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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

A Socio-Ecological and Economic Approach to Tropical tuna Fisheries in the Mozambique Channel

Nataniel, Anildo Naftal 27 September 2021 (has links)
En este estudio se analizan los efectos de las condiciones oceanográficas sobre la captura agregada de las tres principales especies de túnidos tropicales considerando las dos estrategias de pesca principales de la flota española de cerco, es decir, la pesca sobre dispositivo artificiales de agregación de peces (FADs) y banco libre (FSC). Además, para cada estrategia de pesca, se investiga el desplazamiento de la agregación de captura bajo los efectos del cambio climático utilizando la captura de atún Katsuwonus pelamis como indicador biológico, y se discuten las implicaciones sociales y económicas del impacto climático sobre los países costeros alrededor del Canal de Mozambique. El atún Katsuwonus pelamis es el recurso pesquero ecológico más importante que sustenta las necesidades sociales y económicas de los países costeros del MZC y, por tanto, las predicciones de puntos críticos para mediados y finales de siglo bajo diferentes escenarios de cambio climático son resultados que deben ser considerados en los planes de conservación y gestión de este recurso. Además, se analizaron las tendencias en las capturas de atún de las flotas industrial y artesanal y el impacto de su interacción. El objetivo general de esta investigación de tesis es mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los factores clave que impulsan la dinámica de las pesquerías de túnidos tropicales en el MZC, bajo un contexto que combina la acción e interacción de la flota de cerco industrial y la pesca a pequeña escala. Para el desarrollo del objetivo general, se han definido y resumido objetivos específicos de la siguiente manera: (i) investigar las relaciones entre los factores ambientales y la acumulación de cardúmenes de túnidos tropicales en hábitats marinos capturados por la flota Española de cerco sobre FADs o sobre FSC en el Canal de Mozambique; (ii) investigar la dinámica temporal y predecir los hábitats espaciales para la agregación de cardúmenes de túnidos o puntos críticos para la pesca en relación con sus preferencia ambientales;, (iii) investigar los cambios de distribución y agregación del Katsuwonus pelamis frente a los escenarios futuros de concentraciones representativas (RCP) de cambios climáticos para 2050 y 2100. (iv) discutir los cambios en las tasas de captura y socioeconómicos que afectan a las comunidades pesqueras considerando la incertidumbre asociada al cambio climático en el Canal de Mozambique; (v) describir las interacciones socioecológicas y socioeconómicas entre la pesca industrial y los sectores de la pesca en pequeña escala en las aguas costeras, en base a la información disponible de las pesquerías de Mozambique; (vi) explorar, desde el punto de vista ecológico, el efecto que ejercen la flota industrial en las poblaciones objetivo, así como el impacto socioeconómico en la pesca a pequeña escala, siendo esta, además, más vulnerable al cambio climático a lo largo de la costa de Mozambique. Los datos científicos utilizados en el análisis de capturas y esfuerzo de la flota española de cerco en el área del Canal de Mozambique se obtuvieron de las bases de datos del Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) para el período de Febrero de 2003 a Junio de 2013 a partir de los cuadernos de pesca de la flota de cerco española, una vez corregida la composición específica de las capturas a partir de los datos detallados de la flota y el muestreo de puertos. Los datos de captura y esfuerzo de los cuadernos de pesca contienen información de los lances de pesca para FADs y FSC. Paralelamente a los datos de pesca, los datos ambientales para la misma subárea del MZC y el mismo periodo de tiempo se obtuvieron del consorcio MyOcean-Copernicus EU (marine.copernicus.eu) en formato netCDF. Finalmente, las conclusiones de estas tres etapas de investigación fueron las siguientes: (i) Entre las condiciones oceanográficas que determinaban los puntos críticos de captura para ambos tipos de pesca de cerco (FSC y FADs) en el canal de MZC se encontraban la temperatura de la superficie del mar y su variabilidad, la productividad, la altura de la superficie del mar y la las interacciones de las variables espaciales y temporales. Sin embargo, las corrientes geostróficas mostraron un efecto significativo solo para la acumulación de captura pescable en los FADs. El efecto dinámico de las variables oceanográficas ambientales sobre la acumulación de captura de túnidos tropicales a lo largo del Canal de Mozambique varía según el modo de pesca FAD y FSC. Los modelos predijeron hábitats preferidos para peces asociados con FADs entre 10ºS y 18ºS, con el núcleo, en general, en la costa noroeste de Madagascar. Las predicciones para el hábitat preferido en FSC muestran que el núcleo se encuentra principalmente en la parte norte del Canal de Mozambique y también cerca de la costa de Mozambique entre las latitudes 10ºS a 16ºS. El modelo predijo un caladero de pesca parcialmente superpuesto entre los FADs y la el FSC, a pesar de la diferencia en las variables oceanográficas seleccionadas por cada modelo aditivo generalizado para establecer hábitats de pesca preferidos a lo largo del canal de Mozambique.(ii) En relación de la captura de K. pelamis bajo el escenario climático, los hallazgos sugieren que las variables biofísicas afectan la distribución de las capturas de barrilete en el MZC y que la distribución de las especies se verá afectada por el cambio climático, particularmente en la parte norte, con posibles implicaciones en las comunidades pesqueras locales e internacionales. El modelo proyectó la distribución del K. pelamis e bajo escenarios de cambio climático optimista (RCP2.6) y pesimista (RCP8.5). El escenario optimista proyectaba que las capturas de K. pelamis se desplazarían hacia la parte sur del Canal de Mozambique, entre las latitudes 19ºS y 25ºS, para el 2050, y que el cambio de distribución sería menor o sin cambios entre 2050 y 2100. En el peor de los casos (RCP8.5), los caladeros potenciales de pesca se proyectaron en latitudes >20ºS para 2050, y se pronosticó que probablemente se producirían anomalías positivas en latitudes <20ºS entre 2050 y 2100. Además, para fines del siglo XXI, se observan signos de una alta distribución de las capturas. se espera fuera del MZC en latitudes >25ºS hacia las regiones templadas. Dado que se prevé que el cambio climático afectará la pesca de barrilete en el MZC, puede generar desafíos socioeconómicos para las comunidades pesqueras. Los estados costeros en el área de MZC deben fortalecer la gobernanza y promover políticas para construir resiliencia y aumentar la capacidad de adaptación de las pesquerías locales, nacionales y regionales para reducir su vulnerabilidad a los impactos climáticos. (iii) Las capturas nominales de atún han ido disminuyendo con el tiempo en Mozambique, independientemente de si los peces son capturados por flotas industriales o pescadores en pequeña escala. La competencia entre las flotas industriales y los pescadores en pequeña escala para maximizar las capturas y los beneficios de las especies de túnidos de alto valor comercial, como el rabil, el listado y el patudo hayan contribuido, muy probablemente, a generar esta tendencia decreciente, ya que los mismos stocks se capturan en diferentes regiones del océano Índico occidental (costa y alta mar) y por todo tipo de artes durante la migración estacional y espacial de las tres especies de túnidos tropicales. La existencia de tal interacción entre flotas industriales y pescadores locales a pequeña escala y la tendencia decreciente de los stocks tiene mayores consecuencias sobre los pescadores locales dada su mayor vulnerabilidad. Por lo tanto, es importante fortalecer la aplicación de la separación legal ya existente de las áreas de extracción entre la pesca artesanal e industrial. Es importante evitar la explotación excesiva del atún en las aguas nacionales de Mozambique y al mismo tiempo establecer acuerdos de pesca que apoyen el desarrollo socioeconómico del país. Los futuros acuerdos deberían ser socialmente justos, viable ecológicamente y estar respaldados por un buen asesoramiento de gestión sobre la sostenibilidad de las tasas de explotación.
52

Arrest or Hospitalization? An Examination of the Relationship Between Psychiatric Symptoms, Traumatic Childhood Experiences, and Socio-Ecological Factors in Forensic Mental Health System Responses to Offender Behavior

Mersch, Stephanie, Stinson, Jill D., Quinn, Megan A. 07 April 2016 (has links)
It has been well documented that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) lead to unfavorable outcomes in later life, especially with regard to health and psychological outcomes. Recent research has demonstrated the impact of early childhood adversity on the onset of aggression and illegal behavior. However, often those with mental illness diagnoses with comorbid behavioral problems exhibit trajectories that include both arrest and hospitalization. While some are arrested for their criminal behavior, others are hospitalized. This begs the question: are those with mental illness and behavioral problems more likely to be arrested, or hospitalized, for their early behavioral problems? In the current study, it was hypothesized that arrest precedes hospitalization for the majority of these offenders, and that specific diagnoses of a mental illness are related to outcome. It was also hypothesized that early exposure to environmental adversity, as measured by the age of earliest ACE and total ACE score, would impact whether offenders were arrested or hospitalized first. The data for this study were gathered from comprised sample of 182 adult psychiatric inpatients in a secure forensic facility. Data were archival and retrospective in nature. All participants had been hospitalized following acts of violence or aggression, exhibiting a history of both behavioral problems as well as mental illness. A series of logistic and linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between reason for first admission to a psychiatric facility, diagnosis of a mental disorder, and early childhood adversity to clarify whether early problematic behaviors resulted in initial arrest or psychiatric hospitalization. Results indicate that subjects were much more likely to be hospitalized initially than arrested (33.5% arrested first, 66.5% hospitalized first). A diagnosis of impulse control disorder was significantly related to whether initial incident led to arrest or hospitalization (p=0.030), while the diagnosis Page 54 2016 Appalachian Student Research Forum of ADHD neared significance (p=0.056). No significant relationship was found between incidence of initial arrest or hospitalization and age that drug/alcohol abuse began. Other findings and implications for future research will be discussed.
53

African American Women and Obesity: Examining the Intersections of Race and Class

Knox-Kazimierczuk, Francoise Alihsa 24 July 2015 (has links)
No description available.
54

A Foundation for Learning: Parent's Perceptions of the McMaster Children and Youth University (MCYU) / Addressing the Factors That Shape Parent Involvement in the McMaster Children and Youth University (MCYU)

Mackey, Hannah January 2022 (has links)
The McMaster Children and Youth University (MCYU) was founded at McMaster University in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. The MCYU delivers free educational programming to children and youth to empower and prepare youth, especially those at a socioeconomic disadvantage, to aspire to higher education (MCYU, 2022). Parents are invited to attend the lectures alongside their children, making parent involvement a key component of the program (MCYU, 2018; Paquin et al, 2018). Participation in educational activities, such as out-of-school programming, school-run field trips, or extracurriculars have been correlated with improved academic achievement and social adjustment (Holloway & Pimlott-Wilson, 2014; Weininger et al., 2015). However, children and youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in learning enrichment activities outside of school (Siddiqui et al., 2019). These barriers to participation have often been attributed to lower economic status (Chanfreau, et al., 2016; Farthing, 2014; Holloway & Pimlott-Wilson, 2014; Siddiqui et al., 2019). A grounded theory study was employed addressing the following question: How do socio-ecological factors shape parental decision-making for childhood involvement in the MCYU? Twenty parents who participate in the MCYU were interviewed and asked to complete an accompanying survey. After thorough data collection and analysis, the results indicated that positive educational experiences in the lives of parents shape their approach to their children’s education. Their life experiences have led to an intrinsic and extrinsic desire to learn, and the MCYU is an invaluable tool for parents to instill these values in their children through 1) education, 2) exposure, 3) enjoyment, and 4) engagement. This research may inform an expansion of MCYU type programs across Canada as well as aid the MCYU in reaching members of the community who are unable to benefit from the program. While the MCYU is for kids, the appeal for parents should be emphasized in future iterations. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The McMaster Children and Youth University (MCYU) was founded at McMaster University in Hamilton Ontario, Canada. The MCYU delivers free educational programming to children and youth to empower and prepare youth, especially those at a socioeconomic disadvantage, to aspire to higher education (MCYU, 2022). Parents are invited to attend the lectures alongside their children, making parent involvement a key component of the program (MCYU, 2018; Paquin et al, 2018). This research addresses the following question: How do socio-ecological factors shape parental decision-making for childhood involvement in the MCYU? The results indicated that positive educational experiences in the lives of parents shape their approach to their children’s education. Their life experiences have led to an intrinsic and extrinsic desire to learn, and the MCYU is an invaluable tool for parents to instill these values in their children through 1) education, 2) exposure, 3) enjoyment, and 4) engagement.
55

Främjandet av fysisk aktivitet för barn och unga på landsbygden- En fallstudie av Uppsala kommun / Promoting Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents in Rural Areas- A Case Study of the Municipality of Uppsala

Eriksson, Sandra, Adebrant, Ebba January 2024 (has links)
Barn och unga på landsbygden tenderar att bli mer stillasittande än barn som växer upp i staden. Landsbygden besitter särskilda utmaningar som gör det svårt att få barn och unga att öka sina aktivitetsnivåer. I denna studie används intervjuer och dokumentanalys för att undersöka hur Uppsala kommun arbetar med att öka den fysiska aktiviteten bland barn och unga som växer upp på landsbygden. Utifrån den socio-ekologiska modellen skapas en förståelse för hur påverkansfaktorer för fysiska aktivitetsnivåer hänger samman med synen kring hur utmaningarna ska hanteras. Resultatet från studien visar att Uppsala kommun tar itu med utmaningarna på ett holistiskt sätt, med en övergripande syn på hela kommunen. Landsbygdens utmaningar tenderar således att hamna mellan stolarna där ansvaret att hantera dem förs över mellan olika aktörer. / Children and adolescents in rural areas tend to be more sedentary than children who grow up in the city. Rural areas have specific challenges that make it difficult to get children and adolescents to increase their physical activity. In this study, interviews and document analysis are used to investigate how the municipality of Uppsala works to increase physical activity among children and adolescents who grow up in rural areas. Based on the socio-ecological model, an understanding is created of how influencing factors for physical activity levels are connected with the view of how challenges should be handled. The results from the study show that the municipality of Uppsala works with the challenges from a municipal perspective, which creates problems when the countryside has its own challenges. The challenges of the countryside thus tend to fall through the cracks where the responsibility for handling them is shifted between different actors.
56

Resiliens : En studie om diskrepansen mellan begreppet resiliens och den empiriska tillämpningen

Norman, Jenna January 2016 (has links)
Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att genom enkäter undersöka om det finns en diskrepans mellan det teoretiska begreppet resiliens och den empiriska tillämpningen. För att besvara denna fråga undersöks följande delfrågor: Vad ingår i olika teoretiska resiliensbegrepp? Hur ser innebörden av resiliensbegreppet ut hos svenska krishanteringsaktörer idag? Hur arbetar svenska krishanteringsaktörer för resiliens för att göra städer säkrare i framtiden? Denna studie ska vara till hjälp för krishanteringsaktörer i deras förståelse för vad resiliensbegreppet är och finna kunskap i dessa tre resilienskoncept för att kunna använda det i sitt praktiska arbete när de talar om att arbeta för resiliens. I denna studie har tjugosex stycken enkäter skickats ut till personer som på något sätt arbetar med krishantering. Respondenterna arbetar på olika nivåer (kommun, länsstyrelse, myndighet, privat sektor samt forskare). Forskning och teorier kring resiliens kommer baseras på Brian Walker &amp; David Salt som beskriver ingenjörsteknisk resiliens och ekologisk resiliens i boken Resilience thinking därefter förklarar Ulrich Beck enligt boken Risksamhället hur man måste arbeta för framtiden och inte se bakåt för att planera efter det som skett i dåtid. Pickett, McGrath, Cadenasso &amp; Felson beskriver i sin forskning Ecological resilience and Resilient cities hur hållbarhet är en viktig del i resiliens. Avslutningsvis beskrivs det tredje resiliensbegreppet, nämligen Socio-ekologisk resiliens där Carl Folke lyfter upp vikten av att utveckla resiliens för det socio-ekologiska systemet för att skapa en anpassningsförmåga som möjliggör kontinuerlig utveckling, som ett dynamisk adaptiv samspel mellan att upprätthålla och utvecklas i förändring. För att kunna minska diskrepansen mellan begreppet resiliens och den empiriska tillämpningen krävs att det först och främst finns en förståelse för och en kunskap om begreppet resiliens. Därefter krävs det en samverkan mellan olika aktörer speciellt att krishanteringsaktörerna tar del av de forskningsresultat som framkommer för att kunna implementera det praktiskt och på så sätt få nya innovativa idéer att arbeta efter. / The purpose of this qualitative study is through survey investigate if there is a discrepancy between the theoretical concept of resilience and the empirical application. To answer this question this study examines the following issues: What is included in various theoretical resilience concept? What is the meaning of the resilience concept at the Swedish crisis management actors today? How does the Swedish crisis management actors use resilience to make cities safer in the future? This study will be helpful for crisis management actors in their understanding of what the resilience concept and find the knowledge of these three concepts to use it in their practical work when they talk about working for resilience. In this study, twenty-six questionnaires was sent out to people who in some way are involved in crisis management. The respondents in this study work at different levels (municipal, county government, government, private sector and researchers). Research and theories of resilience is based on Brian Walker and David Salt describing engineering technical resilience and ecological resilience in the book Resilience thinking then Ulrich Beck explains according to the book Risk Society how one must work for the future and not look backwards and plan because of what was happening in the past. Pickett, McGrath, Cadenasso &amp; Felson describes his research Ecological Resilience and Resilient Cities how sustainability is an important aspect of resilience. Finally the third concept is described, namely socio-ecological resilience where Carl Folke lifts the importance of developing resilience for the socio-ecological system to create an adaptability that allows for continuous development, a dynamic adaptive interaction between maintaining and developing in change. In order to reduce the discrepancy between the concept of resilience and the empirical application it requires, first and foremost an understanding and a knowledge of the concept of resilience. Then it requires a collaboration between various stakeholders especially the crisis management actors to take part of the research evidence and have a will to implement it practically and as a result get new innovative ideas to work with.
57

Ecologie territoriale et trajectoires de transitions : le cas du Rhône-Médian / Territorial Ecology and trajectories of transitions : the Rhône-Médian case-study

Herbelin, Alice 21 December 2018 (has links)
L’écologie territoriale est un champ de recherche qui propose d’analyser le fonctionnement d’un territoire sous l’angle des flux de matières et d’énergie qui le traversent et le caractérisent. Cette analyse est notamment menée à travers le concept du métabolisme territorial. Sous cet angle, les flux sont envisagés à la fois dans leur dimension matérielle et à la lumière des systèmes d’acteurs et des enjeux socio-économiques et politiques qui les influencent. L’écologie territoriale tend en cela à mettre en exergue des leviers de transition socio-écologique à l’échelle des territoires.Cette thèse propose la mise à l’épreuve de ces concepts à travers un terrain d’étude situé dans la moyenne vallée du Rhône. En remontant à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, la recherche souligne tout d’abord comment se met en place, à l’échelle de celui-ci, un régime socio-écologique fondé sur l’industrie et les infrastructures lourdes. Ensuite, à partir de l’analyse de quatre types de flux (énergétiques, hydriques, toxiques, alimentaires), la thèse propose de caractériser la manière dont ce régime se matérialise aujourd’hui dans le métabolisme. Ce métabolisme est alors qualifié d’intensif et de toxique – par l’intensité et la toxicité des flux mis en jeu – ainsi que d’absorbant – en ce qu’il assure des fonctions métaboliques répondant aux besoins d’autres territoires (traitement de déchets, production alimentaire). Les caractéristiques de ce métabolisme impliquent alors une faible capacité des acteurs locaux (habitants, acteurs publics, agriculteurs) à agir sur les flux pour leur réduction ou leur transformation. Pourtant, dans un contexte de mutations des systèmes productifs et de résidentialisation, plusieurs initiatives émergent de ces mêmes acteurs locaux pour comprendre et agir sur les flux de matière et d’énergie, dans une perspective de développement territorial durable. Celles-ci conduisent à des formes de remise en question des équilibres de pouvoir existants mais le régime socio-écologique industriel persiste, en partie en ce que les verrous qui le structurent et l’auto-entretiennent ne sont pas questionnés. / Territorial ecology is a research field which proposes to analyse the functioning of a territory under the perspective of the flows of matter and energy which passes by and characterize it. This analysis is particularly led through the concept of territorial metabolism. Through this lens, flows are considered in their material dimension but also under the light of the actor systems and of the political and socio-economic issues which influence them. Thus, territorial ecology tends to underline socio-ecological transition levers on the scale of territories.This thesis proposes to test these concepts through a field study in the mid Rhône valley. Looking back to the end of the 18th century, the research firstly underlines how a socio-ecological regime is progressively set around the industry sector and the heavy infrastructures at the scale of the territory. Then, the thesis describes how this regime gets materialized into today’s metabolism through the analysis of four different kinds of flows (energy, water, toxic elements, food). This metabolism is described as intensive and toxic – according to the level of intensity and toxicity of the flows at stake – as well as absorbing – in the way it deals with other territories’ metabolic functions (waste management, food production). These properties of the Rhône-Médian’s metabolism implicate limited capacity for local actors (inhabitants, public actors, farmers) to act towards the reduction or the transformation of these flows. However, within a context of change in production systems and of residentialisation, several local initiatives emerge. Through this process, local actors gain a better understanding and better capabilities to act on the flows of energy and matter in order to engage with sustainable territorial development. These local initiatives lead to several forms of reassessment of existing power relationships but the industrial socio-ecological regime remains, partly because some lock-ins which structure and self-sustain this regime are not questioned.
58

”Det börjar ju sällan med ett knytnävsslag” : Kvalitativ studie om yrkesverksammas upplevelser av riskfaktorer till mäns våld mot kvinnor utifrån den socio-ekologiska modellen

Efraimsson, Pia, Mårtensson, Lina, Sigfridsson, Kajsa January 2019 (has links)
Syftet med följande studie var att undersöka yrkesverksammas upplevelser av möjliga riskfaktorer till mäns våld mot kvinnor i relation till den socio-ekologiska modellen. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes och fem yrkesverksamma från relevanta organisationer deltog. Teman som identifierades i studien jämfördes med de olika nivåerna från den socio-ekologiska modellen och med tidigare forskning på området. I studien kunde tre av de fyra nivåerna från den socio-ekologiska modellen återfinnas som självständiga teman och den fjärde nivån återfanns som en underliggande faktor i samtliga teman. Resultatet visade även att de yrkesverksamma upplever att det finns personlighetsdrag som karaktäriserar män som utövar våld mot kvinnor men att männen ändå skiljer sig från varandra. Mäns våld mot kvinnor finns i alla samhällsklasser och miljöer vilket gör det svårt att identifiera vilka män som har denna typ av problematik. För att våldet ska minska krävs tidigt förebyggande arbete samt krafttag i hela samhället kring de rådande maskulinitetsnormerna. Vidare behövs mer forskning på hur de män som inte lagförs eller frivilligt söker behandling kan upptäckas samt motiveras till behandling för sin problematik. / The purpose of following study was to examine professional’s experiences of potential risk factors to men's violence against women in relation to the socio ecological model. A qualitative interview study was conducted and five professionals from different organizations participated. Themes identified in the study were compared with different levels from the socio-economic model and with previous research in the field. In the present study, three out of four levels from the socio-ecological model were found as independent themes and the fourth level was found as an underlying factor in all themes. The results also showed that the professionals found personality traits that characterize men who use violence against women, but that the men still differ from each other. Men's violence against women exists in all social classes and environments, which makes it difficult to identify which men that have this type of problem. For the violence to decrease, early preventive work and effort are required throughout society and the current masculinity standards. More research is needed about how men who are not prosecuted or voluntarily seeking treatment can be discovered and motivated to treat their problems.
59

A pesca nos manguezais no Estuário do Rio São Francisco: uma abordagem sócio-ecológica com ênfase no caranguejo Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) / Mangrove fisheries in the São Francisco River Estuary (Northeastern, Brazil): a socio-ecological approach with emphasis on the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763)

Santos, Luciana Cavalcanti Maia 26 January 2015 (has links)
No Nordeste do Brasil, o estuário do Rio São Francisco apresenta extensas áreas de manguezais (32 km2) cujos recursos são utilizados por populações humanas. Este estudo considerou a metodologia de sistemas sócio-ecológicos complexos para analisar a pesca nos manguezais desse estuário, com ênfase no caranguejo Ucides cordatus. Por meio da integração de dados de diferentes áreas (etnobiologia, levantamentos socioeconômicos, estrutura populacional do caranguejo, características da vegetação, arranjo espacial da paisagem, sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento) em uma análise multicritério foi determina e mapeada a aptidão dos manguezais para a conservação e a pesca dessa espécie. Uma diversidade de recursos pesqueiros do manguezal (por exemplo, peixes, caranguejos e moluscos), constitui a principal base da economia de subsistência local, em que o caranguejo U. cordatus é o mais importante. As populações locais possuem um vasto conhecimento sobre o tamanho populacional e corporal, ciclo de vida, diferenciação sexual e habitat dessa espécie, e aplicam práticas conservacionistas no uso da redinha. A estrutura populacional do caranguejo revelou um alto potencial pesqueiro, com maior abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial do que os de tamanho não comercial. Os manguezais mais aptos para a conservação de U. cordatus (9,4 km2) estão localizados próximos à foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos não comerciais, baixa densidade de caranguejos comerciais e baixo grau de utilização para a pesca. Os manguezais mais aptos para a pesca (10,2 km2) estão distantes da foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial, baixa densidade de caranguejos em tamanho não comercial, caranguejos grandes, médio a alto grau de uso e estão próximos aos povoados. Os mapas de aptidão gerados podem auxiliar as agências governamentais no delineamento de áreas extrativistas e de exclusão da pesca, como sugerido no Plano Nacional de Gestão para o Uso Sustentável do Caranguejo-uçá / In Northeastern Brazil, the São Francisco River Estuary comprises a significant mangrove area (32 km2) used by local human populations. This study considered the framework of socio-ecological systems to analyze the mangrove fishery in this estuary, with emphasis on the crab Ucides cordatus. By the integration of data from different fields (etnobiology and socio-economic surveys, crab population structure, vegetation features, landscape arrangement, remote sensing and geoprocessing) in a multi-criteria analysis, we determined and mapped the suitability of the mangroves for the conservation and fishery of this species. We found that a diversity of mangrove fisheries (e.g. fish, crabs and mollusks) constitute the main base of the local subsistence economy, wherein the Ucides cordatus is the most important. The local populations have a substantial knowledge about this crab population and body sizes, life cycle, sexual differentiation, behavior and habitat, and apply conservation practices in the use of the \"redinha\". The population structure of the crab U. cordatus revealed a high fishery potential, with higher abundance (frequency and density) of crabs in commercial size than the non-commercial sized crabs. The mangroves more suitable for the crab conservation (9.4 km2) are those close to the river mouth, showing high abundance of non-commercial crabs, low density of commercial crabs and low degree of use for fishery. On the other hand, the mangroves more suitable for the crab fishery (10.2 km2) are those located far from to river mouth, showing high density and frequency of crabs in commercial size, low density of crabs in non-commercial size, big sized crabs, medium to high degree of use, and are close to the fishery villages. The maps of suitability can aid government agencies in delineating extractive and fishery exclusion areas, as stated by the Proposal of a National Management Plan for this crab, in order to achieve a sustainable fishery
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Les transformations de l'approvisionnement alimentaire dans la métropole parisienne : trajectoire socio-écologique et construction de proximités / Food supply transformations in Paris : socio-ecological pathways and proximity constructions

Bognon, Sabine 10 June 2014 (has links)
Les villes n’ayant pas vocation à produire elles-mêmes leurs moyens de subsistance sont un point de départ pour l’étude du système alimentaire. L’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur dense des métropoles participe à l’amont au métabolisme territorial, impliquant des échanges matériels entre la société organisatrice du système alimentaire et la biosphère qui la sustente. Si des analyses historiques des modalités de l’approvisionnement alimentaire de la capitale ont été produites, ses mécanismes contemporains complexes sont aujourd’hui méconnus. Un objectif de la thèse réside en l’établissement d’un récit circonstancié de la trajectoire socio-écologique de l’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne, de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Inscrites dans un paysage économique mondialisé, les aires de préhension alimentaire de Paris confirment l’existence d’une empreinte globale du système alimentaire parisien. Cependant, des initiatives récentes promeuvent un retour à un approvisionnement de proximité. Le tournant 2010-2011 marque l’essor de ces démarches nouvelles, jusqu’alors ignorées ou considérées comme marginales et anecdotiques tant par le grand public que par la plupart des acteurs décisionnaires du système alimentaire. La reterritorialisation de l’approvisionnement est issue d’une construction sociale de proximités tant géographique qu’organisée, dont les prétextes et les intérêts des acteurs qui l’encouragent sont multiples. Un second objectif est donc constitué par l’analyse des politiques de trois acteurs (public, associatif et privé) quant à l’avènement d’une transition dans le système alimentaire, impliquant un rapprochement entre les aires de production et les bassins de consommation. Prenant appui sur un cadre théorique fondé par l’écologie territoriale, l’analyse des trajectoires et transitions socio-écologiques et les apports de l’école de la proximité, cette thèse propose une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’évolution du système alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne. / Cities are not meant to produce their own livelihood, and so, they are an interesting starting point to the study of the food system. Based on a threefold theoretical framework – territorial ecology, socio-ecological paths and transitions, and proximity strategies – this thesis aims at a multidisciplinary analysis attesting how the food system has been evolving inside the Paris metropolis. The thesis gives a detailed account of the food supply’s socio-ecological trajectory, from the end of the Ancien Régime to the present day. The 2010-2011 turning point settles new initiatives aiming at proximity foodsheds – which had hitherto been ignored altogether or considered marginal and minor. Reterritorialization of the supply is the result of social constructions of geographical and organized proximities. This work also investigates the policies of three food-system stakeholders (public, community and private) regarding an impending transition in the socio-ecological pathway that would imply a merger between production and consumption foodsheds.

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