La capacité à répéter des sprints (CRS) est un déterminant majeur de la performance au football américain. Les méthodes d’entraînement de la CRS visent essentiellement l’amélioration de la capacité à résister à la fatigue neuromusculaire. Il est généralement admis que l’amélioration du métabolisme oxydatif a pour effet d’accroître la CRS en atténuant l’impact des facteurs à l’origine de la diminution progressive de la performance. Outre l’entraînement, l’échauffement peut lui aussi affecter positivement la CRS en accélérant la cinétique de VO2 et en augmentant la consommation d’O2 dans le muscle. La restriction sanguine à l’exercice (BFR) est une technique de manipulation du flux sanguin. La méthode consiste à appliquer, pendant l’exercice, une pression modérée sur les membres inférieurs ou supérieurs au moyen de brassards spécialisés ou de bandages élastiques (practical BFR). Elle déclenche un ensemble de modifications physiologiques qui s’apparentent à celles induites par l’échauffement. Le BFR pourrait donc amplifier les effets de l’échauffement et affecter positivement la CRS. L’étude insérée dans ce mémoire a été élaborée afin de vérifier cette hypothèse. Nos résultats démontrent que l’utilisation du BFR à l’échauffement permet d’augmenter le volume sanguin local et d’élever la saturation musculaire en O2 pendant certaines périodes d’un test de sprints répétés complété immédiatement après l’échauffement. Bien que ces adaptations physiologiques n’aient pas influencé positivement la performance lors des douze sprints du test, elles pourraient produire un effet ergogénique pendant une activité de plus longue durée, comme lors d’un match de football américain / Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) is an important determinant of performance in American football. Athletes and coaches use varied interventions to enhance RSA, with the goal of delaying the onset of fatigue. Many authors have suggested that increasing the oxidative metabolism through appropriate training could mitigate the influence of the limiting factors that cause fatigue and thereby enhance RSA. Aside from physical training, a well-conducted warm-up may also enhance RSA by acutely improving skeletal muscle VO2 and VO2 kinetics. The so-called blood-flow restriction (BFR) technique is a compression method that allows manipulating blood flow to skeletal muscles. BFR is employed during exercise and does not elicit complete ischemia. The pressure applied to the limbs with cuffs or elastic wraps (practical BFR) is sufficient to impede the venous outflow but maintains some of the arterial inflow. The BFR-induced acute adaptations mimic some of the mechanisms of a warm-up, and could thereby potentiate the effects of a warm-up on RSA. The study presented later in this paper examined this hypothesis. Our results suggest that performing BFR during warm-up may increase local blood volume and muscle O2 saturation during some parts of a subsequent RSA test. Although the BFR warm-up did not clearly impact performance, the altered physiological responses could prove beneficial to American football players and other team-sport athletes in longer activities involving multiple bouts of maximal efforts, such as games

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / La position de départ adoptée au sprint influence grandement la performance des sprinteurs. Les recherches analysant le départ au sprint impliquaient majoritairement des départs en quatre points d'appui et l'utilisation de blocs de départ. Il est généralement admis que de produire des forces de poussée plus horizontale avec un angle du genou arrière de 90° serait à l'origine des meilleures performances. Très peu d'études ont approfondi le sujet concernant les départs en trois points d'appui sans blocs de départ. L'objectif de ce mémoire était de tester différentes positions de la jambe arrière au départ en sprint avec trois points d'appui et sans bloc de départ. Dix-huit footballeurs de niveau universitaire devaient effectuer des départs en trois points d'appui selon quatre conditions de départ (angle du genou arrière à 90°, 70° ou 50° et leur position préférentielle). Un système de capture de mouvement a été utilisé pour capter la cinématique des premiers pas de course. Le temps sur 10 verges a également été mesuré. Aucune des quatre conditions testées ne se démarque au niveau des différents paramètres calculés incluant le temps de course bien que la condition préférée semble être celle où les meilleures performances ont été enregistrées pour plusieurs participants. La variable ayant le plus d'effet sur la vitesse atteinte à la fin de la poussée est l'angle d'inclinaison du tronc. Le surplus de poids contraint les athlètes à adopter une posture plus à la verticale comparativement aux autres participants plus légers. L'amélioration de la performance sur 10 verges résulterait de la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs, dont l'angle du thorax à la fin de la poussée et l'angle du tibia à la fin du premier pas. Des conseils pratiques sont proposés aux kinésiologues et entraîneurs pour identifier les éléments clés d'un sprint efficace à partir d'un départ à trois points. / The starting position adopted in sprinting greatly influences the performance of sprinters. Research analyzing the sprint start has mostly involved four-point starts and the use of starting blocks. It is generally accepted that producing more horizontal thrust forces with a rear knee angle of 90° is responsible for better performance. Very few studies have investigated the subject of three-point starts without starting blocks. The aim of this thesis was to test different positions of the rear leg at the start of a sprint with three points of support and without a starting block. Eighteen university-level footballers were asked to perform three-point starts under four starting conditions (rear knee angle at 90°, 70° or 50° and their preferred position). A motion capture system was used to capture the kinematics of the first running steps. Time over 10 yards was also measured. None of the four conditions tested stood out in terms of the various parameters calculated, including running time, although the preferred condition seemed to be the one where the best performance was recorded for several participants. The variable with the greatest effect on the speed achieved at the end of the push-up is the angle of inclination of the trunk. The extra weight forced the athletes to adopt a more upright posture compared with other, lighter participants. The improvement in 10 yards performance results from the combination of several factors, including the thorax angle at the end of the push-off and the tibia angle at the end of the first step. Practical advice is offered to kinesiologists and coaches to identify the key elements of an effective sprint from a three-point start.

Syftet med denna studie var att analysera vilken del av försäsongsträningens två cykler som påverkade styrka och explosivitet i nedre extremitet, accelerationsförmåga, agility och anaerob uthållighet genom att sammanställa dessa egenskaper hos kvinnliga elitfotbollsspelare, för att därefter kunna utvärdera om försäsongsträningen förbättrade dessa egenskaper. Tester som kunnat påvisa viktiga och avgörande fysiska kvalitéer hos elitfotbollsspelarevaldes ut och dessa genomfördes vid tre tillfällen; före, under och efter försäsongsträningen. Testerna var; knäböj, vertikalhopp, 15 m sprint, T-test och YO-YO Intermittent Återhämtningstest (YO-YO IÅ).Studien innefattade 24 damfotbollsspelare på elitnivå från alla spelarpositioner. Till den andra testomgången observerades en signifikant förbättring av styrka, agility och anaerob uthållighet. Vid de andra testerna observerades ingen skillnad. Första delen av försäsongsträningen utvecklade till viss del spelarna åt rätt håll genom en förbättring av styrkan i nedre extremiteten. Den signifikanta förbättringen i agility och anaerob uthållighet kom lite för tidigt, det vill säga under den första cykeln avförsäsongsträningen, vilket hade varit mer önskvärt efter den andra cykeln. Detta innebär attandra viktiga egenskaper kan ha försummats. / The purpose of this study was to analyze which part of the pre-season trainings two cycles that affected strength and power in lower extremities, acceleration, agility and anaerobic endurance by compiling these abilities of a female elite soccer player team, and then evaluate whether the pre-season training improved these abilities. Tests that could prove important and crucial physical qualities in elite soccer players were selected and then performed on three occasions; before, during and after the pre-seasontraining. The selected tests were; squat, vertical jump, 15 m sprint, T-test and YO-YO Intermittent Recovery Test (YO-YO IR). The study included 24 female elite soccer playersfrom all playing positions. A significant improvement in strength, agility and anaerobic endurance were measured in the second test round. In the other tests there were no difference observed. The first cycle of the pre-season training partly developed the players in the right direction, which the significant improvement in strength revealed. The significant improvement in the agility and anaerobic endurance occurred a little too early, it would have been more beneficial after the second cycle. This means that other important qualities might have been neglected.

För att kunna prestera bra under fysiskt krävande ishockeymatcher krävs det att spelarna harhög maximal benstyrka och en hög explosiv förmåga. Bilaterala knäböj är en erkänd och välspridd övning för att förbättra power och muskelstyrka i benen. Unilaterala knäböj är än mersportspecifika för ishockeyn. Vid en isokinetisk rörelse är hastigheten förutbestämd ochdärmed konstant medan kraften kan förändras under rörelsen. De flesta isokinetiska systemhar varit designade för unilaterala isolerade övningar, men gällande isokinetiskaflerledsövningar så som knäböj tycks det inte finnas någon forskning om i nuläget.Studiens syfte var att undersöka effekten av sex veckors unilateral styrketräning (knäböj),antingen genom traditionell eller genom isokinetisk träning, på power i unilaterala ochbilaterala jump squats och 17.3 m sprinttid på is hos manliga juniorishockeyspelare.20 manliga ishockeyspelare på elitnivå, 18-19 år gamla, delades slumpmässigt in i två olikaträningsgrupper. Den ena gruppen (QG) utförde isokinetiska unilaterala knäböj i 1080Quantum med 110o vinkel i knäleden, medan den andra gruppen (SG) utförde traditionellaunilaterala knäböj i Smithmaskin med 110o vinkel i knäleden. Träningsperioden varade undersex veckor. Båda grupperna genomförde för- och eftertester bestående av sprinttest på is ochpeak power för unilaterala och bilaterala jump squats.QG visar en signifikant förbättring i peak power utfört på två ben (p=0,004). SG visar ensignifikant förbättring i unilaterala knäböj utfört på höger ben (p=0,018). QG hade en tendenstill signifikant förbättring i issprint (p=0,059).Isokinetiska unilaterala knäböj i Smithmaskin med en koncentrisk hastighet på 0,2meter/sekund och en excentrisk hastighet på maximalt 4,0 meter/sekund och en maximalkraftinsats är ett effektivt sätt att förbättra power på två ben och eventuellt också för attförbättra sprinthastigheten vid issprint för ishockeyspelare. Om isokinetiska unilaterala knäböjär en effektivare metod för att förbättra power jämfört med traditionella unilaterala knäböj iSmithmaskin med maximal hastighet är det svårt att dra slutsatser om från denna studiesresultat. / Ice-hockey are physically demanding. To be able to perform during a game it is required thatthe players have a high maximum leg strength and power. A bilateral squat is a valid and widespread exercise for improving muscle strength and power in the legs. Even more specific forice-hockey is the unilateral squat. During an isokinetic movement the velocity is pre-set andtherefore constant, while the force can be altered during the movement. Most isokineticsystems have been designed for unilateral training, but in terms of isokinetic multi-jointexercises, such as the squat, there seems to be no research until this day.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks unilateral strength training(squat), either through traditional or isokinetic training, on power-output and 17.3 m sprinttime on ice among male junior ice-hockey players.20 elite male ice-hockey players, 18-19 years of age, was randomly divided in two differenttraining groups. One group (QG) did isokinetic unilateral squats in 1080 Quantum, with anangle of 110o degrees in the knee joint. The other group (SG) did traditional unilateral squatsin a Smith-machine, also with an angle of 110o degrees in the knee joint. The period oftraining was set to six weeks. Both groups participated in pre- and post-tests consisting ofsprint on ice and peak power in unilateral and bilateral jump squats.A significant improvement was seen with QG in peak power performed on both legs(p=0,004). SG had a significant improvement in unilateral squat performed on the right leg(p=0,018). A tendency to significant improvement was seen with QG in the ice-sprint(p=0,059).Isokinetic unilateral squat in a Smith-machine with a concentric velocity set to 0,2m/sec andan eccentric velocity set to 4,0m/sec with a maximum force is an effective exercise toimprove power-output on two legs, perhaps also to improve sprint ability on ice, among icehockeyplayers. It is difficult to draw conclusion about the results from this study whetherisokinetic unilateral squats is an effective method to improve the power compared totraditional unilateral squats in a Smith-machine with maximum speed.

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att jämföra ett damallsvenskt lag med det svenska damlandslaget i total belastning, total distans, högintensiva löpningar (HL), mycket högintensiva löpningar (MHL) samt sprints (S). Frågeställningarna var följande: Skiljer sig total belastning och total distans mellan de två lagen? Finns det skillnader i total belastning och total distans mellan olika positioner? Finns det skillnader i HL, MHL samt S i antal genomförda och sträcka mellan lagen och mellan olika positioner? Metod Studien genomfördes på åtta kvinnliga fotbollsspelare (ålder 27±1,8, längd 168±4,7, vikt 65±4,7). Dessa representerar ett damallsvenskt lag som spelade i övre delen av tabellen under år 2017. För att genomföra mätningen användes ett GPS-system (MinimaxX S4). Mätningen genomfördes under match vilken spelades på naturgräs. Vidare har värden från landslagets 12 spelare inhämtats från SvFF (ålder 28±4,5, längd 174±5, vikt 64±4,2). Resultat Resultatet visar att klubblagets totala belastning var 186 större än landslagets. Ingen signifikant skillnad fanns mellan de två lagen. Klubblagets mittfältare belastades 19 % mer än landslagets. Vidare belastades klubblagets anfallare 33 % mer än landslagets medan backarna i klubblaget belastades med 7 % mer än landslagets. Klubblaget sprang 15 % längre än landslaget. Ingen signifikans fanns mellan lagen. Klubblagets totala distans visar att spelarna sprang längre än landslaget på alla positioner. Resultatet visade vidare att det inte fanns någon signifikans mellan lagen för HL, MHL och S. Klubblaget sprang 1 % fler antal meter HL och 13 % fler antal meter MHL än landslaget. Landslaget sprang även 3 % fler antal meter S än klubblaget. Den procentuella skillnaden mellan lagen var 19 % fler antal genomförda HL och 9 % fler antal genomförda MHL samt 17 % fler antal S än klubblaget. Landslaget genomförde fler antal HL, MHL och S på samtliga positioner. Slutsats Studien visar att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna. Dock genomförde landslaget fler S i antal och sträcka vilket överensstämmer med tidigare studier som visar att lag som spelar på högre nivå genomför fler högintensiva aktioner under en match. Studiens omfång bör utökas för att vidare undersöka dessa variabler. / Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to compare a Swedish top league soccer team to the Swedish national team during a competitive game. Comparisons included measurements in player load, total distance covered, high-speed running (HL), very high-speed running (MHL) and sprint (S). The research questions were: Is there a difference in player load and total distance covered between the teams? Is there a difference in player load and total distance covered between different playing positions? Is there a difference in HL, MHL and S in performed and meters covered between different positions and between the two teams?     Method The number of participants were eight female soccer players (age 27±1,8, length 168±4,7, weight 65±4,7). They played in the top of the league during the season of 2017. A GPS system (MinimaxX S4) was used to collect data. The game was played on nature grass in the last round of the season. The National team values were supplied by SVFF where 12 players participated (age 28±4,5, length 174±5, weight 64±4,2). Results The Swedish league team had 186 higher player load than the National team where no significant difference was found. Furthermore, the Swedish league team’s midfielders were loaded 19 % more than the national team’s. The Swedish league attackers were loaded 33 % more than the national team’s. The difference in player load between the defenders was 7 % higher for the Swedish league team’s. The Swedish league team covered 15 % more meters in total distance where no significant difference was seen. All players in the Swedish league team covered the longest distance. There were no significant difference between number of performed and meters covered in HL, MHL and S. The Swedish league team covered 1 % more meters HL and 13 % more meters MHL than the National team. The National team covered 3 % more meter S than the Swedish league team. The National team performed 19 % more HL and 9 % more MHL than the Swedish league team. In total, the National team performed more HL, MHL and S than the Swedish league team.      Conclusion No significant difference was found between the two teams. Although, the National team covered higher number of S performed and meters which is in accordance to previous surveys which shows more high-speed actions is performed in higher competition levels during a game. The survey should be expanded to further examine the demands for women’s soccer. / <p>Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p>

Title: Comparasion of the results of athletics talent tests in years 2007 - 2016 Objectives: The objective of my thesis is to compare the results of athletics entrance talent tests to FTVS UK in years 2007 - 2016. In the researched group there are both - men and women applying for single-subject and double- subject forms of study, full - time and distance form of education. Methods: The methodology of the thesis is focused on all candidates who applied for talent tests in 2007 - 2016 and achieved the minimal required score of 1 point. Results: The results monitor efficiency of candidates in running disciplines over a period of ten years. Keywords: athletics, testing, talent tests, motoric tests, 800 m women, 1500 m men, sprint, 100 m

Sofiaängen är en psykoterapeutisk dagverksamhet och skola som ligger på Södermalm i Stockholm. Sofiaängen riktar sig till ungdomar mellan 13–20 år med psykiska och sociala problem. Sofiaängen var i behov av ett fullständigt journalsystem för att kunna underlätta deras arbetsrutiner med bokföring av patientbehandlingar. Då deras nuvarande system inte är färdigställd och behövs vidareutvecklas. Detta ledde till att arbetet delades upp i två delar, först att ta fram ett förslag på en generell processmodell för hantering av en icke färdigställda IT-system till akademin och därefter att leverera ett fullt fungerande journalsystem åt Sofiaängen. Examensarbetet har resulterat till att man har tagit fram ett förslag på generell processmodell för hantering av icke färdigställda projekt samt ett fullt fungerande journalsystem åt Sofiaängen som kan sättas direkt i drift. / Sofiaängen is a psychotherapeutic day school and school located at Södermalm in Stockholm. Sofiaängen is aimed at young people between 13-20 years with mental and social problems. Sofiaängen needed a complete journal system to facilitate their work routines with records of patient treatments. Their current system is not completed and needed further development. Thus, the work was divided into two parts, first to develop a proposal for a general process model for managing an unfinished IT system to the academy and then to deliver a fully functioning journal system for Sofiaängen. The thesis has resulted in a proposal for a general process model for handling unfinished projects as well as a fully functioning journal system for Sofiaängen, which can be put into operation immediately.

Introduction Researchers have, for decades, contributed to an increased collective understanding of the physiological demands in cross-country skiing; however, almost all of these studies have used either non-elite subjects and/or performances that emulate cross-country skiing. To establish the physiological demands of cross-country skiing, it is important to relate the investigated physiological variables to the competitive performance of elite skiers. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was, therefore, to investigate the external validity of physiological test variables to determine the physiological demands in competitive elite cross-country skiing. Methods The subjects in Study I – IV were elite male (I – III) and female (III – IV) cross-country skiers. In all studies, the relationship between test variables (general and ski-specific) and competitive performances (i.e. the results from competitions or the overall ski-ranking points of the International Ski Federation (FIS) for sprint (FISsprint) and distance (FISdist) races) were analysed. Test variables reflecting the subject’s general strength, upper-body and whole-body oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake and work intensity at the lactate threshold, mean upper-body power, lean mass, and maximal double-poling speed were investigated. Results The ability to maintain a high work rate without accumulating lactate is an indicator of distance performance, independent of sex (I, IV). Independent of sex, high oxygen uptake in whole-body and upper-body exercise was important for both sprint (II, IV) and distance (I, IV) performance. The maximal double-poling speed and 60-s double-poling mean power output were indicators of sprint (IV) and distance performance (I), respectively. Lean mass was correlated with distance performance for women (III), whereas correlations were found between lean mass and sprint performance among both male and female skiers (III). Moreover, no correlations between distance performance and test variables were derived from tests of knee-extension peak torque, vertical jumps, or double poling on a ski-ergometer with 20-s and 360-s durations (I), whereas gross efficiency while treadmill roller skiing showed no correlation with either distance or sprint performance in cross-country skiing (IV). Conclusion The results in this thesis show that, depending on discipline and sex, maximal and peak oxygen uptake, work intensity at the lactate threshold, lean mass, double-poling mean power output, and double-poling maximal speed are all externally valid physiological test variables for evaluation of performance capability among elite cross-country skiers; however, to optimally indicate performance capability different test-variable expressions should be used; in general, the absolute expression appears to be a better indicator of competitive sprint performance whereas the influence of body mass should be considered when evaluating competitive distance performance capability of elite cross-country skiers.

Objektas: baidarių ir kanojų irklavimo taktikos analizė. Tikslas: nustatyti 2012 metų Londono olimpinių žaidynių varžybose taikytus taktinius variantus ir nuotolio įveikimo ypatumus pagal valčių klases. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti pasaulio pajėgiausių baidarių ir kanojų irkluotojų 500 metrų varžybinių nuotolių įveikimo taktinius variantus. 2. Nustatyti pasaulio pajėgiausių baidarių ir kanojų irkluotojų 1000 metrų varžybinių nuotolių įveikimo taktinius variantus 3. Nustatyti pajėgiausių pasaulio irkluotojų 500 metrų ir 1000 metrų nuotolių įveikimo pobūdžio priklausomybę nuo sportinio rezultato ir valčių klasės. Darbo metodai: mokslinės literatūros šaltinių analizė, Londono olimpinių žaidynių A finalo 500 ir 1000 metrų varžybų nuotolio sportininkų įveikimo laiko analizė, matematinė statistikos duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai ir išvados: Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad 500 metrų distancijoje dažniausiai naudojamas taktinis variantas buvo 1-2, su šia taktika buvo iškovota visi trys medalių komplektai. 1000 metrų distancijoje patys populiariausi taktiniai variantai buvo 8: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-4-3, 1-3-2-4, 1-3-4-2, 1-4-2-3, 1-4-3-2, 2-1-4-3, 4-1-2-3, o patys efektyviausi 1-2-3-4, 1-4-2-3 ir 1-4-3-2. Pirmąją nuotolio dalį 500 metrų distancijoje greičiausiai įveikė 100 % įgulų, o 1000 metrų distancijoje pirmuosius 250 metrus įveikė 90 % įgulų. 1-3 vietos kanojininkų įgulų nugalėtojai ir 7-8 vietas užėmusių baidarininkų įgulos, 1000 metrų distancijoje, išlaikė mažiausia nuokrypį (%) nuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Subject: Kayak and canoe paddling tactics analysis. Objective: To determine the London 2012 Olympic Games competitions applied tactical options and special features to overcome distance by boat classes. Tasks: 1. Set of the strongest in the world kayak and canoe paddlers normal racing distance of 500 meters to overcome tactical options 2. Set of the strongest in the world kayak and canoe paddlers normal racing distance of 1,000 meters to overcome tactical options 3. Set of the strongest paddlers in the world 500-meter and 1000 meter distance to overcome addictive nature of the sport results and boat class. Methods of the work: analysis of scientific literature, the London Olympic Games in a finale 500 and 1000 meter race distance athletes overcoming time analysis, the mathematical analysis of the statistics. The results and conclusions: The study found that 500 meters distance is commonly used tactical option was 1-2, this tactic has been achieved for all three sets of medals. 1000 meters distance the most popular tactical options were 8: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-4-3, 1-3-2-4, 1-3-4-2, 1-4-2-3, 1-4-3-2, 2-1-4-3, 4-1-2-3, 1-2-3-4 and the most effective 1-4-2-3 and 1-4-3-2. The first range of 500 meters distance is likely to overcome the 100 % crew and 1000 meters distance of 250 meters and broke the first 90 % of the crew. 1-3 canoe paddler local crews winners and winning 7-8 kayak paddler crews, 1000 meters distance, passed the minimum deviation (%) of the average speed of the boat and... [to full text]

The thesis investigated the effect of exercise on endothelial function (measured as flow-mediated dilation (FMD)) and triacylglycerol concentrations following the ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch in adolescent boys. The validity of measuring lipid and lipoprotein concentrations from a capillary blood sample, and the reproducibility of the postprandial FMD and triacylglycerol concentration responses to the high-fat meals, was established. The effects of prior continuous moderate-intensity exercise (60 min walking at 60% V̇O₂peak), repeated very short duration sprints (40 x 6 s maximal effort cycle sprints) and accumulated moderate-intensity exercise (6 x 10 min running at 70% V̇O₂peak) on endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations in adolescent boys were then established across three studies, each consisting of two, 2-day main trials (control and exercise). On day 1, participants were either inactive or completed the prescribed exercise. On day 2, FMD and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured prior to, and following, ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch. In each control trial FMD was reduced (signifying endothelial dysfunction), compared to fasting, by 20-32% and 24-33% following the high-fat breakfast and lunch. Following continuous moderate-intensity exercise, repeated very-short duration sprints and accumulated moderate-intensity exercise these reductions were only 8% and 10% (main effect trial, P = 0.002; main effect time, P = 0.023; interaction effect trial x time, P = 0.088), 2% and 5% (main effect trial, P = 0.012; main effect time, P = 0.004; interaction effect trial x time, P = 0.003) and 1% and 3% (main effect trial, P = 0.020; main effect time, P < 0.001; interaction effect trial x time, P = 0.014) respectively. The continuous moderate-intensity exercise and repeated very short duration sprints also significantly reduced the total area under the triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve by 22% (Control vs. Exercise; 12.68 (sem 1.37) vs. 9.84 (sem 0.75) mmol L-1 6.5h, P = 0.018) and 13% (Exercise vs. Control: 8.65 (sem 0.97) vs. 9.92 (sem 1.16) mmol L-1 6.5h, P = 0.023). The accumulated moderate-intensity exercise also reduced the total area under the triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve by 11%, but this reduction was not significant (Control vs. Exercise: 10.71 (sem 0.94) vs. 9.56 (sem 0.67) mmol L-1 6.5h, respectively, P = 0.183). The experimental evidence from these studies emphasise that exercise might offer an acceptable, non-pharmacological means of influencing CHD risk when individuals are young. The results of these studies can help shape future physical activity guidelines.