This thesis is focused on survey of important symbolic agents, with that the organizational culture is presented in the chosen organization. Part of this thesis deals with the identification of social norms and standards of behaviour, that are thought to be important in this organization. Purpose of this thesis is verify, the relation of symbolic agents to strong embedded and sharable social norms and standards of behaviour in organization in randomly chosen research sample of employees. At the end of the thesis are the results and recommendations for lead of organization.

The present dissertation evaluates the internal dynamics of a specific type of common-pool resource, an information commons. Employing a novel dataset related to more than 800,000 transactions in distinct libraries during a 10-year period (2005-2015), I address distinct questions in the fields of organizational economics, law and economics, and public economics. This dissertation contains three chapters in the format of academic papers, besides the introduction and conclusion. The second chapter evaluates the behavioral responses of library users to monetary sanctions. I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of fines in a library, as well as differences among users, in terms of fine incidence. In the case of this chapter, I report two results: first, the introduction of fines reduces users\' delays, as predicted by standard models of law enforcement. Second, when evaluating the dynamic effects of such an introduction, I uncover a result in which fines lose efficacy over time since its nominal value remains the same after instauration. The third chapter measures externalities in an information commons. I estimate the magnitude of the impacts of actions of library users who were subject to a non-monetary sanction (professors and university employees) over users who were subject to a monetary sanction (students). Additionally, I estimate peer effects among users, considering the number of items they borrow from the library. When investigating external effects, I uncover a \"crowding-out\" effect: for an additional unity in professors and employees\' counts, there is an approximate one-to-one decrease in students\' counts. In the case of peer effects, I find that a rise in the borrowings of a user\'s peer group correlates with her own borrowings, an evidence of positive peer effects. Finally, the fourth chapter explores the interplay between common-pool resources and transaction costs. In particular, I try to answer the following question: what happens when transaction costs go down in a common-pool resource setting? I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of a cost-saving technology (return boxes) and its impacts on library performance measures. Contrarily to standard arguments based on transaction costs, I find a result in which the instauration of return boxes tend, on average, to raise the probability of delays and borrowings\' effective durations. The results reported in this dissertation have important implications for theories based on common-pool resources\' management, and constitute novel empirical evidence for the areas of law and economics, public economics, and organizational economics. / A presente tese avalia a dinâmica interna de um tipo específico de recurso comum, um \"information commons\". Utilizando uma nova base de dados contendo mais de 800.000 transações ocorridas em distintas bibliotecas, ao longo de um período superior a 10 anos (2005-2015), o trabalho busca responder distintas questões relacionadas às áreas de economia das organizações, direito econômico e economia do setor público. A tese contém três capítulos, em formato de artigos, além da introdução e conclusão. O segundo capítulo da tese avalia as respostas comportamentais de usuários de uma biblioteca a sanções monetárias, ao explorar variação no timing de introdução de multas, assim como diferenças entre usuários, em termos de incidência dessas multas. No caso deste capítulo, são reportados dois resultados: em primeiro lugar, a introdução da multa tende a reduzir atrasos dos usuários, conforme previsto por modelos convencionais de cumprimento da lei. Em segundo lugar, uma análise dos efeitos dinâmicos de instauração da multa sugere que ela perde eficácia ao longo do tempo, uma vez que seu valor nominal permanece o mesmo, desde a data de instauração. O terceiro capítulo da tese apresenta estimativas das magnitudes de externalidades em um recurso comum. Neste capítulo, são estimados os impactos das ações de usuários da biblioteca sujeitos a uma sanção não-monetária (professores e funcionários) sobre usuários sujeitos a uma sanção monetária (alunos). Adicionalmente, são estimados efeitos sobre pares (peereffects), considerando o número de itens emprestados por usuários da biblioteca. A análise da magnitude de efeitos externos leva à descoberta de um efeito \"crowding-out\": para cada unidade adicional emprestada por professores e funcionários, há uma redução, na escala de um por um, nos empréstimos de estudantes. No caso de estimações de efeitos sobre pares, um aumento nos empréstimos por parte do grupo ao qual um usuário pertence é correlacionado com seus próprios empréstimos, o que constitui evidência favorável à ocorrência de efeitos positivos sobre pares, no caso. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo, explora-se a interação entre recursos comuns e custos de transação. Especificamente, busca-se responder a seguinte questão: o que ocorre quando custos de transação são reduzidos em um contexto envolvendo recursos comuns? Para tanto, explora-se a variação no timing de introdução de uma tecnologia redutora de custos de transação (caixas de devolução), assim como seus impactos sobre medidas de desempenho na biblioteca. No caso deste capítulo, tem-se um resultado onde a instauração de caixas de devolução tende, em média, a aumentar a probabilidade de atrasos entre usuários da biblioteca, assim como a duração efetiva dos empréstimos, contrariamente a argumentos baseados em custos de transação. Os resultados reportados nesta tese têm importantes implicações para teorias baseadas no gerenciamento de recursos comuns, assim como correspondem a um novo conjunto de evidências empíricas relacionadas às áreas de direito econômico, economia do setor público e economia das organizações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Nascimento Francisco.pdf: 1026261 bytes, checksum: 20b5cb10d78c34bc1ff4bedf5bb989c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / This study aims to analyze a particular course of action understood as a disease by the medical science and an offense to the structuring of processes ordered face-to-face interaction in everyday life. Alcoholism was selected for the theoretical and empirical object as the social experiences of members of self-help groups that acquired a social significance in recent decades: the "Alcoholics Anonymous" AA. The AA is a physical space that apprehends alcoholism as a matter related to the daily lives of men and women stigmatized as drunk. The AA members strive gradually in overlay alcoholism with a language related to the reorganization of their everyday lives. . In the first instance, we address the intrinsic relationship between the systemic world of science, its way to make sense to alcoholism (rational construction of the disease conception) and their acceptance of disability on other approaches to the problem of excessive alcohol consumption in social life. In a second step, we show the historical and political development of the United States and favorable social conditions for the emergence of a movement that understands alcoholism from the public discussion on the way to the common good of society. On a third occasion, we study the social experiences of AA members and the construction of belief in alcoholism within the group as a spring abnormality of disruption of the privacy of its visitors. We understand therefore that alcoholism for AA membership is a fact that hindered his performances in everyday social relations - and will continue blocking if nothing is done to understand the abnormality of those who constantly drink in everyday life. The work was based on qualitative methodologies such as case study, having been selected for the AA your research, semi-structured interviews with the group members, systematic observation of AA meetings and document analysis used by its frequenters / O presente trabalho analisa uma determinada maneira de agir, entendida como doença pela ciência médica, e uma ofensa à estruturação dos processos ordenados de interação face a face na vida cotidiana. Selecionou-se o alcoolismo para o estudo teórico e como objeto empírico as experiências sociais dos membros dos grupos de autoajuda que adquiriu uma importância social nas últimas décadas: os Alcoólicos Anônimos A.A. O A.A é um espaço físico que apreende o alcoolismo como uma questão relacionada ao cotidiano de homens e mulheres estigmatizados como bêbados. Os membros do A.A esforçam-se, gradativamente, em revestirem o alcoolismo com uma linguagem relacionada à reorganização de suas vidas cotidianas. Num primeiro instante, abordamos as intrínsecas relações entre o mundo sistêmico da ciência, sua forma em atribuir sentido ao alcoolismo (construção racional da concepção de doença) e sua incapacidade de aceitação diante de outras abordagens sobre o problema do consumo excessivo de álcool na vida social. Num segundo momento, mostramos o desenvolvimento histórico e político dos Estados Unidos e as condições sociais propícias para o surgimento de um movimento que compreende o alcoolismo, a partir da discussão pública em torno do caminho rumo ao bem comum da sociedade. Numa terceira ocasião, estudamos as experiências sociais dos membros do A.A e a construção da crença no alcoolismo dentro do grupo como uma anormalidade nascente da desestruturação da vida privada de seus frequentadores. Entendemos, pois, que o alcoolismo, para os membros do A.A, é um fato que obstruiu suas atuações nas relações sociais cotidianas e que continuará obstruindo, caso nada seja feito para se entender a anormalidade daqueles que bebem constantemente na vida cotidiana. O trabalho se apoiou em metodologias qualitativas como o Estudo de Caso, tendo sido selecionado o A.A para sua pesquisa, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os membros do grupo, observação sistemática das reuniões do A.A. e análise de documentos utilizados por seus frequentadores

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Nascimento Francisco.pdf: 1026261 bytes, checksum: 20b5cb10d78c34bc1ff4bedf5bb989c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / This study aims to analyze a particular course of action understood as a disease by the medical science and an offense to the structuring of processes ordered face-to-face interaction in everyday life. Alcoholism was selected for the theoretical and empirical object as the social experiences of members of self-help groups that acquired a social significance in recent decades: the "Alcoholics Anonymous" AA. The AA is a physical space that apprehends alcoholism as a matter related to the daily lives of men and women stigmatized as drunk. The AA members strive gradually in overlay alcoholism with a language related to the reorganization of their everyday lives. . In the first instance, we address the intrinsic relationship between the systemic world of science, its way to make sense to alcoholism (rational construction of the disease conception) and their acceptance of disability on other approaches to the problem of excessive alcohol consumption in social life. In a second step, we show the historical and political development of the United States and favorable social conditions for the emergence of a movement that understands alcoholism from the public discussion on the way to the common good of society. On a third occasion, we study the social experiences of AA members and the construction of belief in alcoholism within the group as a spring abnormality of disruption of the privacy of its visitors. We understand therefore that alcoholism for AA membership is a fact that hindered his performances in everyday social relations - and will continue blocking if nothing is done to understand the abnormality of those who constantly drink in everyday life. The work was based on qualitative methodologies such as case study, having been selected for the AA your research, semi-structured interviews with the group members, systematic observation of AA meetings and document analysis used by its frequenters / O presente trabalho analisa uma determinada maneira de agir, entendida como doença pela ciência médica, e uma ofensa à estruturação dos processos ordenados de interação face a face na vida cotidiana. Selecionou-se o alcoolismo para o estudo teórico e como objeto empírico as experiências sociais dos membros dos grupos de autoajuda que adquiriu uma importância social nas últimas décadas: os Alcoólicos Anônimos A.A. O A.A é um espaço físico que apreende o alcoolismo como uma questão relacionada ao cotidiano de homens e mulheres estigmatizados como bêbados. Os membros do A.A esforçam-se, gradativamente, em revestirem o alcoolismo com uma linguagem relacionada à reorganização de suas vidas cotidianas. Num primeiro instante, abordamos as intrínsecas relações entre o mundo sistêmico da ciência, sua forma em atribuir sentido ao alcoolismo (construção racional da concepção de doença) e sua incapacidade de aceitação diante de outras abordagens sobre o problema do consumo excessivo de álcool na vida social. Num segundo momento, mostramos o desenvolvimento histórico e político dos Estados Unidos e as condições sociais propícias para o surgimento de um movimento que compreende o alcoolismo, a partir da discussão pública em torno do caminho rumo ao bem comum da sociedade. Numa terceira ocasião, estudamos as experiências sociais dos membros do A.A e a construção da crença no alcoolismo dentro do grupo como uma anormalidade nascente da desestruturação da vida privada de seus frequentadores. Entendemos, pois, que o alcoolismo, para os membros do A.A, é um fato que obstruiu suas atuações nas relações sociais cotidianas e que continuará obstruindo, caso nada seja feito para se entender a anormalidade daqueles que bebem constantemente na vida cotidiana. O trabalho se apoiou em metodologias qualitativas como o Estudo de Caso, tendo sido selecionado o A.A para sua pesquisa, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os membros do grupo, observação sistemática das reuniões do A.A. e análise de documentos utilizados por seus frequentadores

Cette thèse est née d’un questionnement sur le corps de l’acteur en scène au regard des normes, insufflé par le séminaire de Jean-Jacques Courtine sur «L’histoire du corps anormal». Cette focalisation sur le corps en scène réactive ma passion pour un théâtre où les acteurs, désignés comme singuliers, ne sortent pas des grandes écoles de théâtre ou de danse. Ces spectacles, de plus en plus visibles, présentent le corps dans sa réalité et non plus son idéalité. Ces corps charnels ont un impact sur les spectateurs. Que dit ce théâtre des corps sur le corps aujourd’hui ? A quel besoin répond-il ? La partie I, en cherchant à nommer ces acteurs et ces spectacles, interroge des notions (normal/anormal/hors-normes, ordinaire/extra-ordinaire, handicap/handicapé, art/art-Thérapie, professionnel/amateur, …) et des normes corporelles en vigueur aujourd’hui, normes de l’acteur et de sa représentation. La partie II analyse des documents hétérogènes afin de cerner le ressenti de spectateurs face aux spectacles de l’Oiseau-Mouche (au fil de son histoire), de troupes et de metteurs en scène qui mettent leur corps en jeu. / This dissertation originates in a questioning of the body of the stage actor in relation to social norms, inspired by Jean-Jacques Courtine’s seminar on «the history of the abnormal body». This focus on the body on stage has revived my passion for a kind of theatre in which actors, perceived as singular, have not been trained in the main theatre or dance academies. These shows more and more conspicuously display the body as real rather than ideal. These bodies in flesh and blood have a powerful impact on spectators. What does this body theatre have to say on the current state of the body? What kind of need does it meet?The first part of this work tries to give these actors and these plays a name by questioning some of the categories (normal/abnormal/out of norms; ordinary/extra-ordinary; disability/disabled; art/art-therapy; professional/amateur, …), as well as the bodily norms of the actor and his/her representation in force to day. The second part analyses heterogeneous documents in order to grasp the perception of spectators when attending the Oiseau Mouche various plays (in the course of the company’s history), as well as those of companies’ and stage directors’ works in which the body is deeply involved.

<p>The general aim of the project was to describe the situation of lesbians and gay men in a nursing environment by studying the attitudes of nursing staff and students, and the experiences of gay nursing staff in their work environment and of gay patients and partners in their encounters with nursing. The study for papers I and II had a descriptive, comparative design. Nurses, assistant nurses, and nursing students completed the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (ATHS), the Causes of Homosexuality Questionnaire (CHQ), and the Affect Adjective Checklist (AAC), along with the Nursing Behaviour Questionnaire (NBQ). In general, the participating nursing staff and students expressed positive attitudes, though some subjects reported very negative attitudes toward gay people. The participants also expressed a full spectrum of emotions from delight to anger. The studies for papers III and IV had a descriptive, explorative design. Here, the data collection was performed by semi-structured interviews. The informants were gay nursing staff, gay patients and partners of patients. The gay personnel reported fear and concern about heterosexuals' reactions when these informants 'come out', and were constantly assesing the risk being open about their sexual orientation among their workmates. Nearly all patients and partners described several situations where heteronormative assumptions were communicated by the nursing staff. Almost all informants offered recommendations for nursing staff to facilitate communication. According to the presented findings, probably only a small minority in Swedish nursing have negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. However, the informants told of heteronormative language and behaviour in nursing contexts that were percieved as insensitive, insulting and humaliating. Nursing staff need to learn how to communicate in a more natural way and to be aware of the norms they communicate through the language and behaviour they use.</p>

<p>The aim of the study was to explore the socio-cultural influences in decision making involving sexual behaviour among adolescents in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Cultural beliefs associated with adolescents&rsquo / decision to become sexually active were explored, as well as the social norms influences involved in adolescents&rsquo / sexual behaviour. The theoretical framework used for the study was Bronfenbrenner&rsquo / s ecological systems theory of development. The results indicated that adolescent pregnancy was perceived as unacceptable behaviour although found widespread in communities. Social influences such as peer influence, low socioeconomic status, alcohol use and lack of parental supervision were found to play a role in adolescents&rsquo / risky sexual behaviour. Cultural beliefs, cultural myths and social norms were identified as socio-cultural influences that endorsed issues such as gender disparities, which made adolescent mothers vulnerable. Findings from this study suggest that female adolescents are faced with sexual behaviour complexities.</p>

The point of departure of the present thesis is what happens to working time in sections of the labor market where the content of production is becoming more knowledge-intensive, that is, where production is largely based on creativity, knowledge development and communication – processes that are difficult to control and locate in time. Paired with the rise in information and communication technology (ICT), room for interpretation is created by necessity as concerns the boundaries of work and what constitutes a satisfactory work effort. The thesis argues for the need to pay attention to social norms if we are to comprehend what guides action in such ”free” job situations – free in the sense that there is room for individual control of work hours. From a historical perspective, an understanding is sought of what constitutes the social norms surrounding working time and in what way they contribute to the temporal patterns the worker gives to his/her workday. In order to grasp the nature of temporal norms, two papers presented in the thesis study historical sources reflecting the way in which working time has been valued and debated in Sweden during the 20th century. In order to elucidate the relationship between work and work hours in knowledge-intensive jobs, two groups of wage earners with great influence over when, how and where their work is to be carried out have been studied. On the basis of these two cases, the thesis discusses on what grounds work expectations are created and how these expectations are handled. The results indicate that, in a historical perspective, working hours have been surrounded with normative conceptions. However, it was not until the formal employment contract was loosened that these norms had any real impact on the temporal pattern the individual gives to his/her working day. This is explained by the fact that, under this kind of loose contract, the worker is exposed to social expectations in a more direct way. The title, “On the symbolic side of working time”, implies that in giving working time a specific temporal pattern, the individual is expressing his/her identity, loyalty, commitment and status. Further, the thesis increases our understanding of the ways in which social norms both facilitate and limit our relation to working life; how these norms are refracted against a changing world, and how they are manipulated, debated and ever changing in content. At the same time, the thesis shows how different forces are working to restructure our conception of what is to be viewed as a satisfactory work effort and in the long run also how and when we work. / Avhandlingen tar sin utgångspunkt i frågan om vad som händer med arbetstiden i de delar av arbetsmarknaden där innehållet i produktionen blir mer kunskapsintensivt? Kunskapsproduktion som i mycket utgår från kreativitet, kunskapsutveckling och kommunikation, processer som är svåra att kontrollera och tidfästa. Tillsammans med framväxten av informations- och kommunikationsteknologin (IKT) har utvecklingen bidragit till att de tidsliga och rumsliga dimensionerna av arbete har förändrats. Ramarna för vad som utgör en fullgod arbetsinsats är många gånger är tve- och mångtydiga och inte alltid explicita. I avhandlingen framhålls vikten av att, i detta sammanhang, betrakta arbetstidens gestaltning som ett utslag av sociala förväntningar på beteende.Ur ett historiskt perspektiv söks en förståelse för hur de normer som omgärdar arbetstiden skapas, samt i förlängningen vilket inflytande de har på arbetstidens gestaltning. I syfte att sätta in vår syn på tid i ett större perspektiv genomförs i avhandling två delstudier av historiskt källmaterial vilket reflekterar hur arbetstid värderats och debatterats i Sverige under 1900-talet. I syfte att belysa förhållandet mellan arbete och arbetstid i kunskapsintensiva arbeten studeras två grupper lönearbetare vars arbete kännetecknas av ett stort inflytande över när, hur och var arbetet skall utföras. Utifrån dessa två case diskuteras dels hur förväntningar på arbetet skapas, dels hur arbetaren hanterar dessa förväntningar.Resultatet av avhandlingens delstudier visar att arbetsdagens längd sedd i ett historiskt perspektiv, varit förknippad med normativa föreställningar, men det är först när det formella avtalet luckras upp, som dessa föreställningar får ett större genomslag i praktiken. Detta då vi på ett mer direkt sätt exponeras för olika normer. Begreppet ”Arbetstidens symbolvärde” söker fånga hur individen i relation till omgivningens förväntningar uttrycker identitet, lojalitet och hängivenhet samt status beroende av hur arbetstidens hanteras. Avhandlingen bidrar till en ökad förståelse för normer som möjliggör och begränsar vårt förhållande till arbetslivet; hur dessa normer bryts mot en ständigt föränderlig värld, hur de manipuleras, debatteras och byter innehåll. Samtidigt visas tydligt hur olika krafter verkar för att omstrukturera synen på vad som ska betraktas som en fullgod arbetsinsats och i förlängningen även hur och när vi arbetar. / QC 20100806

This is a thesis that deals with the norms and rules of players playing online games together. It is also a thesis about believability, the current capabilities of non-player characters (NPCs) and the attitudes amongst game developers towards dynamic and systemic games AI. The primary theme of this thesis considers which means of communication and coordination in terms of norms and rules are present in groups of players and particularly in guilds and clans playing Massively Multi Online Games (MMOGs) and First Person Shooters (FPSs) respectively. The presence of norms in these types of groups has been overlooked in previous research even though guilds have been addressed to some extent. When rules have been discussed in games research, the actual use, meaning and interpretation behind these rules from a player perspective has been omitted. In this thesis rules and norms are interpreted from a guild and clan perspective as important means for coordination, used in order to keep the group together. The implicit rules are further seen as implicit rules made explicit through guild and clan forums where these groups of players express how to preserve the shared game experience. The absence of rituals, norms and rules has also been studied in temporary groups of one MMOG, with the explanation that existing relations with other players are maintained in these game sessions, but new relations are usually seen as too costly to invest in. The second theme is directed at believability and the state of current NPCs, how immersion is influenced by NPCs that do not act in believable ways. The second theme is also influenced by the first theme, whereby rules and norms are seen as valuable tools for creating believability in NPCs, directly targeting the social layer, a slightly overlooked area of research. The last section is directed at applying the results from the first section, how players play by the rules and norms of the group, and how this could foster believability in NPCs. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 5: In press. Paper 6: In press.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to examine discourses about the user category young people in two well-established Swedish library journals between the years 2005 and 2010. The empirical material consists of 65 texts derived from the library journals Biblioteksbladet and Bibliotek i samhälle. By using discourse theory and methodology I discover several different ways in which young people are categorized in the library context. As a complementary theory I have analyzed the material from an intersectional perspective. The result shows that young people most of the times are defined by adults. Several characteristics such as creativity, interest in modern technology, messiness and need for support are repeated in the descriptions of the young, suggesting that there is clear idea of how young people are. Young people are categorized both in relation to the adult clientele and a normative youthfulness. One conclusion drawn from the study is that social positions are likely to be too blunt as categorizing principles. A possible way to get around this problem might be to emanate from the library users subjective interests and needs instead of social positions like age. This is a two years master´s thesis in library and information science.