<p> Colonial legacies affect neocolonial experiences of conflict in the 20th and 21st centuries. A critical and comprehensive appreciation of the global "war on terror" reveals terrorism "from above'" (state-sponsored terrorism) as a growing issue in the international community. Further, women's varied experiences within communities of resistance are often undermined, ignored, or maligned within formal research on conflict and peace. Liberation psychologists are called to align with oppressed, marginalized, and suffering communities. To this end, this work explores the experience of women political prisoners of the Irish conflict for independence from Great Britain. A qualitative critical psychosocial analysis was used to understand the phenomenology of women's political imprisonment through the firsthand narratives of Republican women imprisoned during the "Troubles" of Northern Ireland. The intention of this study was to 1) provide an analysis of power and its connection to social conditions, 2) to provide a psychological analysis of how oppression may breed resistance in communities struggling for liberation, and 3) to explore the gendered experience of Irish women political prisoners. The results indicated that political imprisonment may be understood as a microcosm of oppression and liberation, and the subjective experience of political prisoners may glean insights into how communities develop critical consciousness, organize politically, resist oppression, and meaningfully participate in recognizing their human rights. Additionally, this research challenged the exclusion of women's voices as members of resistance movements and active agents in both conflict and peace building and challenged the failure to investigate state-sponsored terrorism, or terrorism from above.</p>

Il s'agit de mener une recherche sur l'éducation à la citoyenneté afin de comprendre les modalités de sa mise en œuvre en cherchant à établir des relations entre l'action et la réflexion, les pratiques et les principes épistémologiques sous-jacents. La problématique adoptée amène à interroger la réalité de cette éducation à la citoyenneté en milieu scolaire. Elle pose en particulier la question de sa transposition mais aussi celles de sa construction, de sa pérennité et des choix observés qui tendent ou non à une éducation à la citoyenneté effective. Cette recherche nécessite une première phase d'investigation s'articulant autour de la clarification du concept d'éducation à la citoyenneté et de ses référents théoriques puis passe par une phase d’analyse centrée sur la dialectique entre l’épistémologie de l'éducation à la citoyenneté et sa transposition. La recherche s’attachera donc à faire le point sur le concept d'éducation à la citoyenneté et étudiera de manière critique quelques pratiques d’enseignement et d’éducation recueillies dans un échantillon limité d’établissements. Est-il pratiqué, en milieu scolaire, une éducation à la citoyenneté ou une éducation des citoyens ? Quelle importance et quelle place pour cette éducation dans l’institution particulière qu’est l'Ecole ? En quoi la « transposition pragmatique » liée aux contraintes d’enseignement influence-t-elle les pratiques des acteurs de cette éducation ? Une seconde partie portera sur les tensions, entre les référents théoriques de cette éducation à la citoyenneté et le réel d’une activité, passées au crible d’une observation clinique, sociologique et d’entretiens avec les acteurs, vecteurs de cette éducation, pour les confronter aux traces de l’activité citoyenne. Enfin, une étude et une analyse des enseignements et des pratiques seront conduites afin d'éprouver la mise en œuvre réelle de l'éducation à la citoyenneté afin de dégager des perspectives pour le développement de cette nouvelle discipline scolaire. / This research focuses on citizenship education and understanding the way it has been integrated into schools. It attempts to establish links between action and reflection, practices and underlying epistemological principles. The approach adopted for this research leads to the interrogation of the reality of this citizenship education within upper secondary schools. In particular, the question of its transposition but also of its construction and durability is posed, as well as the observation of choices made which tend, or not, to lead to effective citizenship education. This research first requires an investigative phase that is based on clarifying the concept of citizenship education and its theoretical references, then moves on to an analytical phase centered on the dialectical relationship between citizenship education’s epistemology and its transposition. The research aims thus to report on the concept of citizenship education and to study from a critical viewpoint several teaching techniques gathered in a limited sampling of establishments. Is citizenship education or civism practiced in scholarly establishments? What importance and what place should citizenship education hold in this particular institution that is School. How does “pragmatic transposition” linked to teaching constraints influence actors of this type of education? A second part of this research will focus on the tension existing between theoretical references, sifted through a clinical and sociological observation, as well as interviews with the actors, who are the vectors of this education, confronted with practitioners’ work. Finally, a study and analysis of the practitioners’ work will be lead in order to test actual teaching of citizenship education, in order to define perspectives for developing this new scholarly discipline.

In the neoliberal era, there has been a global trend towards increased labour market insecurity and inequality, even in countries traditionally emblematic of union strength and socio-economic security such as Sweden. In this study, I present the first ethnographic research conducted in anthropology of negotiations between the central Swedish union and employer peak bodies (known as the ‘labour market partners’). These negotiations were conducted in 2020 against the background of a political crisis and political pressure to modernise and liberalise longstanding and fundamental job security protec- tions in the Employment Protection Act (LAS). Through the lens of these negotiations, I investigate the role of the labour market partners in moderating neoliberal trends and how the partners see their relationship and role in society. I investigate, for example, why Swedish employers support unions and a system that ostensibly curbs their own power. I employ the notions of moral economy and em- bedding to look beyond economic self-interest, to the moral and institutional norms that help explain the partners’ co-operation over time and the role they see themselves as playing as guardians of the social peace.  I also incorporate interview material describing diverse workers’ experiences of the current job security protections under LAS. I argue that workers’ voices and experiences reveal a parallel moral economy, where current job security protections are revealed to be important but inadequate, and that job security is a highly nebulous, ambivalent and contextual phenomenon. I argue the moral economy of job security is one of entangled reciprocity between employer, worker and the state, and I consider the proposed reforms in this context. The study shows that even in the context of increasing market- isation of labour and society, reciprocity and cooperation both at the workplace and during the LAS negotiations serve to de-commodify labour and embed the economy in various moral norms. In this way, the research contributes to the anthropological literature on embeddedness and moral economy. It also contributes to both an ethnographic and theoretical understanding of job security.