Sweden is considered prominent in gender equality issues. Despite that, Sweden was the last of the Nordic countries to have a female prime minister, and previous studies demonstrate that gender stereotypes remain. The aim of this thesis is to critically analyze how the former Prime Ministers – Magdalena Andersson, Stefan Löfven and Fredrik Reinfeldt – have been portrayed in Swedish newspapers from a gendered perspective. For the aim of the thesis were a gendered theoretical framework developed. A critical discourse analysis was conducted through a methodological framework developed based on Fairclough's three-dimensional model. The results demonstrate how all three of the former Prime Ministers are related to male norms in the portrayal of them in the newspaper articles. However, it differs between the former Prime Ministers in how the male attributes are ascribed to them and if the attributes are considered positive or negative. Through these findings, it is concluded that the portrayal of Andersson does not follow the pattern shown by previous research of negatively portraying the politician from a stereotypical female perspective.

Particle-laden flows involve in many energy and industrial processes within a wide scale range. Solid fuel combustion and gasication, drying and catalytic cracking are some of the examples. It is vital to have a better understanding of the phenomena inside the reactors involving in particle-laden flows for process improvements and design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be a robust tool for these studies with its advantage over experimental methods. The large variation of length scales (101- 10-9 m) and time scales (days-microseconds) is a barrier to execute detailed simulations for large scale reactors. Current state-of-the-art is to use models to bridge the gap between small scales and large scales. Therefore, the accuracy of the models is key to better predictions in large scale simulations.    Particle-laden flows have complexities due to many reasons. One of the main challenge is to describe how the particle-fluid interaction varies when the particles are reacting. Particle and the fluid interact through mass, momentum and heat exchange. Mass, momentum and heat exchange is presented by the Sherwood number (Sh), drag coefficient (CD) and Nusselt number (Nu) in fluid dynamics. Currently available models do not take into account for the effects of net gas flow generated by heterogeneous chemical reactions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose new models for CD and Nu based on the flow and temperature fields estimated by particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS). Models have been developed based on physical interpretation with only one fitting parameter, which is related to the relationship between Reynolds number and the boundary layer thickness. The developed models were compared with the simulation results solving intra-particle flow under char gasification. The drawbacks of models were identied and improvements were proposed.    The models developed in this work can be used for the better prediction of flow dynamics in large scale simulations in contrast to the classical models which do not consider the effect of heterogeneous reactions. Better predictions will assist the design of industrial processes involving reactive particle-laden flows and make them highly effcient and low energy-intensive.

Examensarbetet Skalmurar med bristfällig förankring är ett försök att belysa ett aktuellt problem samt sprida nyttig och viktig information. Vi har intervjuat företag, fastighetsägare entreprenörer och personer med anknytningar till byggbranschen med många års erfarenhet. Vi vill göra en bedömning av nuläget och se vad olika företag har gjort när det gäller renovering av murade fasader, som kan ha undermålig förankring.Vi vill också visa med bilder och modeller, vad som händer vid fasaderna, hur vindarna påverkar ett hus och var de största belastningarna finns. En egen undersökning har gjorts ute på olika arbetsplatser där vi provat metalldetektorer i hopp om att kunna lokalisera rostangripna kramlor, samt dokumenterat skicket på dem genom att ta bilder. Resultatet vi har kommit fram till genom våra fältstudier är att det utan några större problem går att lokalisera kramlor med hjälp av till exempel metalldetektorer. Flera av husen som vi undersökte hade rostiga kramlor i väldigt dåligt skick. På en del av husen var skicket på kramlorna så dåligt att det skulle behövas en renovering omgående. Resultatet av våra intervjuer visar också att det är få fastighetsföretag som gör stora åtgärder med sina fasader. Nyckelord: skalmurar, kramlor, rost, förankring, undersökning, byggteknik, fasader. / Our degree project is an attempt to shed some light to the problem regarding corroding wall ties. In Sweden we have built with bricks for a very long time. But after the Second World War we started to use the bricks not as part of the bearing construction but as facing. The wall ties were not always resistant to corrosion. During a ten year period (1960-70) we built one million dwellings. There is a risk that a lot of the brick walls on these dwelling houses have no anchoring. We want to spread important and useful information by taking part in both people and companies` experiences. Not only estate owners and building contractors were interviewed, but also people with long experience in the building trade. We wanted to take their information, with their permission, and make it available to other people. We know that not many tenant-owners associations in the city of Malmö have made examinations of their brick walls. So maybe our project could open their eyes and make them aware of the problem. Keywords: brick walls, wall ties, corrosion, anchoring, examine, building technique, facade.

The northern province of Sweden has in both literature and film been depictured as something foreign and mythical, unlike the rest of the country. It has been my purpose to show in this essay that the systematic categorization of Norrland and its literature reveals multiple criteria known to define the colonial era. By reading the novel Stallo by author Stefan Spjut with postcolonial structures in mind I aim to show how the author uses Swedish mythology and through the presence of The Other criticizes colonial structures in place to this day. By examining the gothic atmosphere I intend to indicate how the trolls in the novel figures as both a horror element as well as a representation of nature itself. It is my belief that the author by further reinforcing the mythological in relation to Norrland addresses the problem at hand. That Norrland is still to this day a colony within its own country. / I Norrland kan ingen höra dig skrika. Det är så det norrländska landskapet har framställts inom både litteratur och film i Sverige. Norrland har genom åren gestaltas som något avlägset och mystiskt, nästintill främmande. Helt olikt resterande delar av landet. Det är min avsikt att visa hur den systematiska kategoriseringen av Norrland och dess litteratur avslöjar flera av de kriterier som per definition beskriver kolonism. Genom en postkolonial läsning av spänningsromanen Stallo (2012), av författaren Stefan Spjut, söker jag visa hur författaren genom svensk folklore och genom en övernaturlig närvaro kan kritisera koloniala strukturer.

Notre travail est consacré à la définition, l'analyse et l'implémentation de nouveaux algorithmes numériques pour l'approximation de la solution de problèmes à 2 dimensions du type problème de Stefan. Dans ce type de problèmes une équation aux dérivée partielle parabolique posée sur un ouvert omega quelconque est couplée avec une autre équation qui contrôle la frontière gamma du domaine lui même. Les difficultés classiquement associés à ce type de problèmes sont: la formulation en particulier de l'équation pour le bord du domaine, l'approximation de la solution liées à la forme quelconque du domaine, les difficultés associées à l'implication des opérateurs de trace (approximation, conditionnement), les difficultés liées aux de régularité fonds du domaine.De plus, de nombreuse situations d'intérêt physique par exemple demandent des approximations de haut degré. Notre travail s'appuie sur une formulation de type espaces de niveaux (level set) pour l'équation du domaine, et une formulation de type domaine fictif (Omega) pour l'équation initiale.Le contrôle des conditions aux limites est effectué à partir de multiplicateurs de Lagrange agissant sur une frontière (Gamma) dite de contrôle différente de frontière(gamma) du domaine (omega). L'approximation est faite à partir d'un schéma aux différences finies pour les dérivées temporelle et une discrétisation à l'aide d'ondelettes bi-dimensionelles pour l'équation initiale et une dimensionnelle pour les multiplicateurs de Lagrange. Des opérateurs de prolongement de omega à Omega sont également construits à partir d'analyse multiéchelle sur l'intervalle. Nous obtenons aussi: une formulation pour laquelle existence de la solution est démontrées, un algorithme convergent pour laquelle une estimation globale d'erreur (sur Omega) est établie, une estimation intérieure prouvant sur l'erreur à un domaine omega, overline omega subset Xi, des estimations sur les conditionnement associés a l'opérateur de trace, des algorithmes de prolongement régulier. Différentes expériences numériques en 1D ou 2D sont effectuées. Le manuscrit est organisé comme suit: Le premier chapitre rappelle la construction des analyses multirésolutions, les propriétés importantes des ondelettes et des algorithmes numériques liées à l'application d'opérateurs aux dérivées partielles. Le second chapitre donne un aperçu des méthodes de domaine fictif classiques, approchées par la méthode de Galerkin ou de Petrov-Galerkin. Nous y découvrons les limites de ces méthodes ce qui donne la direction de notre travail. Le chapitre trois présente notre nouvelle méthode de domaine fictif que l'on appelle méthode de domaine fictif lisse.L'approximation est grâce à une méthode d'ondelettes de type Petrov-Galerkin. Cette section contient l'analyse théorique et décrit la mise en œuvre numérique. Différents avantages de cette méthode sont démontrés. Le chapitre quatre introduit une technique de prolongement régulier. Nous l'appliquons à des problèmes elliptiques en 1D ou 2D.\par Le cinquième chapitre décrit quelques simulations numériques de problème de Stefan. Nous testons l'efficacité de notre méthode sur différents exemples dont le problème de Stefan à 2 phases avec conditions aux limites de Gibbs-Thomson. / Our work is devoted to the definition, analysis and implementation of a new algorithms for numerical approximation of the solution of 2 dimensional Stefan problem. In this type of problem a parabolic partial differential equation defined on an openset Omega is coupled with another equation which controls the boundary gamma of the domain itself. The difficulties traditionally associated with this type of problems are: the particular formulation of equation on the boundary of domain, the approximation of the solution defined on general domain, the difficulties associated with the involvement of trace operation (approximation, conditioning), the difficulties associated with the regularity of domain. Addition, many situations of physical interest, for example,require approximations of high degree. Our work is based on aformulation of type level set for the equation on the domain, and aformulation of type fictitious domain (Omega) for the initialequation. The control of boundary conditions is carried out throughLagrange multipliers on boundary (Gamma), called control boundary, which is different with boundary (gamma) of the domain (omega). The approximation is done by a finite difference scheme for time derivative and the discretization by bi-dimensional wave letfor the initial equation and one-dimensional wave let for the Lagrange multipliers. The extension operators from omega to Omega are also constructed from multiresolution analysis on theinterval. We also obtain: a formulation for which the existence of solution is demonstrated, a convergent algorithm for which a global estimate error (on Omega) is established, interior error estimate on domain omega, overline omega subset estimates on the conditioning related to the trace operator, algorithms of smooth extension. Different numerical experiments in 1D or 2D are implemented. The work is organized as follows:The first chapter recalls theconstruction of multiresolution analysis, important properties of wavelet and numerical algorithms. The second chapter gives an outline of classical fictitious domain method, using Galerkin or Petrov-Galerkin method. We also describe the limitation of this method and point out the direction of our work.\par The third chapter presents a smooth fictitious domain method. It is coupled with Petrov-Galerkin wavelet method for elliptic equations. This section contains the theoretical analysis and numerical implementation to embody the advantages of this new method. The fourth chapter introduces a smooth extension technique. We apply it to elliptic problem with smooth fictitious domain method in 1D and 2D. The fifth chapter is the numerical simulation of the Stefan problem. The property of B-spline render us to exactly calculate the curvature on the moving boundary. We use two examples to test the efficiency of our new method. Then it is used to resolve the two-phase Stefan problem with Gibbs-Thomson boundary condition as an experimental case.

A civil Uprising on 17 June 1953 in the German Democratic Republic created a dilemma for a number of writers there. On one hand, they were deeply committed to the principles of socialism, upon which their state was based and which they saw as being put in grave danger by events such as those they experienced on 17 June. On the other hand, they were fiercely critical of the practice of socialism as pursued by the governing party, whose Stalinist methods of governance they believed to be in large part responsible for the civil unrest. My thesis explores the nature of this dilemma in the case of four writers, Bertolt Brecht, Heiner Müller, Stefan Heym and Erich Loest, and their efforts to resolve it within a repressive state, whose regime vigorously suppressed all signs of criticism or dissent. These writers created major works of fiction, a cycle of poems, a drama and two novels, in which the Uprising of 17 June is the central theme. In addition, each has provided a substantial body of non-fictional texts, largely journalistic and autobiographical, in which the Uprising is extensively contextualised. In bringing together and interrelating the fictional and non-fictional work of each author into my analysis, I have been able to demonstrate that all four held and publicly expressed views that set them in opposition to the regime in the GDR.

<p>This report presents the primary development process of an innovative milk foamer. The project is structured as the primary development process that is used at Electrolux Floor Care and Small Appliances AB, Global Primary Development and Innovation department in Stockholm, Sweden. The aim was to develop a milk foamer with innovative solutions to provide Electrolux with a unique product. The objective was to create a product that highly meets customer requirements and in the same time is feasible to develop into a selling product. All the aspects regarding a consumer product had to be considered. To create innovative solutions thorough investigations of the physics behind foaming and foam are studied and documented. The difference in foam quality when using different ways of foaming is documented and possible explanations is discussed. The primary development process range from pre-study and customer research to designing prototypes and verifications. Most of the report deals with standalone solutions but there is also a part of the report that deals with integrated solutions and cooperating solutions that would be used together with espresso machines. The result is a variety of concepts and four fully working standalone prototypes. Two prototypes are further developed and are highly interesting to Electrolux.</p>

<p>The conditions for art in Romania have gone through big changes since the collapse of the regime in December of 1989. Under the Communist regime the artists had to work within a dualistic system completely unlike the one that developed in the West during the same period.</p><p>Similar to the other countries of the former Eastern block, the communist Romanian state had understood the great potential that art has as a form of propaganda. Thus the regime secured full control over the art that would be allowed into the public space. In response to the confines set on the artistic expressions, a non-official art began to develop alongside the official art of the state.</p><p>These two layers of Romanian art history were dissolved when Ceausescu’s regime finally came to an end in 1989. The underground art was suddenly available to an audience, while the official art was discredited. Out of the chaos that followed, a new Romanian art was born. During the 1990’s many Romanian artists started to process the past to try to understand their present situation, while others investigated Romanian identity as perceived from the outside.</p><p>The main focus of this paper has been to look at the conditions for contemporary Romanian art under Communism, and how they have changed since 1989.</p><p>My research has been based on literature such as The History of the Romanian People (1970), Primary Documents (2002) and Actionism in Romania during the Commuinist Era (2002), as well as on my own interviews with artists Constantin Mara, Ion Grigorescu, Matei Lazarescu, Kuki Constantinescu and Stefan Constantinescu.</p>

The conditions for art in Romania have gone through big changes since the collapse of the regime in December of 1989. Under the Communist regime the artists had to work within a dualistic system completely unlike the one that developed in the West during the same period. Similar to the other countries of the former Eastern block, the communist Romanian state had understood the great potential that art has as a form of propaganda. Thus the regime secured full control over the art that would be allowed into the public space. In response to the confines set on the artistic expressions, a non-official art began to develop alongside the official art of the state. These two layers of Romanian art history were dissolved when Ceausescu’s regime finally came to an end in 1989. The underground art was suddenly available to an audience, while the official art was discredited. Out of the chaos that followed, a new Romanian art was born. During the 1990’s many Romanian artists started to process the past to try to understand their present situation, while others investigated Romanian identity as perceived from the outside. The main focus of this paper has been to look at the conditions for contemporary Romanian art under Communism, and how they have changed since 1989. My research has been based on literature such as The History of the Romanian People (1970), Primary Documents (2002) and Actionism in Romania during the Commuinist Era (2002), as well as on my own interviews with artists Constantin Mara, Ion Grigorescu, Matei Lazarescu, Kuki Constantinescu and Stefan Constantinescu.

This report presents the primary development process of an innovative milk foamer. The project is structured as the primary development process that is used at Electrolux Floor Care and Small Appliances AB, Global Primary Development and Innovation department in Stockholm, Sweden. The aim was to develop a milk foamer with innovative solutions to provide Electrolux with a unique product. The objective was to create a product that highly meets customer requirements and in the same time is feasible to develop into a selling product. All the aspects regarding a consumer product had to be considered. To create innovative solutions thorough investigations of the physics behind foaming and foam are studied and documented. The difference in foam quality when using different ways of foaming is documented and possible explanations is discussed. The primary development process range from pre-study and customer research to designing prototypes and verifications. Most of the report deals with standalone solutions but there is also a part of the report that deals with integrated solutions and cooperating solutions that would be used together with espresso machines. The result is a variety of concepts and four fully working standalone prototypes. Two prototypes are further developed and are highly interesting to Electrolux.