Makt är ofta negativt associerat och förknippat med någonting auktoritärt. Speciellt tydligt blir detta i en skandinavisk kultur där det finns ett vardagligt tal kring “jantelagen” som förkastar när man skryter om sina egna framgångar. Således kan en ledande position i en organisation bli utmanande eftersom positionen kan uppfattas som framträdande och iögonfallande. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att få en djupare förståelse för butikschefer inom livsmedelshandelns subjektiva upplevelser av att påverkas av sociala maktrelationer i en svensk arbetslivskontext. Med utgångspunkt i ett socialpsykologiskt synsätt så studeras detta teoretiskt genom De fem maktformerna, Kulturdimensionsteorin, Approach Inhibition Theory of Power och Normativ makt. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med butikschefer. Slutsatserna visade på en mångfacetterad syn på makt där makt både kunde skildras som något ouppskattat såväl som en källa som bidrar till motivation och samhörighet. Därmed främjades ett relationsorienterat chefskap och butiksmedarbetarnas egenmakt. Att anpassa sitt beteende efter förväntningar var en viktig del i hur chefer använde makt i positiv bemärkelse. Det kunde uttryckas i att anpassa både sin kommunikation och sina chefsegenskaper. / Power is often negatively associated with and addressed as something authoritarian. This becomes apparent in a Scandinavian culture where there is a colloquial term called "janteloven" that disapproves of bragging regarding one's success. Therefore, having a leading position in an organization may be challenging since the position may be regarded as prominent and conspicuous. The purpose of this qualitative study is to achieve a deeper understanding of grocery managers' subjective experiences of being influenced by social power relationships in the Swedish employment context. Based on a social psychological approach, this is theoretically studied with The Five Bases of Power, Cultural Dimensions Theory, Approach Inhibition Theory of Power, and the Normative Theory of Power. Ten semi-structured interviews with grocery managers were conducted. The findings emphasized a multifaceted approach to power, which could be depicted as undesirable or seen as a source of encouragement and unity. Thus, relationship-oriented leadership and empowering grocery personnel were promoted. Adapting one's behavior according to presumptions was a compelling aspect of how managers' used their power in a positive light. This has been depicted in their adaptation of communication and their traits as managers.

No description available.

The enduring question of why apparently ordinary individuals participate in the systemic perpetration of mass violence hallmarks genocide studies, and it arose yet again when the multifarious atrocities faced by civilians in the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–1995 were apparent. With explanations resting on notions of “ancient hatreds” having been denounced in favour of ones that emphasise the role of emotions like fear and resentment, ethnic myths and symbols, and competition on group and individual levels of society, there remains some issues with these approaches; they cannot account for what motivates variations in behaviour by on-the-ground perpetrators nor can they describe the process by which violence develops in tandem on micro- and meso-levels, while still accommodating macro-level causes for conflict. In this thesis, symbolic interactionist and social constructivist theories of social roles and social norms are applied in the search for finding the motives for violent behaviour by perpetrators in the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–1995 to establish a more complete understanding the dynamics of individual decision-making and collective action in the context of violence. A directed qualitative content analysis is conducted of testimony provided by twenty-nine on-the-ground perpetrators and by select witnesses. This testimony was collected from the Hugo Valentin Centre’s database of court transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The research revealed that the (dis-)organisation of the perpetrating groups’ social structures, as well as the presence, or lack thereof, of both role strain and role conflict were deciding factors in motivating violent behaviour.

個人防災の充実は、近年の重要な社会的な課題である。本研究は、社会規範のうち、記述的規範が防災行動に及ぼす影響を検討した。多数の他者が実際にある行動をとっているという情報にもとづく記述的規範は、たしかに防災行動を促進させられることが示された。しかし記述的規範は、一定数の少数の他者が防災行動をとっていないという副次的な情報も伝達してしまう。そのため、受け手の態度によっては、記述的規範が望ましい行動を抑制してしまう危険性があることも示された。 / Promoting personal disaster preparation is an important social issue in recent years. This study examined the effect of descriptive norms on disaster prevention behavior. Descriptive norms based on information about the actual behavior of a large number of others can indeed promote disaster-prevention behavior. However, the descriptive norms also convey secondary information that a certain small number of others are not taking the designated actions. Therefore, depending on the attitudes of the receivers, descriptive norms backfire on the desirable behavior. / 博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Construite à la fin des années 90 et désormais régulièrement employée comme instrument de mesure et d’analyse dans de nombreux pays, la catégorie NEET, désignant les jeunes ni en emploi, ni aux études, ni en formation établit un pont entre deux « problèmes publics » : le décrochage scolaire et le chômage des jeunes. Enjeu institutionnel et scientifique émergent au Canada et au Québec, les jeunes en situation NEET figurent comme premier axe d’intervention du Secrétariat à la jeunesse québécois depuis 2016. Cette catégorie permet une mesure plus précise et un portrait plus fin des jeunes en retrait des sphères traditionnellement reconnues d’intégration des études et de l’emploi. Cependant, les orientations institutionnelles et les représentations sociales sous-jacentes à son usage ouvrent la voie à un ensemble de stigmatisations. Ainsi, dans le contexte québécois au sein duquel la focale institutionnelle se concentre sur la « pénurie de main-d’œuvre », il émerge un répertoire d’arguments symboliques alimentant une lecture institutionnelle et sociale de la situation NEET à travers le « désengagement », la « passivité » et la responsabilité individuelle. S’appuyant sur 36 entretiens réalisés avec des jeunes en situation NEET dans différentes régions du Québec, cette thèse prend le parti d’inverser le regard en étudiant le rapport de ces jeunes aux normes sociales à travers lesquelles ils sont eux-mêmes jugés et catégorisés comme non-conformes aux attentes institutionnelles et sociales. Tout en rendant compte des épreuves communes auxquelles font face ces jeunes, cette recherche explore ainsi les déterminants et fondements des différentes manières qu’ont ces jeunes d’interagir avec la normativité du travail et les principes du modèle méritocratique. Trois logiques d’interaction avec les normes de travail, de mérite et de réussite émergent, nous renseignant également sur les différentes façons de donner sens à leur situation NEET : - Une logique de résistance, se traduisant par un retrait assumé du système éducatif et du marché du travail, subjectivement justifiée par une indignation vis-à-vis des conditions du marché du travail et une mise à distance des normes socialement valorisées de mérite et de réussite. - Une logique d’intériorisation, à ne pas confondre avec l’apathie, s’inscrivant dans un fort sentiment de dévalorisation de soi et de responsabilité individuelle dans la difficulté à se sortir d’une situation source de souffrance sociale. Un fort pessimisme quant à un avenir désirable émerge et s’incarne dans un repli sur le présent. - Une logique de compromis au sein de laquelle les jeunes s’appuient sur l’espoir et la confiance en la réversibilité de leur situation, ainsi que la valorisation des efforts, afin de maintenir leur adhésion à la normativité du travail et à la méritocratie. En filigrane, cette thèse montre le déplacement d’une catégorie d’action publique vers une catégorie sociale à fortes connotations morales, nous renseignant autant sur ces jeunes que sur nos propres normes et grilles de lecture. Elle permet ainsi de comprendre la manière dont l’étiquetage de non-conformité attribué aux jeunes en situation NEET s’inscrit dans une perspective de l’utilité sociale mesurée et restreinte au productif, illustrant tout le mal que l’on a à reconnaitre et légitimer, en tant que société, les manières d’être et agir s’écartant des assignations capitalistes. Sans adopter une démarche de prescription d’actions publiques, cette thèse rend compte de la nécessité de réorienter les logiques d’adaptation de ces jeunes vers une interrogation collective quant aux conditions dans lesquelles ces derniers sont pressés à se réintégrer. À rebours des représentations du « désengagement » et de « l’apathie », les jeunes rencontrés dans le cadre de cette recherche, bien que s’inscrivant dans une condition précaire et une constellation de désavantages, interrogent les normes sociales structurant nos parcours de vie. Il en résulte la nécessité, d’un point de vue scientifique, de ne pas présupposer que la capacité à remettre en cause le système de valeurs dominantes soit l’apanage des jeunes diplômés. Dans la continuité de cette idée, cette thèse invite à considérer un ensemble de registres subjectifs dans l’appréhension des aspirations, du mérite et de la réussite, et offre des pistes afin de saisir les colères, frustrations, mais également les ressources, de jeunes davantage invisibilisés qu’« invisibles ». / Developed at the end of the 1990s and now regularly used as a measurement and analysis tool in many countries, the NEET category, which refers to young people who are neither in employment, education nor training, bridges two "public problems": school dropout and youth unemployment. As an emerging institutional and scientific issue in Canada and Quebec, youth in NEET situations have been the primary focus of the Quebec Youth Secretariat since 2016. This category allows for a more precise measurement and a finer portrait of young people who are outside the traditionally recognized spheres of integration of education and employment. However, the institutional orientations and social representations underlying its use open the way to a series of stigmatizations. Thus, in the Quebec context, where the institutional focus is on the "labour shortage", a repertoire of symbolic arguments emerges that feeds an institutional and social reading of the NEET situation through "disengagement", "passivity" and individual responsibility. Based on 36 interviews conducted with young people in NEET situations in different regions of Quebec, this thesis takes the approach of reversing the perspective by studying the relationship of these young people towards the social norms through which they themselves are judged and categorized as not conforming to institutional and social expectations. While accounting for the common challenges faced by these young people, this research explores the determinants and foundations of the different ways in which these young people interact with the normativity of work and the principles of the meritocratic model. Three logics of interaction with the norms of work, merit and success emerge, also informing us about the different ways they make sense of their NEET situation: - A logic of resistance, resulting in an assumed withdrawal from the educational system and the labor market, subjectively justified by an indignation towards the conditions of the labor market and a distancing from socially valued norms of merit and success. - A logic of internalization, not to be confused with apathy, inscribed in a strong feeling of self-depreciation and individual responsibility for the difficulty of getting out of a situation that is a source of social suffering. A strong pessimism about a desirable future emerges and is embodied in a withdrawal into the present. - A logic of compromise in which young people rely on their confidence in the reversibility of their situation and the valuing of their efforts to maintain their adherence to the normativity of work and meritocracy. This thesis shows the shift from a category of public action to a social category with strong moral connotations, giving us information about these young people as well as our own norms and reading grids. It thus allows us to understand the way in which the label of non-conformity attributed to young people in NEET situations is part of a vision of social utility measured in terms of productivity, illustrating the difficulty we have in recognizing and legitimizing, as a society, ways of being and acting that deviate from capitalist assignments. Without adopting an approach of prescribing public actions, this thesis considers the need to reorient the logics of adaptation of these young people towards a collective questioning of the conditions under which these young people are pressed to reintegrate. In contrast to the representations of "disengaged" and "apathetic" youth associated with NEET, the young people we met in this research, although in a precarious condition and a constellation of disadvantages, question the social norms structuring our life paths. As a result, it is necessary, from a scientific point of view, not to presuppose that the ability to question the dominant belief system and values is the prerogative of young graduates. In line with this idea, this thesis invites us to consider a set of subjective registers in the apprehension of aspirations, merit, and success, and offers avenues to grasp the anger, frustrations, but also resources of young people who are more invisiblized than "invisible".

No description available.

The scale of complexity of human cooperation is unique in the world. In particular, humans divide labor and exchange resources between unrelated individuals or groups in dynamic but stable systems, often organized by culture. While much of the research on the evolution of human cooperation has focused on the role of norms or cultural group-markers in inter-group competition and intra-group cooperation, fewer studies have focused on the role of inter-group cooperation in human adaptation. Yet, through the study of inter-group cooperative activities in particular ethnographic contexts, we can gain significant insights into how ecological, economic, and cultural variables impact the individual cooperative decisions that support large-scale cooperative systems. Using mixed-methods field research in a Congo Basin village, my dissertation examines how BaYaka hunters—who have the ecological knowledge and expertise—and Yambe fisher-farmers—who own shotguns and finance hunts—cooperate in shotgun hunting, a local economically- and culturally-valued inter-group resource exchange activity. The first chapter characterizes each groups’ costs and benefits qualitatively and quantitatively. Results reveal that cultural norms and institutions help sustain cooperation even though partners seek to maximize different currencies. The second chapter tests four hypotheses for why individuals in both groups participate in shotgun hunting exchanges. Results indicate that BaYaka hunters’ family size and reputation increase the likelihood of cooperation with Yambe hunt organizers, suggesting that hunters’ skill and need to provide resources for their families stabilize cooperation in this setting. By investigating this exchange system, this thesis demonstrates how humans can organize and sustain inter-group cooperation through shared between-group cultural norms despite maintaining otherwise different resource exchange values and norms within their groups. Furthermore, detailed study of the individual-level variables that promote the formation cooperative relationships reveals that variation in traditional knowledge, such as hunting expertise, is tracked across group boundaries and predicts dyadic cooperation. This study demonstrates the value of further research into inter-group resource exchange as an important basis for human adaptation. Finally, in the context of current environmental changes and biodiversity loss in the Congo Basin, this thesis also informs conservation efforts that require new systems of inter-group cooperation for the future of these tropical forest-dwelling communities.

Job centers aid businesses seeking qualified employees and assist job seekers to select and contact employment and training services. Job seekers are also offered the opportunity to assess their skills, abilities, qualifications, and readiness. Furthermore, job centers ensure that job seekers are complying with requirements that they must meet to benefit from job assistance programs such as unemployment insurance. Yet, claimants often procrastinate and/or suspend their job search efforts even though such actions can make them lose their free time and entitlements, and more importantly they may lose the opportunity to take advantage of free information, services, training, and financial assistance for getting a job to which they have already made a claim. The current work looks to Chatman's "small worlds" work, Johnson's comprehensive model of information seeking, and Wilson's "costly ignorance" construct for contributions to understanding such behavior. Identification of a particular trait or set of traits of job seekers during periods of unemployment will inform a new Job Seeking Activities Model (JSAM). This study purposely examines job seeker information behavior and the factors which influence job seekers' behavior, in particular, family tangible support as a social norm effect. A mixed method, using questionnaires for job hunting completers and non-completers and interviews for experts, was employed for data collection. Quantitative data analysis was conducted to provide the Cronbach α coefficient, Pearson's product moment correlation, an independent-sample t-test, effect size, and binary Logit regression. The qualitative data generated from the interview transcript for each section of the themes and subthemes were color coded. Finally, simultaneous triangulation was carried out to confirm or contradict the results from each method. The findings show that social norms, particularly uncontrolled social support provided by their families, are more likely to make job seekers ignore the relevant information about jobs available to them in favor of doing other things. Finally, this research presents a form of data and the development of a workable model that are useful in more clearly and better defining the complex world of job seekers.

Questo studio è composto da due ricerche. La prima riguarda bambini della scuola dell’infanzia di età compresa tra 4 e 6 anni (N=44) ed esplora la comprensione dell’ironia e la sua possibile correlazione tra la comprensione di norme sociali, la teoria della mente e la competenza emotiva. I risultati mostrano come la comprensione delle norme sociali, della loro violazione e le competenze emotive possono aiutare i bambini nella comprensione dell’ironia La seconda ricerca relativa agli adulti (N=88) esplora la correlazione tra teoria della mente ed elaborazione di informazioni ironiche attraverso l’utilizzo dello strumento eye tracker. Lo studio evidenzia relazioni significative tra lo sviluppo della teoria della mente di tipo emotivo e l’elaborazione di informazioni ironiche: nello specifico, si verifica che in presenza di un enunciato ironico, soggetti con una teoria della mente elevata osservano frasi/ disegni che descrivono la realtà dei fatti, mentre soggetti con una teoria della mente meno elevata osservano frasi/ disegni relativi al significato letterale dell’ironia. Ciò sembra confermare il ruolo della teoria della mente nell’elaborare forme di comunicazione non letterali già ad un livello di base, pre-riflessivo come quello qui indagato. / This research consists of two studies. The first, involving school children aged between 4 and 6 years (N = 44), explores the understanding of irony and its possible correlation between social norms understanding, theory of mind and emotional competence. The results show that the understanding of social norms, their violation and emotional skills can help children in irony understanding. The second study related to adults (N = 88), explores the relationship between theory of mind and irony visual elaboration with the eye tracker Instrument. Results found relationships between the development of emotional theory of mind and irony visual elaboration, confirming the role of theory of mind during the growth of the individual to elaborate ironic sentences.

Den här studien har undersökt hur föräldrar till barn 0-2 år i Karlstad kommun konsumerar till sina barn inom tre produktkategorier; kläder, mat och leksaker. Syftet har varit att se om att få barn kan vara en drivande faktor för att bli en mer medveten konsument. Har personernas konsumtionsbeteende förändrats efter att de har fått barn? Enkäter och fokusgrupper har använts på fyra öppna förskolor i Karlstads kommun för att samla in data. Som teoretiskt ramverk har ekologisk modernisering, politisk konsumtion samt svag och stark hållbar konsumtion använts. Inom de tre produktkategorierna går det att se vissa skillnader. Enkätsvaren säger att respondenterna handlar kläder efter behov, men fokusgrupperna talar om att de handlar för att det är roligt, ett fritidsintresse. Inom mat har många blivit noggrannare med att handla ekologiskt, främst till barnet. Det är dock inte en stark ståndpunkt eftersom de flesta väljer oekologiskt om varan inte finns som ekologisk. Kategorin leksaker hade de flesta deltagarna inte hunnit handla så mycket från än, då deras barn fortfarande är små. De uttrycker dock att det är en svår kategori att veta så mycket om och de går oftast efter vad barnet visar intresse för. Överlag går det att se ett visst förändrat beteende, men deltagarna saknar en helhetssyn över konsumtionskedjan. Resultatet visar också att föräldrarna är starkt styrda av sociala normer som bestämmer vad som anses vara ett behov. Deltagarna reflekterar inte över konsumtionsnivån utan håller sig inom svag hållbar konsumtion där de istället väljer att byta ut vissa saker mot mer hållbara alternativ. Avsaknaden av helhetssynen märks också genom att de inte praktiserar politisk konsumtion i så stor utsträckning, de räknar helt enkelt inte med sig själva i konsumtionskedjan. Detta är kvalitativ studie som möjligen skulle fått andra resultat i andra sammanhang. / This study has examined how parents of children, age 0-2, in Karlstad consumes for their children within three product categories; clothing, food and toys. The aim was to see if having children could be a driving factor to become a more aware consumer. Have the participants consumption behaviour changed after they have had children? Surveys and focus groups have been completed in four open preschools in Karlstad municipality to collect data. As a theoretical framework has ecological modernization, political consumption and weak and strong sustainable consumption been used. Within the three product categories it is possible to see some differences. The survey result say that respondents shop for clothes according to need, but the focus groups talk about that they shop because it is fun, a hobby. It has become more important for the parents to buy organic food, mostly to the child. However, it is not a strong position because most respondents choose to buy conventional produced products if they don’t have an ecological alternative in the store. Because most of the respondents children where still small they hadn’t purchased that many toys yet. They express, however, that it is a difficult category to know that much about and they usually goes on what the child shows interest for. Overall, it is possible to see some changes in behaviour, but participants lack a comprehensive view of the consumption chain. They don’t reflect on the level of consumption and so they pursue on the path of weak sustainable consumption where they consumes the same amount but change to more sustainable materials. The lack of overall vision is also evident in that they don’t practice political consumption to any wider extent, they simply don’t see their own impact on the consumption chain. The result also shows that the parents are strongly guided by social norms that sets the rules for what they consider to be their needs. This is a qualitative study and could therefore have gotten a different result in another context.