Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är ett aktuellt ämne i skolor världen över och denna studie kan vara av intresse för lärare, specialpedagoger, skolledare och lärarutbildare. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva och analysera lärares erfarenheter och uppfattningar av användningen av IKT för elever i behov av särskilt stöd som går i vanliga klasser, och att finna sambandet mellan IKT och inkludering. Vidare identifierades omständigheter och strategier för att göra arbetet med IKT mer inkluderande. En enkätstudie genomfördes med 92 lärare och kvalitativa intervjuer gjordes med fyra lärare i tre olika kommuner i norra Sverige. Resultatet indikerade att IKT användes för elever i behov av särskilt stöd i alla åldersgrupper, vanligast användes datorn för skrivande och ordbehandling. IKT skulle kunna användas för att kompensera för olikheter och bidra till inkludering för elever i behov av särskilt stöd, men då behöver undervisningen anpassas med tanke på elevers behov samt att tekniken bör integreras med pedagogiken. Uppfattningarna om vad inkludering innebär varierar och inkludering ses huvudsakligen som kunskapsmässig, vilket kan leda till både social och fysisk exkludering. Undervisningen i vanliga klassrum anpassades inte alltid för alla elevers behov och IKT verktyg användes ofta av elever i exkluderande miljöer. För att göra IKT användningen mer inkluderande behöver kunskap till lärare, utrustning och tid. Implikationer för praktiken är att lärare behöver mer utbildning i att använda IKT för elever i behov av särskilt stöd och att specialpedagogen bör ses som en handledare för lärarna. Förslag till fortsatt forskning skulle kunna vara fler liknande studier eller studier om möjligheterna med en-till-en för elever i behov av särskilt stöd. / Information and communication technology (ICT) is a current issue in schools around the world and this study may be of interest to teachers, special education teachers, school leaders and teacher educators. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze teachers’ experiences of and perceptions on information and communication technology (ICT) use for students with special educational needs (SEN) in general educational settings and to find the relationship between ICT and inclusion. In addition to that, conditions and strategies in order to make ICT use more inclusive were identified. A questionnaire survey was carried out with 92 responding teachers and qualitative interviews were made with four teachers. The results indicated that ICT was used for SEN students in all age groups, most commonly the computer was used for writing and word processing. ICT could be used as a way to bridge the gap to inclusion and compensate for differences and contribute to inclusion of students with special needs but in order to do that teaching should be adapted to students’ needs and pedagogy ought to be integrated with technology. Though, the perceptions of what inclusion is differs and inclusion is mainly seen as didactic, which can lead to social and physical exclusion. Teaching in mainstream classrooms was not always adapted to all students’ needs and assistive technology was often used by students in exclusive settings. In order to make the use of ICT more inclusive, teachers need knowledge, equipment and time. Implications for teachers and teacher educators are that teachers should become more educated about ICT for SEN and that special education teachers should be seen as supervisors for teachers. Suggestions for further research could be more similar studies or studies about the possibilities with one-to-one for students with special educational needs.

Thesis deals with location, diversity and capacity of social services for children with special educational needs in the Microregion of Bystřicko. It characterizes the current situation of target group and number of children with special educational needs in the microregion. It also surveys the current state of providers and services offered to the target group. It responds to data collected from interviews with chiefs of institutions and head of section of social affairs and health. The proposal represents solutions to community social services plan for the city of Bystřice nad Pernštejnem during the years from 2008 to 2016 and it reacts by optimizing of social services with its own draft resolution, which takes into account the number of children with special educational needs and priorities in providing comprehensive care for the target group.

The goal of this study is to analyze a number of IEP: s in order to determine how these are constructed for students with read and write difficulties. In order to do so, I am going to analyze some action programs to determine which special educational theory that is the most common, based on the theories of Claes Nilholm. My questions are as follows: How the needs of the students receiving support are described, from a certain theoretical perspective and finally, is there an overall view that can be derived from this. For this study, I used qualitative content analysis when analyzing the IEP: s. The research showed that the most common theory used, describing both different actions and different needs, was the Categorical Perspective. A Perspective which puts the problem within the pupil itself and not as an environmental or social issue. Overall, the Categorical Perspective was also the most common perspective that could be seen throughout the action programs. Does this mean that the Categorical Perspective is generally used within schools? The study shows that there seems to be a semantic mix-up where the authors of action programs sometimes describe special adaptations, not actions, within the action programs, using a Categorical Perspective. Furthermore, there is The Dilemma Perspective that describes when there is a conflict between The Categorical and it´s counterpart, The Critical Perspective. Although this Dilemma Perspective does not show as much in the analysis, One can argue that there is always a dilemma when conflicts over resources arise.

Educação Inclusiva na contemporaneidade expressa um dos desejos de uma sociedade que, ainda, estigmatiza e discrimina pessoas portadoras de alguma necessidade educativa especial. Maior dignidade, respeito e integração é o que as políticas de educação inclusiva brasileira procuram propiciar à sua sociedade. Seu maior desafio é transformar a mentalidade preconceituosa instalada, por meio da ação de profissionais da educação para mudar esse quadro. Diante deste desafio, da escola estar estruturada para trabalhar com a homogeneidade e nunca com a diversidade, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo defender a perspectiva de educação inclusiva com vistas à construção de uma escola para todos, focalizando a dialética da inclusão/exclusão. Por isso, sua origem, seus graus, suas sequelas, bem como suas incoerências serão tematizados por meio de uma pesquisa teórica descritiva, que caracteriza o perigo de uma inclusão que desconhece a diferença na lida cotidiana dos profissionais de educação. Levando em conta os paradigmas conceituais e princípios que vêm sendo progressivamente defendidos em documentos nacionais e internacionais, a inclusão é um movimento de abrangência global que reúne pessoas na luta em favor das pessoas portadoras de necessidades educacionais especiais (PNEES) e seus familiares na busca dos seus direitos e de um lugar na sociedade. Contudo, o que de fato pode ser considerado inclusão? O que leva os profissionais da educação terem compreensões e significados tão diferenciados sobre esta questão? E quais são as principais dificuldades encontradas, do ponto de vista conceitual? / Inclusive Education in contemporaneity expresses one of the desires of a society which still stigmatizes and discriminates against people with special educational needs. Greater dignity, respect and integration are what the Brazilian inclusive education policies seek to propitiate for its society. Their greatest challenge is to transform the installed prejudiced mentality through actions of education professionals to change this situation. Faced with this challenge of schools being structured to work with homogeneity and never with diversity the goal of this paper is to defend the perspective of inclusive education aiming at the construction of a school for all, focusing on the dialectic of inclusion/exclusion. That is why its origins, its levels, its consequences as well as its incoherencies will be thematicized through descriptive, theoretical research which characterizes the danger of an inclusion which does not take into account the differences of the daily situations of the education professionals. Taking into account the conceptual paradigms and principles which are increasingly being defended in national and international documents, inclusion is a movement of global scope which gathers together people struggling for the people with special educational needs (PNEES) and their families in their quest for their rights and a place in society. However, what can actually be considered inclusion? What makes education professionals have such different comprehensions and meanings of this issue? And what are the main difficulties encountered from a conceptual point of view?

The thesis presents the results of theoretical and empirical study. The thesis deals with primary monitoring of lifestyle of students with special educational needs, the creation of an educational program designed for dormitory of secondary vocational school and the program's impact on quality of life. The work consists of several parts. The theoretical part describes the principles of a healthy lifestyle (healthy eating, physical activity, mental activity), special educational needs, the age period of 15-18 years, secondary vocational school and quality of life. The practical part analyzes the lifestyle of students at secondary vocational school in Soběslav. This part highlights the different attitudes of commuter students and students living in dormitories. The analysis is based on questionnaire my own creation. The results are shown in the graphs. For dormitory of secondary vocational school an educational program "A year in a dorm" was created. The program is aimed at a comprehensive understanding of health and healthy lifestyle. The influence of the educational process on the quality of life we investigated using a standardized questionnaire PedsQl. Data are evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey statistical method. In conclusion we disprove the hypothesis that commuter students have a healthier lifestyle than students staying at the dorms. We confirm the positive effect of educational program on quality of life for boarding students statistically significant in the group of girls. We also confirm that the effect of the program lasted three months

The main topic of this master thesis is inclusive education from the perspective of teachers and directors of mainstream elementary schools. Inclusionrepresents main strategy for the Czech educational system, whose implementation has started in September 1, 2016. This work analyses the familiarity of teachers and directors with the concept of inclusion of pupils with special educational needs, as well as their professional preparedness for it. By means of questionnaire, the author gathers not only views of teachers and directors of elementary schools on creating necessary conditions and support for the implementation of inclusive education, but also their orientation within this strategy. The acquired results show how the inclusion has been perceivedby schools and what attitude they adopt towards it.

Este estudo busca registrar como ocorrem as interações entre pares nos processos de inclusão de crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais. São registrados alguns movimentos acerca da inclusão na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, contextualizando-os nas Escolas Municipais Infantis, locus desta investigação. As principais questões de pesquisa foram: Como interagem as crianças na escola com um colega, visto ou anunciado, como diferente? Estas crianças, ditas diferentes, como atuam junto a seus pares? De que estratégias se valem para aproximarem-se umas das outras? Como se anuncia ou aparece esta marca da diferença para as demais crianças? Partindo dos pressupostos teóricos interacionistas da Sociologia e da Psicologia, tendo por base a perspectiva sistêmica e especialmente fundamentado na Sociologia da Infância, que toma as crianças como agentes de sua própria socialização, este estudo direcionou-se no sentido de captar suas vozes, em suas múltiplas manifestações expressivas. A metodologia utilizada foi a etnografia. A análise de episódios interativos entre as crianças deu origem a quatro Dimensões que revelam os modos de socialização observados no grupo investigado. São elas: Os caminhos para estar juntos: compreender o outro; Movimentos ativos de aproximação; Ações partilhadas; Tão perto e tão longe. Foi possível observar que as crianças dão visibilidade às diferenças que se apresentam no encontro com seus pares, mas nem tudo o que é gerado entre elas tem a ver especificamente com a marca distintiva da deficiência; fazem as perguntas que precisam e apresentam-se ao outro valendo-se de variadas estratégias que possuem e/ou desenvolvem nestes contextos. O brincar aparece reafirmado como uma estratégia que possibilita a aproximação entre as crianças, constituindo-se em espaços de produção de cultura nos quais podem experimentar pertencimento. A inclusão revela-se como um processo dinâmico que se dá no cotidiano e no qual as interações entre as crianças desempenham um papel fundamental. Os encontros entre as crianças são reveladores de caminhos a serem percorridos e desencadeadores das potências suas e de seus pares, em que compartilham sentidos que nem sempre se mostram tão facilmente a nós adultos. / This study seeks to analyze how interactions among peers occur in the inclusion processes of children with special educational needs. Some inclusion-related movements in the Porto Alegre City Municipal Education Network are examined, contextualizing them in Municipal Children’s Schools, which are the loci of this investigation. The main research questions were: How do schoolchildren interact with a classmate who has been seen or announced as different? How do these so-called different children behave in the company of their peers? What strategies do they use to approach one another? How is this mark of difference announced or how does it appear to other children? Starting from the interactionist theoretical presuppositions of Sociology and Psychology, based on the systemic perspective and especially grounded in Child Sociology, which regards children as agents of their socialization, this study was aimed at capturing their voices in their multiple forms of expression. The adopted methodology was ethnography. The analysis of interactive episodes among children gave rise to four Dimensions that reveal the methods of socialization observed in the investigated group. The four Dimensions are: the ways of being together: understanding one another; active approach movements; shared actions; so close and so far. It was possible to observe that children give visibility to differences when they meet their peers, but not everything generated among them is specifically related to the distinctive mark of disability; they ask the questions they need and introduce themselves to the other by using varied strategies they have and/or develop in these contexts. Playing seems reaffirmed as a strategy that allows children to get closer, constituting spaces for cultural production in which they can experience the sense of belonging. Inclusion proves to be a dynamic process that takes place in the everyday life and where interactions among children play a fundamental role. The meetings among children reveal paths to be followed and trigger their potentialities because they share senses that are not always easily seen by adults.

A síntese, que segue, visa examinar de que modo acontece o processo de formação de conceitos científicos em crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais na 1ª série do ensino fundamental. Para tanto, tomou-se como suporte conceitual os postulados da psicologia sócio-histórica de Vygotsky e seus contemporâneos Luria e Leontiev. Esses autores encerram um alinhamento teórico em relação ao desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores "avançadas" - com relevo especial no que se refere aos conceitos científicos - como um processo que pressupõe constantes interações com signos e ferramentas culturais em situações específicas, como, por exemplo, o espaço escolar. Salienta-se que Vygotsky (1928) considerava os processos de escolarização, mais precisamente a inserção de crianças com necessidades especiais na escola regular, como imprescindíveis para que houvesse a apropriação instrumental que proporcionasse não apenas o manejo sociocultural, mas o constituir-se como um ser humanizado, pertencente ao gênero humano. Partindo desse ideário, precursor nos processos de integração/inclusão, a implementação da pesquisa aconteceu em uma escola de educação básica da cidade de Santa Maria/RS, mais precisamente em duas primeiras séries do ensino fundamental, junto a três crianças consideradas com necessidades educacionais especiais, com idades variando entre oito e onze anos. Os aspectos operacionais da investigação se desenrolaram através da análise qualitativa de caráter etnográfico, especificamente por de três estudos de caso, utilizando-se como instrumentos para a coleta de dados: anotações de campo, entrevistas planejadas e estruturadas, análise de documentos, que possibilitaram a elaboração de uma matriz conceitual. Os resultados obtidos estabeleceram diversos momentos desse processo formativo, os quais incorporaram características de transitividade, relatividade, apropriação dinâmica e conscientização em termos de generalização conceitual, pois estiveram imersos em um processo de formação que não tem um fim em si mesmo, mas que se encontra intimamente vinculado ao entorno sociocultural presente no universo escolar. As conclusões confirmam o caráter indispensável da escolarização como um grande propulsor na formação das funções psicológicas superiores, particularmente no que se refere aos conceitos científicos. E, ainda, ratificam a hipótese da escola regular como locus relevante, onde se evidenciam muitos dos constructos intelectuais necessários à interação cultural por parte de crianças consideradas com necessidades educacionais especiais. / The following synthesis aims for examining in which way the formation process of scientific concepts happens in children with special educational needs in the first grade of fundamental school. Postulate of socio-historical psychology of Vygostsky and his contemporaries Luria and Leontiev were used as conceptual supporting. These authors close a theoretical alignment in relation to the development of "advanced" superior psychological functions - with special attention to scientific concepts - as a process which presupposes constant interactions with cultural signs and tools in specific situations, for example, the school space. It points out that Vigotsky (1928) considered the school processes, more precisely the insertion of children with special needs in regular school, as essential so that instrumental appropriation occurred and offered not only the sociocultural handling but also the 'constitute oneself' as a humanized being, pertaining to human gender. From this idea, precursor in the integration/inclusion processes, the research implementation took place in a basic educational school in the city of Santa Maria/RS, more precisely in the two first grades of fundamental education, along with the three children considered with special educational needs, between eight and eleven years old. The operational aspects of investigation unfolded through qualitative analysis of ethnographic character, specifically through three case studies, using as instruments to data collection: notes, planned and structured interviews, analysis of documents, which permitted the elaboration of a conceptual matrix. The obtained results established several moments of this formative process, in which incorporated characteristics of transitivity, relativity, dynamic appropriation and awareness in terms of conceptual generalization since they were immersed in a formation process that do not have an end in itself, but it is intimately linked to the sociocultural spread presented in the school universe. The conclusions confirm the indispensable character of 'schooling' as a big propeller in the formation of superior functions, particularly in relation to scientific concepts. And they still ratify the hypothesis of the regular school as relevant locus where several intellectual constructions needed to cultural interaction by children considered with special educational needs were evident.

This study aimed to analyze the actions of the Center for Assistance to Students with Special Educational Needs (NAPNE) to meet the assumptions of Professional Technology Educational Program for people with Special Educational Needs (VTEP SEN) in relation to students’ Admission, Permanence and the successful completion of these students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in Technological and Professional Education (TPE). This study was based on a qualitative approach in case study research focused on the NAPNE of an educational institution in Pernambuco with 9 participants in this core (students and alumni members with NEE and NAPNE staff). We used Semi structured interviews and document analysis for data collection. According to students’ point of view, the expectations of VTEP SEN proposal, concerning the students’ admission through an entrance test were achieved according to current legislation. Under the assumption of Permanence and successful conclusion, the most evidenced actions were those ones which had a link between the teachers and support learning. The technical resources did not meet the students’ needs however, they evaluated NAPNE performance as good. Some of the students' suggestions were that the Center must be publicized, there is a need for institutional support and the acquisition of Assistive Technology (AT) equipment and property. Regarding NAPNE staff, there was higher incidence in actions related to workshops / lectures and the studentships extension. For Permanence and successful completion, NAPNE staff highlighted the following actions: supporting the students’ learning with the teachers. NAPNE staff also related the negative institutional aspects in relation to teachers’ resistance to inclusive education, the disarticulation between NAPNE and sectors of the institution and the internal political differences among managers. Among the institutional facilitating aspects, NAPNE staff indicated the guiding principle of inclusive education to be included in the Statute of the Federal Institutes (FIs). In order to improve NAPNE staff attendance the suggestions point to a purchase of permanent / consumer and new technologies, the enhancement of Inclusive Policies Advisor, a course in order to eliminate people’s attitudinal resistance and regulation of inclusive education in the institution. Despite its limitations, NAPNE performance and the negative aspects overcome the positive ones, we conclude that NAPNE actions are consistent with the policy proposed by SEN TPA, in addition to achieving in practice the theory of the “education for coexistence” culture, in a technological professional educational institution in the State of Pernambuco. / Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as ações do Núcleo de Atendimento aos Alunos com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais (NAPNE) para atender os pressupostos do Programa de Educação, Tecnologia e Profissionalização para Pessoas com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais (TEC NEP) no que se refere ao Ingresso, a Permanência e a conclusão com êxito dos alunos com NEE na Educação Profissional Tecnológica (EPT). Foi utilizada uma abordagem da pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, em específico um estudo de caso, que focou o NAPNE de uma instituição de ensino em Pernambuco, representado pelo total de 09 sujeitos diretamente envolvidos com o Núcleo (alunos e ex-alunos com NEE e membros da gestão e da equipe do NAPNE) que participaram da pesquisa. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a análise documental foram empregues para o processo de coleta de dados. Em termos de resultados, no olhar dos alunos, as expectativas da proposta do TEC NEP no Ingresso na EPT através do vestibular foram alcançadas ao seguir a legislação vigente. No pressuposto da Permanência e conclusão com êxito, as ações mais evidenciadas foram as de articulação entre os professores e apoio na aprendizagem. Os recursos técnicos não atendiam às necessidades dos alunos que, todavia, avaliaram a atuação do NAPNE como boa. Prevaleceram, nas sugestões dos alunos a divulgação do Núcleo, a necessidade do apoio institucional e a aquisição de bens e equipamentos de Tecnologia Assistiva (TA). Em relação aos membros da equipe do NAPNE, houve maior indicação das ações relativas às palestras/oficinas e as bolsas de extensão. Para a Permanência e conclusão com êxito, as ações destacadas pelos profissionais do NAPNE, foram o apoio no aprendizado dos alunos em articulação com os professores. Os membros do NAPNE relacionaram os aspectos institucionais negativos com a resistência dos professores à educação inclusiva, a desarticulação entre o NAPNE e os setores da instituição e as divergências políticas internas entre os gestores Entre os aspectos institucionais facilitadores, foi indicado pelos membros do NAPNE o princípio norteador de a educação inclusiva constar no Estatuto dos Institutos Federais (IFs). Para a melhoria do atendimento no NAPNE, as sugestões apontavam para a aquisição de material permanente/consumo e de novas tecnologias, a valorização da Assessoria de Políticas Inclusivas, um curso para eliminar as resistências atitudinais e a regulamentação da educação inclusiva na instituição. Apesar dos limites, a atuação do NAPNE e dos aspectos negativos superarem os aspectos positivos, concluímos que as ações do NAPNE têm harmonia com a política proposta pelo TEC NEP, além de concretizar na prática a teoria da cultura da “educação para a convivência”, em uma instituição de ensino profissional tecnológico do Estado de Pernambuco.

Esta pesquisa investiga como a Rede de Ensino Municipal de Manaus tem buscado garantir a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento dos alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais, prevendo formas de acompanhamento do processo escolar que respeitem as possibilidades de expressão do potencial dos mesmos à luz de princípios que orientam a inclusão como uma temática que historicamente faz-se fortemente presente e que vamos definindo através das práticas no cotidiano escolar. A partir de uma dimensão dialética, pensamos uma educação inclusiva como movimento histórico e na especificidade de Manaus. Conceitos centrais do trabalho são os de cidadania, inclusão e exclusão e inclusão escolar; para sua discussão apoiamo-nos em referências da literatura cientifica e da legislação e normas brasileiras e internacionais. Não podemos falar em educação especial sem pensar na educação de todos. O paradigma da inclusão serve de parâmetro à gestão educacional e para a efetivação de projetos político pedagógicos que privilegiem o respeito à diferença, numa transformação histórica para os processos de exclusão, presentes na educação brasileira. Nesse contexto, o problema de nossa pesquisa está centrado nas condições escolares e de atuação dos professores e coordenadores pedagógicos na implementação de uma proposta educacional no paradigma da inclusão. Nosso objetivo consiste, pois, em discutir o percurso, e os percalços, que conduzem das intenções à prática escolar. Na pesquisa de campo realizada em uma escola municipal de Manaus, entre março de 2005 e novembro de 2006, entrevistamos diretora, professores, coordenadores pedagógicos, técnicos do Centro Municipal de Educação Especial e da Secretaria Municipal de Educação, pais e alunos, quando levantamos informações acerca da operacionalização do processo de inclusão do educando com necessidades educacionais especiais. Docentes e coordenadores pedagógicos (pedagogas) conceberam a educação inclusiva sob diferentes enfoques, com definições que ora se aproximam dos princípios de integração, ora se referiam à orientação inclusiva. Verificamos, com base na análise dos dados, as dificuldades de implementar uma Proposta Inclusiva na Rede Municipal de Manaus, evidenciando a gravidade da situação pela falta de formação especializada e de apoio técnico no trabalho com alunos inseridos nas classes regulares. / This research investigates as the Net of Municipal Education of Manaus/AM has searched to guarantee the learning and the development of the pupils with educational necessities special, foreseeing forms of accompaniment of the pertaining to school process that respect the possibilities of expression of the potential of the same ones to the light of principles that guide the inclusion as a thematic one that historically it becomes strong present and that we go defining through the practical ones in the daily pertaining to school. From a dimension dialectic, we think an inclusive education considering the education as references for the analysis, deal with the subjects of the citizenship, inclusion and exclusion and pertaining to school inclusion, support ourselves, for such, in references of scientific literature and of the Brazilian and international legislation and norms. We cannot speak in special education without thinking about the education of all. The paradigm of the inclusion serves of parameter to the educational management and for the efetivação of pedagogical projects politician that privilege the respect to the difference, in a historical transformation for the exclusion processes, gifts in the Brazilian education. In this context, the problem of our research is centered in the pertaining to school conditions and of performance of the professors and pedagogical coordinators in the implementation of a proposal educational in the paradigm of the inclusion. Our objective consists, therefore, in arguing the passage, and the profits that lead of the intentions to the practical pertaining to school. In the research of field carried through in a municipal school of Manaus/AM, between março/2005 and November of 2006, we interview pedagogical director, professors, coordinators, technician of the Municipal Center of Special Education and of the Municipal Secretary of Education, parents and pupils, when we raise information concerning the operacionalização of the process of inclusion of educating with educational necessities special. Pedagogical professors and Coordinators (Pedagogas) had conceived the inclusive education under different approaches, with definitions that however if approach to the integration principles, however if they related to the inclusive orientation. We verify, on the basis of the analysis of the data, the difficulties to implement a Proposal Inclusive in the Municipal Net of Manaus being evidenced the gravity of the situation for the lack of specialized formation and support technician in the work with inserted pupils in the regular classrooms.