Bakgrund: Innebandy är en intensiv sport där snabba upprepade accelerationer och riktningsförändringar är viktiga ingredienser för framgång. Även om både förflyttningssnabbhet och uthållighet är viktiga för prestationen i innebandy, finns inga studier som undersöker hur de relaterar till varandra och andra viktiga fysiska kvaliteter. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelares fysiska egenskaper och undersöka korrelationen mellan snabbhet i förflyttningar, aerob uthållighet, maximal styrka och explosivitet. Metod:19 kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare i åldern (medel (SD)) 21,8år (±2,15), längd 168,8cm (±5,8) långa och vikt 65,9 kg (±6,3), rekryterades till studien. Ett testbatteri genomfördes över två dagar och bestod av snabbhetstester (Acc10, Acc20m, Pro-agility), explosivstyrketester (SLH, SJ, CMJ, CMJ:A), maximalstyrketest (IPU) och aerob uthållighet (Beeptest). Korrelationen mellan testresultaten analyserades. Resultat: Det fanns starka korrelationer mellan förflyttningssnabbhet och prestationen explosiv styrka, utom mellan vertikalhopp med armsving (CMJ:A) och snabbhet i riktningsförändringar (Pro- agility). Isometrisk styrka (IPU) relaterade endast signifikant till snabbhet i riktningsförändringar (Pro-agility), vilket också aerob uthållighet (Beeptest) gjorde. Slutsats: För kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare finns ett samband mellan explosiv styrka och snabbhet i alla förflyttningar, medan maximalstyrka endast verkar relatera till snabbhet i riktningsförändringar. Arbetsförmågan i aerob uthållighetsarbeten verkar inte påverka prestationen i snabbhet negativt, utan på den här prestationsnivån kan båda utvecklas till tillräcklig nivå. / Background: Floorball is an intense sport where rapid repeated accelerations and changes of direction are important ingredients for success. Although both the locomotion speed and endurance are essential for achievement in floorball, there are no studies examining how they relate to each other and other important physical qualities. Objective: To describe female elite Floorball player's physical properties and examine the correlation between locomotion speed, aerobic endurance, maximum strength and explosiveness. Method: 19 female elite Floorball players age (mean (±SD)) 21, 8 years (±2.15), height 168, 8 cm (±5.8) and weight (65.9 kg±6.3), were recruited to the study. A test battery was conducted over the span of two days and consisted of tests of locomotion speed (Acc10, Acc20, Pro-agility), explosive strength (SLH, SJ, CMJ, CMJ:A), maximum strength (IPU) and aerobic endurance (Beep test). The correlation between the test results were analyzed. Results: There were strong correlations between locomotion speed performance and explosive strength, except between vertical jump with arm swing (CMJ) and speed in changes of direction (the Pro agility). Isometric strength (IPU) significantly related to the speed in changes of direction (the Pro agility), as did aerobic endurance (Beeptest). Conclusion: For female elite Floorball players there seems to be a correlation between explosive strength and quickness in all types of locomotion, while the maximum strength only seems to relate to the speed in changes of directions. Work ability in aerobic endurance tasks does not seem to affect performance in locomotion speed, and at this performance level both can be developed to a sufficient level.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Lisboa.pdf: 108555 bytes, checksum: 268f29754815a897568b89b45b145761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aimed to determine the effects of Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on 50 meters swim performance, in the technical variables and in blood lactate. Ten federated swimmers (20 ± 3 years, 1.82 ± 0.05 m, 77 ± 5 kg and 24.79 ± 1.04 seconds in the 50 meters freestyle) participated in a repeated measures design. The protocol consisted of three visits, anthropometric assessment were performed in the first visit, the second and third (random order) to three subsequent 50 meters performances in an Olympic pool. The first was performed at one hour (D1), the second at two hours (D2) and third at eight hours (D8) after application of IPC or control condition (CTRL). In addition to performance measurement, was measured the blood lactate accumulation (&#916; [Lac]), furthermore, the technical parameters relating to the stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SR) and stroke index (SI) were measured over three passages during the race. IPC had a 0.85% mean effect in performance improvement. Although the effect was not significant in D1 (0.37 %, p = 0.25), there was a clear effect of treatment in D2 and D8 (1.02 % and 1.18 %; p < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, the improvement in performance was accompanied by an increasing in &#916;[Lac] in D2 (IPC: 9.04 vs CTRL: 7.77 mmol/L; p < 0.01) and in D8 (IPC: 9.55 vs CTRL: 8.52 mmol/L; p = 0.05), as well as the analysis of technical index during each passage identified a greater SR in D2 and D8. Based on our results, we suggest that a minimum of two hours should be given for there a positive effect of IPC on performance, and this effect remains at least eight hours. In addition, it is likely that increased glycolytic contribution, reflected by higher &#916;[Lac], may have led a greater SR and a consequent improvement in performance in D2 and D8 after IPC application. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico (PCI) sobre o desempenho de 50 metros, nas variáveis técnicas e no lactato sanguíneo. Dez nadadores federados (20 ± 3 anos, 1,82 ± 0,05 m, 77 ± 5 kg e 24,79 ± 1,04 segundos nos 50 metros livres) participaram de um delineamento de medidas repetidas. O protocolo foi composto por três visitas, sendo a primeira uma avaliação antropométrica, a segunda e a terceira (em ordem randômica) a três subsequentes desempenhos de 50 metros em piscina olímpica, sendo o primeiro à uma hora (D1), o segundo a duas (D2) horas e o terceiro a oito horas (D8) após aplicação do PCI ou condição controle (CTRL). Além da medida de desempenho, foi mensurada a diferença (&#916;[Lac]) do lactato pico pós exercício do pré exercício de cada desempenho. Além disso, os índices técnicos referentes ao comprimento de braçada (CB), frequência de braçada (FB) e índice de braçada (IB) foram mensurados durante três trechos na fase de nado. PCI apresentou um efeito médio de 0,85 % de melhora no desempenho. Embora o efeito não tenha sido significativo em D1 (0,37 %; p = 0,25), em D2 e D8 houve um claro efeito do tratamento (1,02 % e 1,18 %; p < 0,01, respectivamente). Ainda, os dados de melhora no desempenho foram acompanhados por um maior &#916;[Lac] em D2 (PCI: 9,04 vs CTRL: 7,77 mmol/L; p < 0,01) e em D8 (PCI: 9,55 vs CTRL: 8,52 mmol/L; p = 0,05), como também, a análise por trechos dos índices técnicos permitiu identificar um maior comportamento da FB em D2 e em D8. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se sugerir que um intervalo mínimo de duas horas seja dado para que haja um efeito do PCI no desempenho, sendo que esse efeito perdura por pelo menos 8 horas. Além disso, é provável que uma maior contribuição glicolítica, refletida pelo maior &#916;[Lac], possa ter levado a uma maior FB e consequente melhora no desempenho em D2 e D8 após aplicação do PCI.

In today’s fast-paced world, there is a constant demand for better and more efficient ways of doing business. Motorola in Linköping are using the agile development framework, Scrum in their software development. A certain level of quality must also be assured of the delivered goods and services. Is it possible to use Scrum and still meet the quality requirements? This Master Thesis is performed to investigate if it is possible to achieve a quality certificate from TL 9000, the telecom industry extension of ISO 9000, when using the agile development framework Scrum. The investigation consists of interviews and observations at Motorola, Linköping, along with literature studies about quality systems and agile development. The conclusion is that it is possible to meet the TL 9000 requirements when using Scrum, under the condition that some additional processes are performed and that other parts of the organization also fulfills the remaining requirements. This is needed since there are requirements that are out of scope for the Scrum framework. Examples of the suggested additions are to follow the Scrum framework more strictly and to adopt a more specific definition of done.

Studies have shown that participation and interaction in a language classroom are important. Especially so in the CLIL classroom where the target language is both the subject of study and the medium of instruction. However, it can be difficult for a teacher to get students to participate orally. Many researchers claim that students’ oral output in the CLIL classroom is minimal, and that they speak less than students who are taught through their native language. The aim of this paper was to study Swedish CLIL students’ oral participation and to find out whether the amount of oral classroom interaction was similar in a CLIL classroom and in a classroom where Swedish was the medium of instruction. I also wanted to investigate if male and female students interacted to the same extent, and whether the amount of interaction was evenly distributed within the classroom. The results show that CLIL students’ oral participation tended to be very high. The CLIL students produced even more total oral output than students in the control groups, which had their native language as their medium of instruction.

I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks hur tre svenska som andraspråkslärare förhåller sig till pedagogisk kartläggning i undervisning på introduktionsprogrammet språkintroduktion, SPRINT. Studien är därmed inriktad på utbildning för sent anlända elever. Undersökningen har gjorts med utgångspunkt i sociokulturellt perspektiv. Empiriskt datamaterial har samlats in genom intervjuer med lärare på tre SPRINT-skolor i en medelstor svensk kommun. Resultatet visar att lärarna upplever pedagogisk kartläggning som betydelsefullt för elevernas lärande. Uppfattningen om kartläggningens funktion varierar individuellt hos lärarna. Kartläggningens betydelse i ämnet svenska som andraspråk ser ut att skilja sig från övriga undervisningsämnen. I undersökningen synliggörs hur villkor för kartläggning beror av yttre sammanhang och att organisationen för kartläggning i den kommun där lärarna undervisar kan komma att förändras.

The purpose of this study was to identificate, describe and compare biomechanical variables of the sprinting technique, in the phase of maximal velocity, on children whith diferent levels of technique. Other goal was to make an experiment to test the effect of a didatic proceeding destinated to improve the subject s mastery in this task. The subject sample comprised two groups, one composed by children without any kind of classes of sprint technique, named Debutantes and other with a minimal experience of six months in learning and training the sprinting technique, named Initiates. The average age was 144,49 months. A 3D Kinematic analysis video system (Peak Motus System) was used to collect the biomechanical parameters, at a frequence of 180 Hz. The study was developed in a cinder track in good conditions, in two stages, the first with subjects performing two trials running in maximal velocity within any information and the second when the subjects had run two trials permanently facing an object placed in front of the course s axis. In each situation it were choosed the best trial in image s quality, to collect data. Data processing consisted of the analysis of 20 biomechanical variables referents to one running stride. The spacial and temporal variables were normalised in order to compare with other studies. The main results shows that Initiates had a higher level of mastery in the initial trial and the analysis of the second trial showed an increase of this diference. Statistical analysis had nt shown significante differences for variables in the comparison inter-trials. However technical and qualitative differences were found that are importante in regarding the sportive dimension, since in sprint there was little difference between performers in competition. Keywords: sprint technique; biomechanical analysis ; sport initiation / Este estudo teve com um de seus objetivos descrever e comparar variáveis biomecânicas da corrida de velocidade, na fase de máxima velocidade, em crianças com distintos níveis de vivência nesta destreza motora. Outro objetivo do estudo foi efetuar um experimento no qual se testaria a resposta destas variáveis a um procedimento didático destinado a melhorar a técnica de corrida dos sujeitos. Foram constituídos dois grupos de sujeitos, com idade média de 144,49 meses, um sem prática sistemática desta atividade, denominado Debutantes, subdividido por gênero, com 7 sujeitos do sexo feminino e 7 do sexo masculino e outro com pelo menos seis meses de prática orientada para provas de velocidade, denominado Iniciados, dividido em dois subgrupos, com 4 sujeitos do sexo masculino e 4 do sexo feminino. As principais justificativas para este estudo são a ausência de dados biomecânicos em relação à corrida nesta faixa etária e a pouca atenção que é destinada a este tipo de informação nos textos que tratam da iniciação atlética em geral. A metodologia escolhida foi a videografia tridimensional, com uso de 4 câmeras de vídeo de alta velocidade (180 Hz), utilizando o método DLT de reconstrução tridimensional e o sistema de coleta e análise de imagens Peak Motus System. A coleta de dados foi efetuada em pista atlética com piso de carvão. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, na primeira delas cada sujeito era filmado passando em máxima velocidade por um trecho onde foram gravadas imagens correspondentes a um ciclo de passada. Após, foram gravados mais dois ensaios, denominados ensaios pós-dica, nos quais os sujeitos deveriam correr com o olhar sempre orientado para um objeto colocado à frente do eixo da corrida, a uma altura de 1,45m. Foram digitalizadas e analisadas as imagens de um passo da corrida de um ensaio antes da dica e um após a dica, desde o contato de um membro inferior ao contato do membro oposto, passo este efetuado com a impulsão do membro dominante. As variáveis trabalhadas foram as seguintes: velocidade média do passo (VMP); frequência (FREQ); amplitude do deslocamento do centro de massa (ACM); oscilação vertical do centro de massa (OVCM); amplitude do deslocamento do centro de massa em suporte (ACMSU); amplitude do deslocamento aéreo do centro de massa (ACMAE); tempo do passo (TP); tempo da fase aérea (TFAE); tempo da fase de suporte (TFSU); tempo de bloqueio (TBLO); tempo de impulsão (TIMP); distância de contato (DCON); distância de impulsão (DIMP); ângulo de contato (ACON); ângulo de impulsão AIMP); ângulo do tronco com a vertical (ATRO); ângulo da coxa com a horizontal (ACOX); ângulo entre coxas (AECOX); ângulo do joelho no contato (AJC); ângulo do joelho na impulsão (AJI). Os dados foram analisados por estatística não-paramétrica, pelas variações percentuais das variáveis e através de ranqueamento. Foram normalizadas ou relativizadas todas as variáveis possíveis, de forma a possibilitar comparações com quaisquer outras populações, de faixas etárias, níveis e morfologia diversos. Os principais resultados mostraram que por ocasião do comportamento de entrada dos grupos houve superioridade técnica por parte do grupo Iniciados o que se acentuou no ensaio pós-dica. A análise estatística mostrou poucas variações significativas para as variáveis ao se comparar os ensaios pré e pós-dica. No entanto, procedendo-se a uma análise da variação percentual dos valores dos ensaios anteriores e posteriores à intervenção didática pode se encontrar em diversas variáveis mudanças que, apesar de não serem detectadas pela análise estatística, podem ser relevantes de um ponto de vista técnico-esportivo, em se tratando de provas que se decidem hoje em dia por centésimos de segundo.

Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Stretching som uppvärmningsrutin inför idrottsaktiviteter anses ha både skadeförebyggande och prestationshöjande effekter. Studier antyder att statisk stretching kan ha negativ inverkan på prestationen, särskilt explosiva aktiviteter som hopp och sprintlöpning. Syftet med studien var att undersöka effekten av statisk stretching (SS) respektive dynamisk (DR) rörlighets-uppvärmningsprotokoll på prestationen vid sprintlöpning över 200 meter samt inverkan av muskellängd/rörelseomfång på eventuella effekter. Elva träningsvana löpare, 20-35 år, sju män och fyra kvinnor genomförde vid två tillfällen maximal 200-meterslöpning. Löpningarna föregicks vid ena tillfället av SS och det andra av DR i en randomiserad ordning. Tiden mättes med ett portabelt fotocellsystem. Deltagarna utgjorde sina egna kontroller och skillnaden i löptid mellan SS och DR analyserades parvis (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Korrelation mellan löptid och deltagarnas ROM i nedre extremiteten, mätt med goniometer analyserades (Kendall’s Tau B). Tendens till snabbare löptider visades efter DR (1,01%, p=0,077) jämfört med SS. Skillnader, dock ej signifikanta var störst första 100 meter (2,78%) och omvänt avslutande 100 meter(-0,40%). Ett samband antyddes mellan hur snabba löparna var och effekten av SS-DR (Tau B=0,382), där resultaten för männen, som generellt var snabbare visade signifikant samband (Tau B=0,905, p=0,003). Inga samband återfanns mellan ROM/muskellängd och prestation. Signifikant samband sågs dock mellan duration vid stretching och löptid (Tau B=0,48-0,56, p=0,021-0,042). Studien fann i linje med tidigare forskning tendenser till snabbare löptider vid DR jämfört med SS. Eventuella effekter av stretching kan vara små men av betydelse för snabba löpare på distanser upp till 200 meter. Fortsatt forskning på området bör inkludera homogena grupper där slumpmässiga effekter på prestationen minimeras. Utifrån resultaten föreslås att DR inkluderas i uppvärmningen framför SS.

Sprint acceleration training has been highly researched and found that resistance sleds are one of the most effective tools for maximizing training adaptations. The resistance sled is being used by many of the world leaders in athletic training but has yet to be researched for the kinetic and kinematic effects some of its key components cause. The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of the attachment height on the sled and sled rail material on the user's trunk lean and jerking effect caused by the sled. This was done because it was hypothesized that the attachment height has a direct impact on trunk lean and sled rail material has a direct impact on jerk caused by the sled. To test these assumptions, experimental and theoretical data was collected using a single subject study analyzing trunk lean and acceleration values of the sled. The results presented a significant decrease in trunk lean (more horizontal line of action) when the attachment height was raised. Additionally, no significant values were attained to support the assumption that by modifying the sled rail material, jerking effects will decrease. The results indicate that there is a direct correlation between attachment height and trunk lean. More research is needed to better understand the relationship between sled rail material and jerk.

Bakgrund: Idrott kan utföras i många olika former och av en bred population. I flera idrotter är det fördelaktigt att ha god spänst och/eller snabbhet. Flera olika fysiska faktorer har påverkan på snabbhet och spänst, däribland explosivitet och muskelstyrka. Plyometrisk träning (PT) är en träningsform där Stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC) utnyttjas. SSC beskrivs som en muskulärt förlängande (excentrisk) rörelse följt av en muskulärt förkortande (koncentrisk) rörelse som syftar till att träna explosivitet.  Syfte: Analysera vilken effekt plyometrisk träning har på spänst och snabbhet hos idrottare, jämfört med ordinarie idrottsträning samt förekomst av skador Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som utgår från databaserna PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library och Cinahl. Studiernas kvalitet granskades med TESTEX och tillförlitligheten enligt GRADEstud.  Resultat: Nio randomiserade kontrollerade studier inkluderades i litteraturöversikten. Studiekvalitén var mellan 8-12 poäng enligt TESTEX. Studiernas tillförlitlighet enligt GRADEstud var mycket låg (+). Studiernas resultat var varierande gällande signifikans för PT och dess effekt för spänst och snabbhet hos idrottare jämfört med kontrollgrupp. Ingen studie rapporterade skada i samband med PT. Konklusion: De studier som analyserades bedömdes ha, på grund av olikheter i intervention och resultat, en låg evidensgrad. PT har viss effekt på spänst och snabbhet hos idrottare jämfört med kontrollgrupp som utför ordinarie idrottsträning. Inga skador rapporterades i de inkluderade studierna. Fler homogena studier krävs för att klargöra PT´s effekt på spänst och snabbhet hos idrottare. / Background: Sports can be performed in many forms and is being performed by a wide population. In different sports it’s beneficial to have good jumping ability and to be fast. Many physical factors affect the ability to jump and sprint, where muscle strength and explosiveness are two of them. Plyometric training (PT) is a training form that utilizes the stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC). SSC is an eccentric muscle contraction followed by concentric contraction of the same muscle that aims to train muscle explosiveness.    Objective: Evaluate the effect of plyometric training on jumping ability and sprinting within athletes compared with athletes only performing ordinary sport training.  Method: A systematic review. The search was performed on the databases PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library and Cinahl. The included studies quality was examined with TESTEX and the reliability with GRADEstud.  Results: Nine randomized controlled trials were included. The quality of the studies varied between 8 to 12 points. The reliability, examined with GRADEstud, was deemed very low (+). The effect of PT on jumping and sprinting for athletes compared with the control groups varied. None of the studies reported injuries associated with PT. Conclusion: The studies included had, due to differences in intervention and results, a low level of evidence. PT has a certain effect on jumping ability and sprinting for athletes compared with athletes only performing ordinary sport training. No injuries were reported by the studies included. More homogeneous studies are required to clarify the effect of PT on jump ability and sprint in athletes.