Thesis will be focused on multilayered ideal of sobriety and closer examination of its meanings in the text of the Encyclical Laudato si'. The analytical part of the thesis will examine the term sobriety (sobrietas), its occurrence in texts of the Old and New Testament and the context of its use as a cardinal virtue or moderate political action. The Encyclical Laudato si' by Pope Francis will also be presented. The second part will deal with ethical aspects of sobriety in relation to the environment, to oneself, to the other person and to God in the footsteps of Pope in the Encyclical. Keywords sobriety, virtue ethics, moderate politics, alternative lifestyle, Encyclical Laudato si', Pope Francis, socio-ecological crisis

This study aims at assessing the implementation of the international tool for disaster risk management Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. The implementation is assessed in terms of risk management at the level of vulnerable informal settlements in hazard-prone areas on the slopes of Guatemala City. The view of resilience which is used in the framework is discussed and how this relates to risk management in general. It is argued that the framework is based on an engineering resilience view. The aspect of resilience in vulnerable areas is considered, introducing a second view of resilience, the socio-ecological. A related theme that is brought into the analysis is that of power relations. The study finds that Guatemalan policy and the Guatemalan risk management system have implemented the policies of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. Despite this it has not benefitted the inhabitants of the informal settlements in hazard-prone areas. There are some obstacles in order to make risk management accessible to the informal settlements. There is reluctance on the municipal level to implement the national, Hyogo-influenced, risk management and to recognize and empower the communities in the informal settlements, which hinders the development of an efficient resilience. The study concludes that for an international tool for risk management to be efficient, it needs to be clearer in its definitions, and more easily applicable through implementation tools. The inherent conclusion of this is that it would be possible for an international tool like the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 to be efficient, since there is bureaucratic power supporting it. This power could override local obstacles like political interests. Also, the study concludes that people in informal settlements are resilient to a certain extent, but need to be acknowledged, empowered and cooperated with. / El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la implementación de la herramienta internacional para la gestión de riesgos de desastres la cual es el Marco de Acción de Hyogo 2005-2015. La implementación es evaluada en términos de gestión de riesgo al nivel de viviendas informales y vulnerables en lugares precarios en las pendientes de la Ciudad de Guatemala. Se analiza el punto de vista sobre resiliencia que es usado en el marco de acción y de qué manera este se relaciona con gestión de riesgo en general. Se argumenta que el marco de acción se basa en el punto de vista de resiliencia de ingeniería. A la vez se considera el aspecto de resiliencia en las areas de viviendas informales, introduciendo la resiliencia socio-ecológica. Un tema relacionado con el análisis son las relaciones de poder. El estudio encuentra que las políticas y que el sistema de gestión de riesgo de desastres guatemalteca han implementado las políticas del Marco de Acción de Hyogo 2005-2015. A pesar de esto el marco de acción no ha beneficiado a los habitantes de las viviendas informales en areas precarias. Hay ciertos obstáculos para que la gestión de riesgo sea accesible en las viviendas informales. Hay cierta resistencia a nivel municipal hacia implementar la gestión de riesgo nacional, influenciada por el Marco de Hyogo, y reconocer y autorizar a las comunidades en las viviendas informales, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo eficiente de resiliencia. El estudio concluye que para que una herramienta internacional de gestión de riesgo sea eficiente, necesita clarificar sus definiciones y ser más fácil de aplicar proponiendo herramientas de implementación. La conclusión inherente es que le sería posible a una herramienta internacional como el Marco de Acción de Hyogo 2005-2015 ser eficiente, ya que tiene poder burocrático apoyándolo. Este poder podría sobrepasar obstáculos locales como intereses políticos. Finalmente el estudio concluye que personas que viven en viviendas informales son resilientes hasta cierto punto, pero necesitan ser reconocidas, autorizadas y que se coopere con ellas.

Food production and food consumption have been shown to have a great impact on our ecosystem. Human beings have been exploiting the planet in order to feed themselves. This will have negative consequences for future life on the planet. Modern food production and consumption are among the main causes of natural resource exploitation and the problem is very likely to increase. Indeed, during the past thirty years, the global population has grown exponentially by almost one billion every decade, and it is still growing at the same pace. This demographic explosion means that dramatic shifts in the production and consumption of food will be required. Working with food is a great chance to achieve or at least lead towards a condition of recovering, understanding the world around us and managing our natural resourcesÅ. Increasing control and efficiency in food production and consumption cannot solve the problem. There is a much broader spectrum of causes contributing to the ecological decline. It is necessary to look beyond the technological and economic aspects. It is, therefore, necessary to focus on cultural and behavioural causes, promoting the involvement of local peopleÇ. With this in mind, this research explores the potential of urban foraging for generating social consciousness about ecological sustainability using design as method of intervention, and involving food consumers in the process of production and consumption of food in a more sustainable way. In order to do that, this research focuses on a small scale urban foraging project. In this case, by food, I refer to spontaneous food that grow in the natural urban environment of Växjö, and that can be used as a resource for citizens. In summary, this research aims to promote the involvement of local people and to support knowledge exchange in order to pursue socio-ecological sustainability. Engaging with more participants, the research gains the capacity of addressing complexity in a more coherent manner, and use its outcome as a usable resource for the local community that aims to promote its self-sustenance.

Background Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic presented major difficulties for many self-employed people because it caused pressures such as decreased customer demand, production stagnation, disruptions in supply chains and increased uncertainty. The vast amount of the studies of self-employed people during the pandemic have focused on traditional pathogenic effects. Hence, overall aim of this thesis is to explore how self-employed people experienced and used internal and external salutogenic resources to navigate the pandemic, from a business challenge and an individual well-being perspective.  Methods Different methods of data collection and analysis were employed in the thesis. For study I, a qualitative design was used to explore whether a sense of coherence was experienced, and any general resistance resources were used by small business managers in Sweden and Norway during the pandemic. For study II, a cross-sectional quantitative design was employed to investigate the well-being of self-employed people in Europe during the pandemic and whether their well-being was influenced by factors representing four socio-ecological levels. Lastly, study III applied a mixed-method design including comparative policy analysis and interviews to gain an understanding of how different governmental financial support measures aimed to aid the resilience of Swedish and Canadian self-employed people and improve their ability to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Study I was analysed through a deductive content analysis, study II was analysed using independent sample t-tests, correlations and linear regression, and study III used comparative policy analysis and inductive content analysis.  Results Findings from the interviews in study I demonstrated that it was important for the participants to comprehend and manage challenges during the pandemic in a resourceful manner, and to see meaningfulness in their situations. In study II, the findings highlight that the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, doing useful work and experiencing rules as clear affected the self-employed people’s well-being, and that these factors may be even more important for those who had difficulties running their business. Study III found that self-employed people in both Sweden and Canada who 10 were unable to telework were relatively less resilient during the pandemic. The interviews revealed that many self-employed people in hard-hit industries were dissatisfied with government financial support measures and found them to be unfairly distributed. In addition, the self-employed people who experienced difficulties running their businesses reported reduced well-being, which had a negative effect on their business survival.  Conclusion  While the three studies in this thesis had different foci, they collectively provide insights into the internal and external salutogenic resources that influenced how self-employed people navigated the pandemic. A sense of coherence, resilience and well-being were deemed important for handling the pandemic well, for both the individuals and their businesses. The research also indicated the interconnectedness between self-employed people and their businesses. For instance, financial difficulties may lead to increased stress and pressure to make decisions to sustain the business. Reduced well-being, in turn, made it harder to adapt and adjust positively to adversity. The importance of supporting factors at multiple socio-ecological levels was also highlighted, and these may be particularly important to those who had difficulties running their businesses.

För att studera hur omställningen från vertikal till horisontell energiutvinning kommer att påverka samhället har två fallstudier gjorts. Fallstudierna tillsammans med teorin om socialekologiska fix har använts för att analysera de socialekologiska transformationerna som sker på landskap och politiken som finns kring dessa transformationer. En fallstudie har studerat vindkrafts projektet Markbygden i Norrbottens län och den andra studerar vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötlands län. Dessa fallstudier har genomförts genom en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer med aktörer som är med och påverkar samt påverkas av dessa vindkraftsetableringar. Fallstudierna visar att landskapet har förändrats fysiskt av byggnationen av vindkraftverken vilket har bidragit till en transformation av markanvändningen. Karteringar som har gjorts i samband med vindkraftsetablering har påverkat hur människor använder och förhåller sig till marken samt hur ägandeförhållandena ser ut. Vidare har vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötland och Norrbotten lett till olika konflikter som exempelvis störningar av ljus och buller samt konflikter med renskötseln som tidigare bedrivits i området Markbygden. Dessa konflikter har alltså uppkommit till följd av den landskapstransformation som har skett i samband med vindkraftsutbyggnaden. I Norrbotten och Östergötland är en ekonomisk kompensation respektive en markhyra aktuell, dock anses dessa vara otillräckliga för att kompensera för den förlust av betesmark för renar som sker i Norrbotten respektive för de besvär lokalbefolkningen upplever med bullret i Östergötland. Slutligen visar resultatet även på att den största drivkraften för företag att etablera vindkraft är vinst och därmed sker otillräckliga karteringar av vind och markanvändning vilket försvårar implementeringen av vindkraft. Slutsatserna för denna rapport är därmed att olika kartläggningar av främst vind har förändrat markanvändningen och andra verksamheter som tidigare bedrivits i landskapet har begränsats och i stor utsträckning ersatts av produktion av vindkraft. Då vindkraften i Östergötland och Norrbotten har byggts ut med otillräckliga kartläggningar som inte tar de sociala relationerna i beaktning har dessa olika konflikter uppstått. / To study how the transition from vertical to horizontal energy recovery will affect society, two case studies have been conducted. The case studies, together with the theory of socio-ecological fixes, have been used to analyze the socio-ecological transformations that take place on landscapes and the politics that exist around these transformations. The first case study concerned the wind power project called Markbygden in Norrbotten County and the second case study concerned wind power establishment in Östergötland County. These case studies were conducted through a qualitative study in the form of interviews with actors who are involved in and are affected by these wind power establishments. The case studies show that the landscape has changed physically by the construction of wind turbines, which has contributed to a transformation of land use. Mappings that have been made in correlation with wind power establishment have affected how people use and relate to the land and what the ownership conditions look like. Furthermore, the establishment of wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has led to various conflicts such as disturbances caused by light and noise as well as conflicts with reindeer husbandry that was previously conducted in the Markbygden area. These conflicts have thus arisen as a result of the landscape transformation that has taken place in connection with the expansion of wind power. In Norrbotten and Östergötland, financial compensation and land rent are current, however, these are considered insufficient to compensate for the loss of grazing land for reindeer that occurs in Norrbotten and for the problems the local population experiences with the noise in Östergötland. Finally, the results also show that the biggest driving force for companies to establish wind power is profit and thus insufficient mapping of wind and land use takes place, which makes it more difficult to implement wind power. The conclusions of this report are thus that various mappings of mainly wind have changed land use and other activities previously conducted in the landscape have been limited and to a great extent been replaced by the production of wind power. As wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has expanded with insufficient mappings that disregard existing social relations, the various conflicts have arisen.

Coastal socio-ecological systems face unprecedented challenges due to climate change, with impacts encompassing long-term, chronic changes and short-term extreme events. These events will impact society in many ways and prompt human responses that are extremely challenging to predict. This dissertation employs complex systems methods of agent-based modeling and machine learning to simulate the interactions between climatic stressors such as increased flooding and extreme weather and socio-economic aspects of coastal human systems. Escalating sea-level rise and intensified flooding has the potential to prompt relocation from flood-prone coastal areas. This can reduce flood exposure but also disconnect people from their homes and communities, sever longstanding social ties, and lower the tax base leading to difficulties in providing government services. Chapter 2 demonstrates a stochastic agent-based model to simulate human relocation influenced by flooding events, particularly focusing on the responses of rural and urban communities in coastal Virginia and Maryland. The findings indicate that a stochastic, bottom-up social system simulator is able to replicate top-down population projections and provide a baseline for assessing the impact of increasingly intense flooding. Chapter 3 leverages this model to assess how incorporating heterogeneity in relocation decisions across socio-economic groups impacts flood-induced relocation patterns. The results demonstrate how this heterogeneity leads to a decrease in low-income households, yet a rise in the proportion of elderly individuals in flood-prone regions by the end of the simulation period. Flood-prone areas also exhibit distinct income clusters at the end of simulation time horizon compared to simulations with a homogenous relocation likelihood. Lastly, Chapter 4 explores relationships between extreme weather and agricultural losses in the Delmarva Peninsula. Existing research on climatic impacts to agriculture largely focuses on changes to major crop yields, providing limited insights into impacts on diverse regional agricultural systems where human management and adaptation play a large role. By comparing various multistep modeling configurations and machine learning techniques, this work demonstrates that machine learning methods can accurately simulate and predict agricultural losses across the complex agricultural landscape that exists on the Delmarva peninsula. The multistep configurations developed in this work are able to address data imbalance and improve models' capacity to classify and estimate damage occurrence, which depends on multiple geographical, seasonal, and climatic factors. Collectively, this work demonstrates the potential for advanced modeling techniques to accurately replicate and simulate the impacts of climate on complex socio-ecological systems, providing insights that can ultimately support coastal adaptation. / Doctor of Philosophy / Coastal areas are facing increasing challenges from climate change, including rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions. This dissertation explores socio-economic consequences of these adverse environmental changes for coastal communities. Disruptive repetitive flooding due to exacerbated rise in sea levels is one of these consequences that may eventually leave some highly exposed coastal communities no alternative but migrating from their residences. Focusing on coastal Virginia and Maryland, Chapter 2 develops a data-informed model that can simulate individual relocation decisions and assess how they impact population changes and migration patterns. Chapter 3 employs this model to investigate how future changes in sea levels affect diverse socio-economic groups, their relocation decisions, and the resulting collective migration flows in flood-prone areas. We found that considering demographic differences leaves highly flood-prone areas with less low-income households, higher elderly individuals, and more economic clusters compared to simulations where these differences are not accounted for. Chapter 4 uses machine learning models to simulate the economic impact of extreme weather events as another manifestation of climate change on the agriculture in the Delmarva Peninsula. Through data-based modeling techniques, we identify the climatic conditions most responsible for agricultural losses and recognize modeling choices that enhance our predictive ability. Collectively, this dissertation demonstrates how sophisticated modeling techniques can be used to better understand the complex ways in which climate change will impact human society, with the ultimate goal of supporting adaptation strategies that can better address these impacts.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : It has been suggested that the complex needs of children with neurodevelopmental disorders are best addressed with a family-centred approach. As this approach has been increasingly incorporated into healthcare systems over recent years, most children with disabilities are now able to remain at home as opposed to living in institutions or group homes. Many parents have thus been forced to adopt the role of a primary caregiver for their child that has been diagnosed with a disability or chronic condition. This study aimed to investigate the experiences of caregivers for children with cerebral palsy in rural communities of the Western Cape, with a specific focus on the barriers and facilitators that they encounter. An exploratory qualitative design was employed and 15 individuals (aged 27-62), who were identified as caregivers for a child with cerebral palsy through purposive sampling were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and generate themes from the semi-structured interviews that were conducted with participants. A number of barriers to caring emerged including the personal consequences of caregiving, difficulty adjusting to caregiving duties, environmental conditions, lack of access to healthcare services, lack of respite services, and negative perceptions towards disability. Various facilitators to caring were also identified, namely personal coping methods, personal transformation, social support, relationship with one’s child, community resources, child’s crèche, and financial assistance. The five levels of the Social Ecological Model were used to conceptualise the discussion of these findings and links were made to the existing literature on the caregiver experience in the developing context. In this process it was found that participants often encountered similar barriers and facilitators to caregivers for individuals with other types of conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, autism, mental illness, cancer, and neurological disorders. This could suggest that caregivers residing in developing countries share similar experiences, regardless of the condition of the care receiver. Although participants received support from a number of sources that aided them with their caregiving duties, it is evident that they still encountered gaps in the provision of a number of important services, including lack of information from healthcare professionals, lack of community programs to reduce stress and promote empowerment, and lack of disability-friendly facilities. It is vital that caregivers have access to these services to ensure their child’s well-being as well as their own. There is thus a need to explore how these services can be made more accessible to caregivers in rural communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Daar word voorgestel dat die komplekse behoeftes van kinders met neuro-ontwikkelingsversteurings die beste aangespreek word deur ‘n familie-gefokusde benadering. Aangesien hierdie benadering meer geredelik geïnkorporeer is in die gesondheidsorg sisteem oor die afgelope paar jaar is meeste kinders met gestremdhede nou in staat om by die huis te kan bly in plaas daarvan om in inrigtings of groepshuise te woon. Baie ouers is dus geforseer om die rol as primêre versorger aan te neem vir hulle kind wat gediagnoseer is met ‘n gestremdheid of kroniese toestand. Hierdie studie se doel was om die ervarings van versorgers van kinders met serebrale gestremdheid in landelike gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap, te ondersoek, met ‘n spesifieke fokus op die hindernisse en fasiliteerders wat hulle ondervind. ‘n Ondersoekende kwalitatiewe ontwerp is gebruik en onderhoude is gevoer met 15 individue (ouderdomme 27-62) wat deur doelgerigte steekproefneming geïdentifiseer is as versorgers van ‘n kind met serebrale gestremdheid. Tematiese analise is gebruik om die semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude wat met die deelnemers gevoer is te analiseer en temas te genereer. ‘n Aantal van die hindernisse tot versorging het na vore gekom en sluit die persoonlike gevolge van versorging, probleme om aan te pas by die versorgingspligte, omgewingstoestande, tekort aan toegang tot gesondheidsorg dienste, tekort aan verligting dienste en negatiewe persepsies teenoor gestremdhede in. Verskeie fasiliteerders tot versorging is ook geïdentifiseer, naamlik persoonlike hanteringsmetodes, persoonlike transformasie, sosiale ondersteuning, verhouding met hulle kind, gemeenskapsfasiliteerders, kind se speelskool en finansiële hulp. Die vyf vlakke van die Sosiale Ekologiese Model is gebruik om die bespreking van hierdie bevindinge te konseptualiseer en verbintenisse is gemaak met bestaande literatuur wat handel oor die versorger se ervaring in die ontwikkellende konteks. In hierdie proses is gevind dat deelnemers dikwels dieselfde hindernisse en fasiliteerders ondervind as versorgers van individue met ander tipe toestande, soos MIV/VIGS, outisme, geestesiektes, kanker en neurologiese versteurings. Dit kan moontlik beteken dat versorgers wat in ontwikkellende lande woord dieselfde ervarings deel, ten spyte van die toestand van die persoon wat die versorging ontvang. Alhoewel deelnemers ondersteuning van ʼn aantal bronne ontvang het wat hulle help met hulle versorgingspligte, is dit duidelik dat hulle steeds gapings ervaar in die voorsiening van ʼn aantal belangrike dienste, insluitende ʼn tekort aan inligting van gesondheidsorg werkers, ʼn tekort aan gemeenskapsprogramme om stres verligting en bemagtiging te bevorder en ʼn tekort aan gestremdheid-vriendelike fasiliteite. Dit is baie belangrik dat versorgers toegang het tot hierdie dienste om die welstand van hulle kind en hulself te verseker. Daar is dus ʼn behoefte om te ondersoek hoe hierdie dienste meer toegangklik gemaak kan word vir versorgers in landelike gemeenskappe.

Achieving food security under climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. The challenge becomes even greater when contextualised within our current limited understanding of how the food system functions as a complex, adaptive socio-ecological system, with food security as one of its outcomes. Adding climate change into this already complex and uncertain mix creates a ‘wicked problem’ that must be solved through the development of adaptive food governance. The thesis has 4 key aims: <ul><li>1. To move beyond an understanding of food security that is dependent solely on agricultural production, and therefore the reliance of future food security predictions on production data based on climate model inputs.</li><li>2. To ground the theoretical aspects of complex adaptive systems with empirical data from multi-level case studies.</li><li>3. To investigate the potential role of the private sector in food system futures.</li><li>4. To analyse food system dynamics across scales and levels.</li></ul> In order to realise these aims, a complex adaptive system (CAS) approach within the GECAFS food system framework is employed to multilevel case studies in South Africa and Brazil. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the private sector and how these vital actors, comprising a powerful component of the global food system, can be mobilized towards building adaptive capacity for a more resilient food system. Critically, the private sector is often left out of academic discussions on adaptation, which tend to focus more on civil society and governmental capacity to adapt. This thesis provides novel insight into how the power of the private sector can be harnessed to build adaptive capacity. The findings of the thesis showed that applying CAS to issues of governance has three important implications: The first is that in a complex system, it is critical to maintain diversity. This can translate into appreciating a multiplicity of viewpoints in order to reflect a range of decision-making options. This finding makes the case for closer synergy between the public and private sectors around areas like product development and distribution that includes an emphasis on enhancing food security under climate change. In the developing country context, the inclusion of smallholders and local entrepreneurs is also vital for building adaptive capacity. In this sense, it is possible for business to help achieve development goals by developing the capacity of those most vulnerable to socio-economic and environmental shocks. Secondly, adapting to climate change and other environmental and economic pressures will require a shift in mind-set that embraces the uncertainty of the future: ‘managing for uncertainty rather than against it’. This entails a shift in governance mindset away from linear thinking to a decision-making paradigm that is more flexible to deal with unexpected shocks. The third implication for governance is the need to understand the complex interplay of multiple interlinking processes and drivers that function across many levels and sometimes have exponential positive feedbacks in the food system. Adaptive governance is an iterative process, but as more is learnt and information is retained in the system, the ideal is that the beneficial processes that lower inequality and increase food security will start to be reinforced over those that entrench the current inequality in the food system.

La Trame verte et bleue (TVB) a pour objectif la préservation et la remise en « bon état » des continuités écologiques (CE). Cette politique publique veut être un outil d’aménagement du territoire. Elle est inscrite à la fois dans le code de l’environnement et de l’urbanisme. Elle se décline à différents niveaux de gouvernance, du national au local en passant par le régional. La cohérence entre ces niveaux est cadrée par la loi française. Mais une importante marge d’interprétation et de mise en œuvre de la politique est laissée aux territoires. Dans cette thèse, nous interrogeons les conditions permettant d’assurer la cohérence entre les projets des territoires ayant trait à la planification des CE. Pour cela, nous répondons à deux principales hypothèses sources de (in)cohérence : (i) l’incomplétude de la connaissance existante en écologie du paysage et son utilisation dans les territoires et, (ii) les processus de gouvernance mis en place pour saisir la marge d’adaptation de la politique, avec un focus sur les acteurs « relais » entre les projets des territoires. Ainsi, nous développons une notion de la « cohérence interterritoriale » basée sur le partage entre les acteurs des territoires d’une vision de l’organisation de l’espace. Nous en tirons une grille d’analyse de cette cohérence appliquée aux projets portant sur les CE. Cette grille présente trois volets : la dimension écologique, la multifonctionnalité et la gouvernance. Ces volets sont assortis de critères et d’indicateurs. La grille d’analyse a été appliquée à différents projets portés par des territoires « emboités » du niveau national au local, dans les régions Bretagne et Occitanie (pour l’ancienne région Languedoc-Roussillon). L’analyse est d’abord spécifique à chaque projet puis est ensuite comparative, de façon verticale entre les niveaux de gouvernance et horizontale entre mêmes niveaux de gouvernance. Nous montrons que la préservation des CE est un « wicked mess problem », dans le sens où il n’existe pas une solution unique et optimale face aux complexités écologiques et sociétales du sujet. Les territoires s’adaptent, traduisent, simplifient et ont leur propre représentation des concepts d’écologie du paysage. Les approches diffèrent du niveau national au local. L’approche naturaliste promue au niveau national devient une approche par l’occupation du sol au niveau local. De même, l’approche écologique devient multifonctionnelle en passant du code de l’environnement au code de l’urbanisme. La loi impose une cohérence descendante entre les territoires ce qui peut être source d’innovation ou au contraire limiter les initiatives par crainte du contentieux juridique. Les acteurs et les projets sont extrêmement divers. La planification des CE est une « patate plus ou moins chaude » que les territoires se repassent les uns aux autres. Les territoires porteurs de schémas de cohérence territoriale (SCoT) ou de plans locaux d’urbanisme (intercommunaux) (PLU(i)) sont souvent identifiés comme les plus pertinents pour traiter le problème. Mais l’application du principe de subsidiarité ne doit pas déresponsabiliser certains territoires, alors que les systèmes socio-écologiques sont de fait inter-échelles et donc interterritoriaux. Le rôle des acteurs « relais » entre les territoires est essentiel à la cohérence interterritoriale pour dynamiser voire créer les proximités organisées entre les territoires. La Trame verte et bleue est actuellement à un tournant suite aux récentes évolutions législatives. Les régions sont identifiées comme cheffes de file sur la biodiversité et sont dotées d’un nouveau schéma régional intégrateur absorbant, notamment, la TVB. La cohérence interterritoriale se construit dans le temps et méritera d’être analysée dans le temps. / The “Trame verte et bleue” (TVB), a French public policy, aims at preserving and restoring ecological networks (EN). It is intended to be a tool for land-use planning. It is part of French law’s codes for the environment and for urbanism. It is meant to be implemented at different governance levels, ranging from the national to the regional to the local. The coherence of the TVB between these levels has been specified in French law. Nevertheless, territories have a wide margin for interpretation and implementation of TVB policy. In this thesis, we examine the conditions necessary for ensuring coherence between territorial projects which pertain to EN planning. To this end, we address two main hypotheses that are sources of (in)coherence: (i) the incompleteness of existing knowledge in landscape ecology and its use in the territories, and (ii) the governance processes put in place to take into account the margin for adaptation of the TVB policy, with a focus on “bridging” actors between territorial projects. We develop a notion of “interterritorial coherence” based on the sharing of a vision between the stakeholders of the organization of space. We propose an analysis grid of this coherence applied to projects related to EN. The grid involves three components: the ecological dimension, the multifunctionality, and the governance processes. These components are characterized by criteria and translated into indicators. The analysis grid has been applied to different projects carried out by “nested” territories ranging from the national to the local level in two French regions (Brittany and Occitania, (formerly called Languedoc-Roussillon region)). The analysis is initially specific to each project and then becomes comparative, vertically between levels of governance and horizontally between the same levels of governance. We show that the preservation of EN is a “wicked mess problem”, in the sense that a single and optimal solution does not exist given the ecological and societal complexities of the subject. The territories adapt themselves, simplify and have their own representation of the concepts of landscape ecology. Approaches differ between the national and the local. The naturalistic approach promoted at the national level becomes a land-use approach at the local level. Similarly, the ecological approach becomes multifunctional by transitioning from the environment code to the urbanism code. The law imposes a top-down coherence between the territories. This can be a source of innovation or, on the contrary, can limit initiatives due to fear of litigation. The actors and projects are extremely diverse. EN planning is a “hot potato” (more or less “hot”) that territories pass to each other. The territories with territorial coherence schemes (SCoTs) or local urban planning plans (PLU) are often identified as the most relevant levels to tackle the problem. Nevertheless, the application of the subsidiarity principle must not disempower certain territories, since socio-ecological systems are inter-scale and therefore interterritorial. The role of “bridging” actors between the territories is essential to interterritorial coherence because they can energize or even create the organized proximities between the territories. The “Trame verte et bleue” policy is currently at a turning point following recent legislative developments. Regions are identified as leaders on biodiversity and have to follow a new integrated regional scheme that includes, in particular, EN. Interterritorial coherence is built up over time and will therefore need to be analyzed over time.

The return of Māori land to a productive role in the New Economy entails the innovation and diffusion of technologies relevant to the sustainable development of this land. Sustainable development requires substantive changes to current land and resource use to mitigate environmental degradation and contribute to ecological and sociological resilience. Such innovation is emerging in 'New Economic Space' where concerns for cultural resilience have arisen as political-economic strategies of the New Economy converge within a global economic space. New Economic Space comprises policy, technology and institutional innovations that attempt to influence economic activity, thus directly engaging with local 'place-based' expressions of geohistorically unique knowledge and identity. This thesis approaches contemporary Māori development from three perspectives. First, by viewing the changing links between ecosystems and communities as examples of innovation diffusion, the evolution of relevant policies, technologies and institutions can be examined for their impact upon Māori resilience. Second, such innovation diffusion can be described as a form of regional development, acknowledging the integral role of traditional territories in Māori identity and culture as well as the distinct legislative and governance contexts by which this land is developed. Third, by incorporating the geohistorical uniqueness of Māori ideas, values and beliefs, standard concepts of political-economy can be reformulated to show an explicit cultural economy – Māori Traditional Economic Space – in which Māori horticulturalists participate in parallel with the New Economy. Two methods are used in the analysis of the participation by Māori horticulturalists in New Economic Space. Fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA) allows the rigorous investigation of small-N studies of limited diversity for their partial membership in nominated sets. This thesis uses fs/QCA to organise theoretical and substantive knowledge of each case study to score its membership in agri-food networks, Māori institutions and post-production strategies, allowing the identification of causal configurations that lead to greater resilience for Māori growers and their communities. The second method is Actor-Network Theory (ANT) that incorporates elements of nature and society, showing the extensive and dynamic entwinement that exists between the two. ANT describes the enrolment of diverse 'actants' by a range of eco-social institutions and the subsequent translation of the resulting assemblages into resilience strategies. The results of this research first show a 'System of Provision' (SOP) in which Māori development strategies converge with non-Māori attempts to expand research and marketing programmes. These programmes seek to implement added-value strategies in supplying novel horticultural products within New Economic Space; parallel 'cultural logics' ensure food is supplied to traditional Māori institutions according to the cultural logics of Māori. In addition to this finding, results also show that the participation of Māori growers in New Economic Space can paradoxically lead to an expansion of the Traditional Economic Space of Māori. This expansion is not simply contingent upon configurations of policy, technology, and institutional innovations that originate in New Economic Space but is directed by Māori cultural logics, located in Māori territories but seeking innovations from an amorphous universal 'core'. The interface between the global New Economy and the localities of a Māori cultural economy is defined by the 'interrogation' of these innovations, and innovators, through eco-cultural institutions in their diffusion to and from Māori land, Māori resources and Māori people. Within the boundaries of this interrogation border resides a malleable assemblage of actants, enrolled by Māori as components of resilience strategies, which can lead to the endurance of Māori culture.