as surveys, and qualitative methods including interviews and usability testing, to gather data. This report demonstrates the design thinking behind design solutions based on collected data and several iterative processes. The study involves various experts and the potential target group to create a User-Centered Design application. In total, seven experts in both health and user experience fields, and five college students were involved in the qualitative research. Various psychological theories such as Cognitive Load and Self-Determination were used in the study to create a user-friendly application.  The result of this study is a design proposal for the interactive application called Soul-Py, which combines a sleep tracker, gamification of sleep hygiene topics, a community that involves both experts and other users, and a controller for smart home devices. The application encourages users to self-reflect on their sleep hygiene and practice better sleep hygiene practices. / Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats inom området informationsdesign med fokus på interaktionsdesign. Den syftar till att utveckla en interaktiv applikation för att öka självmedvetenheten om sömnhygien för unga vuxna, särskilt universitetsstudenter.  Studien integrerar både kvantitativa metoder, såsom enkäter, och kvalitativa metoder, inklusive intervjuer och användbarhetstester, för att samla in data. Denna rapport visar designprocessen bakom design lösningarna baserade på insamlade data och flera iterativa processer. Studien involverar olika experter och potentiella målgrupp för att skapa en användarcentrerad designapplikation. Totalt var sju experter inom både hälso- och användarupplevelseområdena, samt fem universitetsstudenter, inblandade i den kvalitativa forskningen. Olika psykologiska teorier såsom kognitiv belastning och självbestämmandeteori användes i studien för att skapa en användarvänlig applikation.  Resultatet av studien är ett designförslag för den interaktiva applikationen, kallad Soul-Py, som kombinerar en sömnspårare, spelifiering för ämnen om sömnhygien, en gemenskap som involverar både experter och andra användare, samt en kontroller för smarta hem-enheter. Applikationen uppmuntrar användarna att reflektera över sin sömnhygien och att praktisera bättre sömnhygienvanor.

Research on persuasive technologies for promoting healthy behaviours has been surging in recent years, but these technologies have the risk of being perceived as undesirable meddling. The current study puts forward a non-coercive and libertarian paternalistic alternative - the nudge theory. The foundation of the nudge theory is informed by the dual processing theory and can be categorized in two types - Type 1 nudging and Type 2 nudging. As design tools, two Type 1 nudging methods: default setting and manipulation of accessibility; and four Type 2 nudging methods: reminders, prompts, framing and precommitment strategies were selected to be featured. Sleep was chosen as the use case for this study, for it is associated with a number of non-communicable diseases yet considerably few studies of persuasive technology are about sleep. Better sleep hygiene is a significant means to improve sleep, therefore used as the design goal. The current study explores possible solutions for persuasive technologies for improving sleep hygiene, and better understand the design potentials and the persuasive characteristics of different types and methods of nudging. The research methodology is informed by scenario-based design. Five (four male and one female) academic professionals with backgrounds in interaction design, human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence and robotics took part in the study. Seven scenarios and thirteen prototypes were created to illustrate the situations and present the possible solutions. Results also showed that Type 1 nudging is considered more convenient and effective. However, the sense of control is better preserved in Type 2 nudging. In regard to nudging methods, default setting is considered as the most eective method under the condition of goal-alignment, but prone to error. Manipulation of accessibility should be designed so that the navigation is intuitive and the integrity of availability should not be damaged. Timing is the most prominent factor for reminders, and the influence of reminders could be reinforced by prioritizing and cross-platform availability. The presence of prompts could be emphasized by purposeful placement, and appropriateness should be considered. The perception of framing is highly subjective, therefore it should be user-tailored and context-aware. The effects of precommitment strategies are able to access higher-level motivation, but should be reinforced with other methods. To summarize the design principles, when designing nudges in persuasive technologies, the following factors should be considered: goal alignment, intuitiveness, context awareness, availability and accessing motivation. / Forskning inom temat persuasive teknologi för hälsoinriktade beteenden har ökat under den senaste tiden. Dock kan sådana teknologier oftast uppfattas som en oönskad inblandning i människors privata liv. Denna studie föreslår ett otvingade och libertarianskt paternalistiskt alternativ för att påverka val och beteenden – nudge teorin. Flera tidigare beprövade designverktyg betonas i denna teori. Nudge teorin har en dual process teoretisk bakgrund och kan delas in i två typer av nudging –- Typ 1 nudging och Typ 2 nudging. Bland Typ 1 verktyg väljs default setting och manipulation of accessibility, och bland Typ 2 metoder väljs reminders, prompts, framing och pre-commitment strategies. I syfte att illustrera detta användes sömn som exempel, då det har länkats till flera icke-smittsamma sjukdomar och få studier har försökt att undersöka motiverande design i relation till sömn. Bättre sömnhygien är ett betydelsefullt verktyg för att förbättra sömn och användes därför som målsättning. Denna studie undersöker möjliga alternativ för persuasive teknologi i syfte att förbättra sömn. Dessutom undersöktes potentialen av olika typer av persuasive teknologi och metoder för nudging. Den valda metodologi är en informerad scenariobaserad design. Fem akademiskt anställda, fyra män och en kvinna, med bakgrund inom interaction design, human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence och robotics, deltog i denna studie. Sju scenarion och tretton prototyper utarbetades för att illustrera en situation och presentera en möjlig lösning där sömnhygien kunde förbättras igenom persuasive teknologi. Resultaten visade att Typ 1 nudging ansågs vara mer lämpligt och effektiv. Emellertid bibehålls känslan av kontroll mer inom Typ 2 nudging. Default setting ansågs som mest effektiv inom betingelsen goal alignment, men med risk för bakslag. Manipulation of accessibility bör designas så att navigering är intuitiv och att integriteten av tillgänglighet inte störs. Tajming är den mest framträdande faktorn för reminders och deras påverkan skulle kunna framhävas igenom prioritering och cross-platform availability. Prompts skulle kunna framhävas mer igenom igenomtänkt placering där lämplighet är en drivande faktor. Uppfattningen av framing är mycket subjektiv och bör vara anpassad till användaren. Pre-commitment strategier har tillgång till högre motivation men bör förstärkas med andra medel.